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Abstract

Thanks to their excellent strength and durability, composite materials are used to manufacture many important structural elements. In the face of their extensive use, it is crucial to seek suitable methods for monitoring damages and locating their origins. The purpose of the article was to verify the possibility of applying the acoustic emissions (AE) method in the detection of damages in the structures of composite materials. The experimental part comprised static tensile tests carried out on various sandwich composites, including simultaneous registration of elastic waves with increasing loads, carried out with the use of an acousticelectrical sensor connected. The signal obtained from the sensor was then further processed and used to draw up diagrams of the AE hits, amplitude, root mean square of the AE source signal (RMS) and duration in the function of time. These diagrams were then applied on their corresponding stretching curves, the obtained charts were analysed. The results obtained point to a conclusion that the acoustic emissions method can be successfully used to detect and locate composite material damages.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Panasiuk
1
Krzysztof Dudzik
2
Grzegorz Hajdukiewicz
1

  1. Gdynia Maritime University, Faculty of Marine Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences, Gdynia, Poland
  2. Gdynia Maritime University, Faculty of Marine Engineering, Marine Maintenance Department, Gdynia, Poland
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Abstract

This study aimed to develop Fe/Al multilayered metallic/intermetallic composites produced by hot pressing under an air atmosphere. Analyses were carried out on the composite plates made up of alternatively situated sheets of AA1050 aluminum alloy and DN04 low carbon steel, which were annealed at 903 K for 2, 5, and 10 h. Annealing was performed to obtain reaction layers of distinct thickness. The samples were examined using X-Ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-Ray spectrometer. To correlate the structural changes with mechanical properties, microhardness measurements in near-the-interface layers were performed. All the reaction layers grew with parabolic kinetics with η-Al5Fe2 intermetallic phase as the dominant component. After annealing for 5 and 10 hours, a thin sublayer of θ-Al13Fe4 phase was also detected.
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Authors and Affiliations

W. Kowalski
1
ORCID: ORCID
H. Paul
1
ORCID: ORCID
I. Mania
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Petrzak
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Czaja
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Chulist
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Góral
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Szlezynger
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

Multilayered composites based on light metals are promising materials in many applications. In the present work the 15-layered clad, composed of alternately stacked of Ti(Gr.1) and AA1050-H24 alloy sheets of 1 mm thick has been investigated with respect to determination of the kinetic of the Al3Ti phase growth. The defect-free multilayered composite was successfully formed by explosive welding technology. Then EXW samples were modified via annealing at the temperature of 600oC in closed die under pressure of 44 MPa for various times ranged between 1 and 10 h. Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy examinations were conducted in order to study the kinetic of the elements migration across the interfaces between the layers of the Al/Ti composite. The macro-scale observations of samples after EXW revealed that wavy interfaces were always formed in layers near the explosive charge. The increase of the distance from the top surface leads to flattening of the interface with very thin reaction layer between Al and Ti sheets. During annealing the kinetic of the Al3Ti phase growth is similar near all interfaces and coincides with data from other works. It was found that despite the loading after 10 h of annealing still only small part of Al-sheets undergoes dissolution and the width of the reaction layer does not exceed 5-8 µm.

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Petrzak
ORCID: ORCID
I. Mania
ORCID: ORCID
H. Paul
ORCID: ORCID
Ł. Maj
ORCID: ORCID
A. Gałka
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Abstract

The stainless steel/aluminum multilayer composites were prepared by one-step explosive welding using ammonium nitrate explosive with two different thicknesses. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the multilayer composites were examined. There is a thin metallurgical melting zone at each bonding interface, consisting mostly of iron and aluminum elements. However, the micro-crack appears in the second metallurgical bonding zone obtained using the explosive of 24 mm thickness. The micro-hardness values at the four bonding interfaces are higher than those of bulk 1060 aluminum and 304 stainless steel. The yield strength of the multilayer composites obtained in the two cases is higher than that of the original 304 stainless steel while the tensile strength is between those of the original 1060 aluminum and 304 stainless steel. Meanwhile, the tensile strength and yield strength of multilayer composites obtained by explosive welding with explosive of 20 mm thickness are relatively higher.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xiaoyan Hu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yingbin Liu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Li Yang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Xiaochen Huang
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. North University of China, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Taiyuan 030051, China
  2. Military Products Research Institute, Shanxi Jiangyang Chemical Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030051, China
  3. Capital Aerospace Machinery Corporation Limited, Beijing 100076, China
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Abstract

The stainless steel/aluminum multilayer composites were prepared by one-step explosive welding using ammonium nitrate explosive with two different thicknesses. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the multilayer composites were examined. There is a thin metallurgical melting zone at each bonding interface, consisting mostly of iron and aluminum elements. However, the micro-crack appears in the second metallurgical bonding zone obtained using the explosive of 24 mm thickness. The micro-hardness values at the four bonding interfaces are higher than those of bulk 1060 aluminum and 304 ­stainless steel. The yield strength of the multilayer composites obtained in the two cases is higher than that of the original 304 stainless steel while the tensile strength is between those of the original 1060 aluminum and 304 stainless steel. Meanwhile, the tensile strength and yield strength of multilayer composites obtained by explosive welding with explosive of 20 mm thickness are relatively higher.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xiaoyan Hu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yingbin Liu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Li Yang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Xiaochen Huang
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. North University of China, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Taiyuan 030051, China
  2. Military Products Research Institute, Shanxi Jiangyang Chemical Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030051, China
  3. Capital Aerospace Machinery Corporation Limited, Beijing 100076, China

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