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Abstract

The paper describes an experimental behaviour of the basalt fibre reinforced polymer composite by external strengthening to the concrete beams. The BFRP composite is wrapped at the bottom face of R.C beam as one layer, two layers, three layers and four layers. The different characteristics – are studied in – first crack load, ultimate load, tensile and compressive strain, cracks propagation, crack spacing and number of cracks etc. To – investigate, total of five beams size 100×160×1700 mm were cast. One beam is taken as control and others are strengthened with BFRP composite with layers. From this investigation, the first crack load is increased depending on the increment in layers from 6.79% to 47.98%. Similarly, the ultimate load carrying – capacity is increased from 5.66% to 20%. The crack’s spacing is also reduced with an increase in the number of layers.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Chandran
M. Neelamegam
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Abstract

Hybrid systems (HS) are roughly described as a set of discrete state transitions and continuous dynamics modeled by differential equations. Parametric HS may be constructed by having parameters on the differential equations, initial conditions, jump conditions, or a combination of the previous ones. In real applications, the best solution is obtained by a set of metrics functional over the set of solutions generated from a finite set of parameters. This paper examines the choice of parameters on delta-reachability bounded hybrid systems.We present an efficient model based on the tool pHL-MT to benchmark the HS solutions (based on dReach), and a non-parametric frontier analysis approach, relying on multidirectional efficiency analysis (MEA). Three numerical examples of epidemic models with variable growth infectivity are presented, namely: when the variable of infected individuals oscillates around some endemic (non-autonomous) equilibrium; when there is an asymptotically stable non-trivial attractor; and in the presence of bump functions.
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Bibliography

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[4] E.M. Clarke and S. Gao: Model checking hybrid systems. In: Margaria T., Steffen B. (eds): Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation. Specialized Techniques and Applications. ISoLA 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 8803, 385–386, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2014.
[5] M. Franzle, C. Herde, S. Ratschan, T. Schubert and T. Teige: Efficient solving of large non-linear arithmetic constraint systems with complex Boolean structure. Journal on Satisfiability, Boolean Modeling and Computation, 1 (2007), 209–236, DOI: 10.3233/SAT190012.
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Authors and Affiliations

Eugénio Miguel Alexandre Rocha
1
Kelly Patricia Murillo
1

  1. Center for Research and Development in Mathematics and Applications, and Department of Mathematics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Abstract

Eye tracking recordings could reveal the visual behavior for different cartographic visualization techniques, such as hill-shading, while at the same time eye tracking metrics (ETMs) can summarize the associated complexity levels in a concise and quantitative manner. In the present study, three different hill-shading methods, including: (i) the standard method based on ideal diffuse reflection, (ii) the Multidirectional Oblique- Weighted method – MDOW and (iii) the combination of a MDOW’s variation with standard hill-shading, are evaluated and ranked in terms of their perceived visual complexity. The performed examination is based on both eye tracking techniques and expert judgement procedures. A weighted combination of basic ETMs has been used, implemented by the Landscape Rating Index – LRI. The weights resulted from an experts’ judgement process where the opinions of experts in geoinformatics, cartography, geovisualization, experimental psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience and eye tracking were analyzed. Fifteen (15) individuals participated in an eye tracking experiment with hill-shading images produced by the three methods under evaluation, while 41 experts participated in an online questionnaire in order to collect all the analysis data. The final evaluation was based on the computation of three LRI models. The outcomes indicate that implementing hill-shading with more than one light sources results in similar perceptual behaviors, allowing for a seamless exploitation of the advantages of using multidirectional illumination.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nikolaos Tzelepis
1
ORCID: ORCID
Alexandra Kaliakouda
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Vassilios Krassanakis
3
ORCID: ORCID
Loukas-Moysis Misthos
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Byron Nakos
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. National Technical University of Athens, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, Athens, Greece
  2. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Built Environment, Stocholm, Sweden
  3. University of West Attica, Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics Engineering, Athens, Greece

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