Introduction: Osteoporosis affects over 200 million people worldwide causing nearly 9 mil-lion fractures annually, with more than half in America and Europe.
Objectives: This meta-analysis was conducted to investigate whether low milk intake is associated with an increased risk of fractures by summarizing all the available evidence.
Methods: Relevant studies were identified by searching the PubMed and EMBASE databases up to June 2020. The pooled relative risks with 95% confidence intervals were calculated.
Results: In a meta-regression analysis of 20 included studies (11 cohort and 9 case-control studies), a higher milk intake was not associated with a reduction in the total fracture risk in both sexes (OR 0.95, 95% CI: 0.84– 1.08), either in cohort (OR 0.91; 95% CI: 0.79–1.05) or case-control studies (OR 1.09; 95% CI: 0.82–1.44), as well as separately in men (OR 0.87; 95% CI: 0.71–1.07) and women (OR 0.95; 95% CI: 0.80–1.13).
Conclusion: Higher milk consumption is not associated with fracture risk reduction and should not be recommended for fracture prevention.

Studies linking the use of lean practices to company performance have been increasing as

markets are becoming more competitive and companies are eager for reducing waste and

therefore implementing the Lean Management (LM) philosophy to improve performance.

However, results from these studies have found various and different impacts and some light

is needed. Extant literature was reviewed and, to achieve the research objective, a metaanalysis

of correlations was carried out. The obtained results suggest a positive relationship

between some lean practices and performance measures. Furthermore, the presence of moderators

influencing the relationship between lean practices and performance outcomes is

highlighted in our results. To our best knowledge, this is the first research that proposes

a comparison of results from primary studies on Lean implementation, by analysing the

linear relationship between lean practices and enterprise performance. It fills this gap and

therefore represents an important contribution.