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Abstract

Currently used procedures in room acoustics measurements are not automated. Particularly in medium-sized and large areas they require a lot of time and intensive labour which directly translates into an increase in the measurement cost. Introduction of an automated system would increase efficiency of the measurements, and therefore could present both practical and scientific benefit. The paper presents initial feasibility study for designing a system that permits the measurement of selected acoustic parameters for any choice of three-dimensional grid of measurement points throughout the volume of the room. The system will utilize an autonomous probe attached to a blimp, and will be able to measure and analyze acoustic characteristics of the rooms. The article discusses the initial choices of the system elements, starting from the general idea, through the mechanical design and control procedures, the software that controls positioning and flying of the probe, up to the automation of the measurement procedure and its possible impact on the acoustic field.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bartłomiej Borkowski
Marek Pluta
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Abstract

The aim of this study was to estimate the measurement uncertainty for a material produced by additive manufacturing. The material investigated was FullCure 720 photocured resin, which was applied to fabricate tensile specimens with a Connex 350 3D printer based on PolyJet technology. The tensile strength of the specimens established through static tensile testing was used to determine the measurement uncertainty. There is a need for extensive research into the performance of model materials obtained via 3D printing as they have not been studied sufficiently like metal alloys or plastics, the most common structural materials. In this analysis, the measurement uncertainty was estimated using a larger number of samples than usual, i.e., thirty instead of typical ten. The results can be very useful to engineers who design models and finished products using this material. The investigations also show how wide the scatter of results is.

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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Adamczak
Jerzy Bochnia
Bożena Kaczmarska
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Abstract

The paper presents a method of measuring deformations of cylindrical samples on the testing machine for free tube hydroforming experiments. During experiments a sample made of a thin-walled metal tube is expanded by the internal pressure of the working liquid and additionally subjected to axial compression. This results in a considerable circumferential deformation of the tube and its shortening. Analysis of the load cases and their impact on the deformations can be helpful in determining e.g. tube material properties or general limiting conditions in the tube hydroforming process. In connection with the above, the value of deformations and knowledge of their course during experiment has become one of the most important problems related to the issue described above.

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Authors and Affiliations

H. Sadłowska
Ł. Morawiński
C. Jasiński
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Abstract

The paper presents improvements of the developed system for hot plasma radiation measurement in the soft Xray range based on a Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detector. Scope of work consists of a new solution for handling hardware time-synchronization with tokamak systems needed for better synchronization with other diagnostics and measurement quality. The paper describes the support of new modes of triggering on PC-side. There are communication and data path overview in the system. The new API is described, which provide separate channels for data and control and is more robust than the earlier solution. Work concentrates on stability and usability improvements of the implemented device providing better usage for end-user.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Linczuk
1
Andrzej Wojenski
2
Piotr Kolasinski
2
Rafał Krawczyk
2 3
Wojciech Zabolotny
2
Krzysztof Pozniak
2
Maryna Chernyshova
4
Tomasz Czarski
4
Michał Gaska
2
Grzegorz Kasprowicz
2
Karol Malinowski
4

  1. Institute of Electronic Systems, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
  2. Institute of Electronic Systems, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
  3. CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  4. Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Robotic total stations are a group of surveying instruments that can be used to measure moving prisms. These devices can generate significant errors during kinematic surveys. This is due to the different speeds of the total station’s measurement subsystems, which results in the observations of the point location being performed in different places of the space. Total stations which are several years old may generate errors of up to a few dozen centimeters. More modern designs, with much lower delays of the mechanical and electronic subsystems, theoretically allow to significantly reduce the values of the errors. This study involved the performance of kinematic tests on the modern robotic total station Leica MS50 in order to determine the values of measurement errors, and also to define the possibility of using them for the above-mentioned applications.

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Authors and Affiliations

G. Lenda
A. Uznański
M. Strach
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Abstract

It was demonstrated that in the fishes of the species Trematomus bernacchi, predominant in the regions of the USSR Antarctic Station Mirny (Davis Sea), body proportions changes along with the growth of these specimens. Measurements include 20 plastic features in 171 fishess (total length 110.2—265.0 mm). Statistically significant variations of eleven proportions of the body were stated during the growth of the fishes. Five other proportions changed in a degree of little statistical significance, whereas the last three of the body proportions did not change at all.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard J. Wróblewski
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Abstract

The results and method of measurements of D, H and T carried out at Hornsund in the summer of 1979 are presented. The relative and absolute values of these elements are given in reduction to the Polish magnetic station at Hornsund. An initial evaluation of changes in the magnetic field from 1957 to 1979 is carried out.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Koblański
Stanisław Małoszewski
Janusz Śliz
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Abstract

This paper presents the results of magnetic mapping carried out in the area of the metamorphic series of Ariekammen and Skoddefjellet. On the basis of qualitative interpretation of measurements a number of anomalous zones were distinguished, whose position can be correlated with local changes in mineralitation and polymetallic ore content in the Fuglebergsletta area. The SE-NW orientation, skew to the almost meridional run of the layers of slates and marbles making up the metamorphic complex, dominates in the course of the anomalous zones.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Koblański
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Abstract

The paper formulates some objections to the methods of evaluation of uncertainty in noise measurement which are presented in two standards: ISO 9612 (2009) and DIN 45641 (1990). In particular, it focuses on approximation of an equivalent sound level by a function which depends on the arithmetic average of sound levels. Depending on the nature of a random sample the exact value of the equivalent sound level may be significantly different from an approximate one, which might lead to erroneous estimation of the uncertainty of noise indicators. The article presents an analysis of this problem and the adequacy of the solution depending on the type of a random sample.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bartosz Przysucha
Wojciech Batko
Agata Szeląg
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Abstract

According to metrological guidelines and specific legal requirements, every smart electronic electricity meter has to be constantly verified after pre-defined regular time intervals. The problem is that in most cases these pre-defined time intervals are based on some previous experience or empirical knowledge and rarely on scientifically sound data. Since the verification itself is a costly procedure it would be advantageous to put more effort into defining the required verification periods. Therefore, a fixed verification interval, recommended by various internal documents, standardised evaluation procedures and national legislation, could be technically and scientifically more justified and consequently more appropriate and trustworthy for the end user. This paper describes an experiment to determine the effect of alternating temperature and humidity and constant high current on a smart electronic electricity meter’s measurement accuracy. Based on an analysis of these effects it is proposed that the current fixed verification interval could be revised, taking into account also different climatic influence. The findings of this work could influence a new standardized procedure in respect of a meter’s verification interval.

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Authors and Affiliations

Blaž Radej
Janko Drnovšek
Gaber Begeš
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Abstract

The paper deals with the accuracy of measurements of strains (elongation and necking) and stresses (tensile strength) in static room-temperature tensile strength tests. We present methods for calculating measurement errors and uncertainties, and discuss the determination of the limiting errors of the quantities measured for circular and rectangular specimens, which is illustrated with examples.

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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Adamczak
Jerzy Bochnia
Czesław Kundera
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Abstract

The paper presents the application of liquid crystal thermography for temperature determination and visualisation of two phase flow images on the studied surface. Properties and applications of thermochromic liquid crystals are discussed. Liquid crystals were applied for two-dimensional detection of the temperature of the heating foil forming one of the surfaces of the minichannel along which the cooling liquid flowed. The heat flux supplied to the heating surface was altered in the investigation and it was accompanied by a change in the color distribution on the surface. The accuracy of temperature measurements on the surface with liquid crystal thermography is estimated. The method of visualisation of two-phase flow structures is described. The analysis of monochrome images of flow structures was employed to calculate the void fraction for some cross-sections. The flow structure photos were processed using Corel graphics software and binarized. The analysis of phase volumes employed Techsystem Globe software. The measurement error of void fraction is estimated.

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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Piasecka
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Abstract

When an artificial neural network is used to determine the value of a physical quantity its result is usually presented without an uncertainty. This is due to the difficulty in determining the uncertainties related to the neural model. However, the result of a measurement can be considered valid only with its respective measurement uncertainty. Therefore, this article proposes a method of obtaining reliable results by measuring systems that use artificial neural networks. For this, it considers the Monte Carlo Method (MCM) for propagation of uncertainty distributions during the training and use of the artificial neural networks.

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Authors and Affiliations

Rodrigo Coral
Carlos A. Flesch
Cesar A. Penz
Mauro Roisenberg
Antonio L.S. Pacheco
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Abstract

Results of a research study into the velocity field in combustion chamber of internal combustion engine are presented in the paper. Measurements of fresh charge flow velocity in the cylinder axis and near the cylinder squeezing surface were performed. The hot-wire anemometer was used. The measurement results were used for analysis of turbulence field in the examined combustion chamber. It turned out that in the axis of cylinder the maximum of velocity occurs 30 deg before TDC and achieves 6 m/s. In the studied combustion chamber, the maximum value of turbulence intensity was close to 0.2 and it was achieved 35 deg BTDC. Additionally, the maximal velocity dispersion in the following cycles of the researched engine was at the level of 2 m/s, which is 35% of the maximum value of flow velocity. At a point located near the squeezing surface of the piston, a similar level of turbulence, but a the smaller value of the average velocity was achieved. The turbulence field turned out to be inhomogeneous in the combustion chamber.

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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Tutak
Arkadiusz Jamrozik
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Abstract

This paper is devoted to measuring the continuous diagnosis capability of a system. A key metric and its calculation models are proposed enabling us to measure the continuous diagnosis capability of a system directly without establishing and searching the sequential fault tree (SFT) of the system. At first a description of a D matrix is given and its metric is defined to determine the weakness of a continuous diagnosis. Then based on the definition of a sequential fault combination, a sequential fault tree (SFT) is defined with its establishment process summarized. A key SFT metric is established to measure the continuous diagnosis capability of a system. Two basic types of dependency graphical models (DGMs) and one combination type of DGM are selected for characteristics analysis and establishment of metric calculation models. Finally, both the SFT searching method and direct calculation method are applied to two designs of one type of an auxiliary navigation equipment, which shows the high efficiency of the direct calculation method.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jun-You Shi
Xie-Gui Lin
Meng Shi
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Abstract

This study addresses the problem of magnetic field emission produced by the laptop computers. Although, the magnetic field is spread over the entire frequency spectrum, the most dangerous part of it to the laptop users is the frequency range from 50 to 500 Hz, commonly called the extremely low frequency magnetic field. In this frequency region the magnetic field is characterized by high peak values. To examine the influence of laptop’s magnetic field emission in the office, a specific experiment is proposed. It includes the measurement of the magnetic field at six laptop’s positions, which are in close contact to its user. The results obtained from ten different laptop computers show the extremely high emission at some positions, which are dependent on the power dissipation or bad ergonomics. Eventually, the experiment extracts these dangerous positions of magnetic field emission and suggests possible solutions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Darko Brodić
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Abstract

When a frequency domain sensor is under the effect of an input stimulus, there is a frequency shift at its output. One of the most important advantages of such sensors is their converting a physical input parameter into time variations. In consequence, changes of an input stimulus can be quantified very precisely, provided that a proper frequency counter/meter is used. Unfortunately, it is well known in the time-frequency metrology that if a higher accuracy in measurements is needed, a longer time for measuring is required. The principle of rational approximations is a method to measure a signal frequency. One of its main properties is that the time required for measuring decreases when the order of an unknown frequency increases. In particular, this work shows a new measurement technique, which is devoted to measuring the frequency shifts that occur in frequency domain sensors. The presented research result is a modification of the principle of rational approximations. In this work a mathematical analysis is presented, and the theory of this new measurement method is analysed in detail. As a result, a new formalism for frequency measurement is proposed, which improves resolution and reduces the measurement time.

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Authors and Affiliations

Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico
Vitalii Petranovskii
Oleg Y. Sergiyenko
Daniel Hernandez-Balbuena
Lars Lindner
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Abstract

The performance of drives with switched reluctance motors (SRMs) depends on magnetic materials used in their construction which influence static parameters such as inductance and electromagnetic torque profiles. The paper deals with simulations of switched reluctance motors in the finite element method and their comparison with measurements. Two kinds of switched reluctance motors were analysed, the modified Emerson Electric motor with a laminated steel core and a prototype, the one with a magnetic core made of iron-based powder composite materials. In the first part of the research, magnetization curves of magnetic materials were measured for static and dynamic conditions with 50 Hz. Next, simulations and measurements of inductance and developed torque were compared and analysed. In the last part of the research, simulations of magnetic flux density in motors were conducted. As the result of the research, it occurred that the simulations and measurements are quite close and two kinds of motors exhibit similar performance.
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Bibliography

[1] Miller T.J.E., Brushless permanent-magnet and reluctance motor drives, Oxford University Press (1989).
[2] Krishnan R., Switched reluctance motor drives: modelling, simulation, analysis, design, and applications, CRC Press (2001).
[3] Ahn J.-W., Switched reluctance motor, in book Torque control Ed. Lamchich M.T., Intech (2011), DOI: 10.5772/10520.
[4] Lawrenson P.J., Stephenson J.M., Blenkinsop P.T., Corda J., Fulton N.N., Variable-speed switched reluctance motors, IEE Proceedings B. (Electric Power Applications), vol. 127, no. 4, pp. 253–265 (1980), DOI: 10.1049/ip-b.1980.0034.
[5] Widmer J.D., Martin R., Kimiabeigi M., Electric vehicle traction motors without rare earth magnets, Sustainable Materials and Technologies, vol. 3, pp. 7–13 (2015), DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2015.02.001.
[6] Riba J.-R., López-Torres C., Romeral L., Garcia A., Rare-earth-free propulsion motors for electric vehicles: A technology review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 57, pp. 367–379 (2016), DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.121.
[7] Nakamura H., The current and future status of rare earth permanent magnets, Scripta Materialia, vol. 154, pp. 273–276 (2018), DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.11.010.
[8] Coey J.M.D., Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Cambridge University Press (2010).
[9] Shokrollahi H., Janghorban K., Soft magnetic composite materials (SMCs), Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 189, no. 1–3, pp. 1–12 (2007), DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.02.034.
[10] Périgo E.A.,Weidenfeller B., Kollár P., Füzer J., Past, present, and future of soft magnetic composites, Applied Physics Reviews, vol. 5, no. 3 (2018), DOI: 10.1063/1.5027045.
[11] Przybylski M., Modelling and analysis of the low-power 3-phase switched reluctance motor, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 443–454 (2019), DOI: 10.24425/aee.2019.128279.
[12] Przybylski M., Slusarek B., Di Barba P., Mognaschi M.E.,Wiak S., Temperature and torque measurements of switched reluctance actuator with composite or laminated magnetic cores, Sensors, vol. 20, no. 3065, pp. 1–14 (2020), DOI: 10.3390/s20113065.
[13] Meeker D., Finite element method magnetics – User’s manual, ver. 4.2 (2018).
[14] Miller T.J.E., Optimal design of switched reluctance motors, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 15–27 (2002), DOI: 10.1109/41.982244.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Przybylski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Tele and Radio Research Institute, Poland
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Abstract

The wide variety of electrode shapes and their arrangement relative to each other, as well as the possibility of corona discharge in the ambient air, have created prerequisites for the development of a number of new methods and corona discharge transducers designed to measure microwire parameters and linear dimensions of various objects. The principally new noncontact control method is based on the dependence of the corona discharge current value on the diameter of the corona wire placed inside the discharge chamber. This paper provides an overview of this method.
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Bibliography

[1] Sh.A.Bahtaev, A.A.Bokanova, G.V.Bochkareva, G.K.Sydykova. Fizika i tehnika koronnorazrjadnyh priborov. Almaty 2007.
[2] Sh.A.Bahtaev, G.K.Sydykova, A.Zh. Tojgozhinova, K.Kodzhabergenova. Koronnyj razrjad na mikrojelektrodah. Almaty 2017 – 78p.
[3] Sh.A.Bakhtaev, G.V Bochkareva., G.D.Musapirova, “The pulsed current mode of the negative corona,” Vestnik Kaz NTU, no. 3, pp. 212-217, 2010.
[4] T. Abiru, F. Mitsugi, T. Ikegami, K. Ebihara, S.-ichi Aoqui, K. Nagahama, “Environmental application of electrical discharge for ozone treatment of soil,” Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 42-44, 2015, https://doi.org/10.5604 /20830157.1176573.
[5] Z. Lv, S. Rowland, S.Chen, H. Zheng, K.Wu, “Modelling of partial discharge characteristics in electrical tree channels: Estimating the PD inception and extinction voltages,” IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, no. 25, pp. 1999-2010, 2018. doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2018.007175.
[6] M. Szadkowski, “New method of analysis of partial discharges,” Przegląd Elektrotechniczny, vol. 90 no. 3, 103-106, 2014. doi: 10.12915/pe.2014.03.21
[7] Sh.A. Bahtaev, G.V.Bochkarjova, G.I. Bokova, “Sposob kontrolja diametra mikroprovoloki,” Republic of Kazakhstan Patent no. 5070, Ofic.bjull., Prom.sobstv., no. 10, 1998.
[8] Sh.A.Bahtaev, G.D. Musapirova et al., “Ustrojstvo dlja izmerenija diametra mikroprovoloki,” Republic of Kazakhstan Patent no. 96543, Ofic.bjull., Prom.sobstv., no. 2, 30.01.2017.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aliya S. Tergeussizova
1
Shabden A. Bakhtaev
2
Waldemar Wójcik
3
Bekmurza H. Aitchanov
4
Gulzada D. Mussapirova
2
Aynur Zh. Toygozhinova
5

  1. Kazakh National University named after al-Farabi, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  2. Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  3. Lublin University of Technology, Lublin
  4. Suleyman Demirel University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  5. Kazakh Academy of Transport and Communications named after M.Tynyshpayev, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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Abstract

Noise is a fundamental metrological characteristic of the instrument in surface topography measurement. Therefore, measurement noise should be thoroughly studied in practical measurement to understand instrument performance and optimize measurement strategy. This paper investigates the measurement noise at different measurement settings using structured illumination microscopy. The investigation shows that the measurement noise may scatter significantly among different measurement settings. Eliminating sample tilt, selecting low vertical scanning interval and high exposure time is helpful to reduce the measurement noise. In order to estimate the influence of noise on the measurement, an approach based on metrological characteristics is proposed. The paper provides a practical guide to understanding measurement noise in a wide range of applications.
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Bibliography

[1] International Organization for Standardization. (2019). Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Surface texture: Areal – Part 600: Metrological characteristics for areal topography measuring methods (ISO 25178-600:2019). https://www.iso.org/standard/67651.html
[2] de Groot, P., & DiSciacca, J. (2020). Definition and evaluation of topography measurement noise in optical instruments. Optical Engineering, 59(6), 064110. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.59.6.064110
[3] Eifler, M., Hering, J., Seewig, J., Leach, R. K., von Freymann, G., Hu, X., & Dai, G. (2020). Comparison of material measures for areal surface topography measuring instrument calibration. Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties, 8(2), 025019. https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672X/ab92ae
[4] Vanrusselt, M., Haitjema, H., Leach, R., & de Groot, P. (2021). International comparison of noise in areal surface topography measurements. Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties, 9(2), 025015. https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672X/abfa29
[5] Giusca, C. L., Leach, R. K., Helary, F., Gutauskas, T., & Nimishakavi, L. (2012). Calibration of the scales of areal surface topography-measuring instruments: Part 1. Measurement noise and residual flatness. Measurement Science and Technology, 23(3), 035008. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/23/3/035008
[6] Grochalski, K., Wieczorowski, M., Pawlus, P., & H’Roura, J. (2020). Thermal sources of errors in surface texture imaging. Materials, 13(10), 2337. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13102337
[7] Fu, S., Cheng, F., Tjahjowidodo, T., Zhou, Y., & Butler, D. (2018). A non-contact measuring system for in-situ surface characterization based on laser confocal microscopy. Sensors, 18(8), 2657. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18082657
[8] Barker, A., Syam, W. P., & Leach, R. K. (2016, October). Measurement noise of a coherence scanning interferometer in an industrial environment. Proceedings of the Thirty-First Annual Meeting of the American Society for Precision Engineering (vol. 65, pp. 594–599). http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/id/eprint/38454
[9] Gomez, C., Su, R., De Groot, P., & Leach, R. (2020). Noise reduction in coherence scanning interferometry for surface topography measurement. Nanomanufacturing and Metrology, 3, 68–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41871-020-00057-4
[10] Leach, R. (Ed.). (2011). Optical Measurement of Surface Topography (Vol. 8). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12012-1
[11] Maculotti, G., Feng, X., Galetto, M., & Leach, R. (2018). Noise evaluation of a point autofocus surface topography measuring instrument. Measurement Science and Technology, 29(6), 065008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aab528
[12] De Groot, P. J. (2017). The meaning and measure of vertical resolution in optical surface topography measurement. Applied Sciences, 7(1), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7010054
[13] Haitjema, H., & Morel, M. A. A. (2005). Noise bias removal in profile measurements. Measurement, 38(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2005.02.002
[14] Leach, R., Haitjema, H., Su, R.,&Thompson, A. (2020). Metrological characteristics for the calibration of surface topography measuring instruments: a review. Measurement Science and Technology, 32(3), 032001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/abb54f
[15] DIN. (2008). Optical measurement and microtopographies – Calibration of interference microscopes and depth measurement standards for roughness measurement (VDI/VDE 2655 Blatt 1.1).
[16] DIN. (2010). Optical measurement of microtopography – Calibration of confocal microscopes and depth setting standards for roughness measurement (VDI/VDE 2655 Blatt 1.2).
[17] de Groot, P., & DiSciacca, J. (2018, August). Surface-height measurement noise in interference microscopy. Interferometry XIX (Vol. 10749, p. 107490Q). International Society for Optics and Photonics. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2323900
[18] Pawlus, P., Reizer, R., & Wieczorowski, M. (2017). Problem of non-measured points in surface texture measurements. Metrology and Measurement Systems, 24(3), 525–536. https://doi.org/10.1515/mms-2017-0046
[19] International Organization for Standardization. (2012). Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Surface texture: Areal – Part 3: Specification operators (ISO 25178-3:2012).
[20] Blateyron, F. (2014, May). Good practices for the use of areal filters. Proc. 3rd Seminar on Surface Metrology of the Americas.
[21] Podulka, P. (2020). Proposal of frequency-based decomposition approach for minimization of errors in surface texture parameter calculation. Surface and Interface Analysis, 52(12), 882–889. https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.6840
[22] He, B., Zheng, H., Ding, S.,Yang, R.,& Shi, Z. (2021).Areviewof digital filtering in surface roughness evaluation. Metrology and Measurement Systems, 28(2). https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2021.136606
[23] Podulka, P. (2020). Comparisons of envelope morphological filtering methods and various regular algorithms for surface texture analysis. Metrology and Measurement Systems, 27(2), 243–263. https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2020.132772
[24] Podulka, P. (2021). Reduction of Influence of the High-Frequency Noise on the Results of Surface Topography Measurements. Materials, 14(2), 333. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14020333
[25] Todhunter, L., Leach, R., & Blateyron, F. (2020). Mathematical approach to the validation of surface texture filtration software. Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties, 8(4), 045017. https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672X/abc0fb
[26] Vanrusselt, M., & Haitjema, H. (2020). Reduction of noise bias in 2.5 D surface measurements. In Proceedings of Euspen’s 20th International Conference & Exhbition, 277–281. European Society for Precision Engineering; Nothampton.
[27] Gomez, C., Su, R., Lawes, S., & Leach, R. (2019). Comparison of two noise reduction methods in coherence scanning interferometry for surface measurement. The 14th International Symposium on Measurement Technology and Intelligent Instruments.
[28] Sánchez, Á. R., Thompson, A., Körner, L., Brierley, N., & Leach, R. (2020). Review of the influence of noise in X-ray computed tomography measurement uncertainty. Precision Engineering, 66, 382–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2020.08.004
[29] confovis GmbH. Structured Illumination Microscopy. https://www.confovis.com/en/optical-measurement
[30] International Organization for Standardization. (2012). Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Surface texture: Areal – Part 2: Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters (ISO 25178-2:2012).
[31] International Organization for Standardization. (2020). Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Surface texture: Areal – Part 700: Calibration, adjustment and verification of areal topography measuring instruments (ISO/DIS 25178-700:2020).
[32] Leach, R., Haitjema, H., & Giusca, C. (2019). A metrological characteristics approach to uncertainty in surface metrology. Optical Inspection of Microsystems, 73–91. CRC Press.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zhen Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sophie Gröger
1

  1. Chemnitz University of Technology, Department of Production Measuring Technology, Reichenhainer Straße 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
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Abstract

Different temperature sensors show different measurement values when excited by the same dynamic temperature source. Therefore, a method is needed to determine the difference between dynamic temperature measurements. This paper proposes a novelty approach to treating dynamic temperature measurements over a period of time as a temperature time series, and derives the formula for the distance between the measurement values using uniformsampling within the time series analysis. The similarity is defined in terms of distance to measure the difference. The distance measures were studied on the analog measurement datasets. The results show that the discrete Fréchet distance has stronger robustness and higher sensitivity. The two methods have also been applied to an experimental dataset. The experimental results also confirm that the discrete Fréchet distance performs better.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zhiwen Cui
1
Wenjun Li
1
Sisi Yu
1
Minjun Jin
1

  1. College of Metrological Technology and Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Abstract

A low–cost measurement system using filtering of measurements for two–wheeled balancing robot stabilisation purposes has been addressed in this paper. In particular, a measurement system based on gyroscope, accelerometer, and encoder has been considered. The measurements have been corrected for deterministic disturbances and then filtered with Kalman, a–b type, and complementary filters. A quantitative assessment of selected filters has been given. As a result, the complete structure of a measurement system has been obtained. The performance of the proposed measurement system has been validated experimentally by using a dedicated research rig.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Laddach
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Łangowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Zubowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Abstract

In order to achieve higher frequency measurement accuracy, this paper proposed a characteristic pulse detection method of fuzzy area based on the quantized phase processing method of different frequency groups. First, the fuzzy area of the group phase coincidence points continuously moved on the time axis after passing through delay elements. The moving distance, that is, the number of the delay elements was determined by the main clock cycle of the D flip-flop. After that, three groups of phase coincidence detection fuzzy areas in different positions were sent to the digital logic module to extract the edge pulses of the phase coincidence detection fuzzy area. The pulse width is determined by the difference between the clock cycles of the delay elements. The clock cycles of different delay units were adjusted to obtain nanosecond or even picosecond circuit detection resolution. Finally, the pulses generated at the edge of the phase coincidence fuzzy area are taken as the switching signal of the frequency signal counter, so the stability of the gate signal and the accuracy of the gate time measurement are improved. The experimental results show that frequency stability can reach the order of E-13/s. In addition, compared with the traditional measurement method, it is characterized by simple structure, low cost, low noises, and high measurement resolution.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xin Geng
1
Baoqiang Du
2

  1. School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, China
  2. College of Information and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China

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