Search for: [Keywords = "magnesium"]

The role of β (Al ₁₂Mg ₁₇) phase on corrosion behavior of the AM90 alloy in NaCl aqueous solution

Masahiko Hatakeyama Yusuke Shimada Naoki Kawate Kaede Sarayama Satoshi Sunada

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 2 | 759-766 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137815

Keywords magnesium corrosion light alloy

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The β phase (Al ₁₂Mg ₁₇) precipitated by heat treatment in some alloy compositions may result deterioration of corrosion resistance. However, much of its role remains unclear. The effect of the β phase on the corrosion resistance behavior in a NaCl solution was presented in this study. The specimen was Mg-9mass%Al (AM90) alloy and the content of the β phase precipitant was controlled systematically by aging time at 473 K. Area rate of β and lamellar phase in the specimens were 0, 10 and 100%, respectively. According to the results of cathodic polarization curves measurement, the corrosion current density of α phase was 0.215 A/m2 and β phase of it was 0.096 A/m2. While, the specimen includes 10% of β and lamellar phase showed large corrosion current density of 0.251 A/m2. Positive correlation between the β phase and the open circuit potential, suggest that the β phase acts as a cathodic electrode. Moreover, the microstructure after postentiostatic corrosion tests was also support the role of β phase.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Masahiko Hatakeyama

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Yusuke Shimada

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Naoki Kawate

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Kaede Sarayama

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Satoshi Sunada

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

University of Toyama, Graduate School of Materials Science and Engineering for Research, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
University of Toyama, Graduate School of Materials Science and Engineering for Education, Japan

Investment Castings of Magnesium Alloys: A Road Map and Challenges

A.V. Vyas M.P. Sutaria

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 4 | 19-23 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140247

Keywords Magnesium Investment casting Reactions Melting

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In the manufacturing sector, the processing of magnesium alloys through the liquid casting route is one of the promising methods to manufacture automotive and aircraft components, for their excellent mechanical properties at the lower weight. Investment casting process has the great cabaility to produce near net shape complex castings for automotive and aircraft applications. The distinct and attractive engineering properties of magnesium alloys have shown to be promising in terms of its potential to replace materials such as cast iron, steel, and aluminum In this regard, the efforts to develop processing technology for these alloys for their wide range of applications in industries have been reported by the scientific and engineering community. For successful production of magnesium alloy castings, it requires specialized foundry techniques because of the particular chemical and physical properties of magnesium; especially the reactive and oxidative nature of these alloys. The industry is young enough, to tap the potential.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

A.V. Vyas

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M.P. Sutaria

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandubhai S. Patel Institute of Technology, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, Anand-388421, Gujarat, India

Structural Aspects of Remelting of the AZ91 Magnesium Alloy Surface Layer

J. Iwaszko M. Strzelecka

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2016 | No 1 | DOI: 10.1515/afe-2015-0095

Keywords structure Magnesium alloy Laser remelting

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In this study, modification of the AZ91 magnesium alloy surface layer with a CO2 continuous wave operation laser has been taken on. The

extent and character of structural changes generated in the surface layer of the material was being assessed on the basis of both macro- and

microscopy investigations, and the EDX analysis. Considerable changes in the structure of the AZ91 alloy surface layer and the

morphology of phases have been found. The remelting processing was accompanied by a strong refinement of the structure and a more

uniform distribution of individual phases. The conducted investigations showed that the remelting zone dimensions are a result of the

process parameters, and that they can be controlled by an appropriate combination of basic remelting parameters, i.e. the laser power, the

distance from the sample surface, and the scanning rate. The investigations and the obtained results revealed the possibility of an effective

modification of the AZ91 magnesium alloy surface layer in the process of remelting carried out with a CO2 laser beam.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

J. Iwaszko

M. Strzelecka

Synthesis of Mg-based alloys with rare-earth element addition by means of mechanical alloying

Sabina Lesz Bartłomiej Hrapkowicz Klaudiusz Gołombek Małgorzata Karolus Patrycja Janiak

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 5 | e137586 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137586

Keywords mechanical alloying magnesium rare-earth element ytterbium

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Magnesium-based alloys are widely used in the construction, automotive, aviation and medical industries. There are many parameters that can be modified during their synthesis in order to obtain an alloy with the desired microstructure and advantageous properties. Modifications to the chemical composition and parameters of the synthesis process are of key importance. In this work, an Mg-based alloy with a rare-earth element addition was synthesized by means of mechanical alloying (MA). The aim of this work was to study the effect of milling times on the Mg-based alloy with a rare-earth addition on its structure and microhardness. A powder mixture of pure elements was milled in a SPEX 8000D high energy shaker ball mill under an argon atmosphere using a stainless steel container and balls. The sample was mechanically alloyed at the following milling times: 3, 5, 8 and 13 h, with 0.5 h interruptions. The microstructure and hardness of samples were investigated. The Mg-based powder alloy was examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and using a Vickers microhardness test. The results showed that microhardness of the sample milled for 13 h was higher than that of those with milling time of 3, 5 and 8 h.

Go to article

Bibliography

F. Witte, “The history of biodegradable magnesium implants: A review,” Acta Biomater., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 1680–1692, 2010.
N. Eliaz, “Corrosion of metallic biomaterials: A review,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 12, no. 3, 2019.
S. Lesz, J. Kraczla, and R. Nowosielski, “Structure and compression strength characteristics of the sintered Mg-Zn-Ca-Gd alloy for medical applications,” Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 1288–1299, 2018.
T. Narushima, New-generation metallic biomaterials, 2nd ed. Elsevier Ltd., 2019.
D. Persaud-Sharma and A. Mcgoron, “Biodegradable magnesium alloys: A review of material development and applications,” J. Biomim. Biomater. Tissue Eng., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 25–39, 2012.
N. Sezer, Z. Evis, S.M. Kayhan, A. Tahmasebifar, and M. Koç, “Review of magnesium-based biomaterials and their applications,” J. Magnes. Alloy., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 23–43, 2018.
M.P. Staiger, A.M. Pietak, J. Huadmai, and G. Dias, “Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: A review,” Biomaterials, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 1728–1734, Mar. 2006.
S. Lesz, B. Hrapkowicz, M. Karolus, and K. Gołombek, “Characteristics of the Mg-Zn-Ca-Gd alloy after mechanical alloying,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2021.
A. Drygała, L.A. Dobrzański, M. Szindler, M. Prokopiuk Vel Prokopowicz, M. Pawlyta, and K. Lukaszkowicz, “Carbon nanotubes counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells application,” Arch. Metall. Mater., vol. 61, no. 2A, pp. 803–806, 2016.
A. Drygała, M. Szindler, M. Szindler, and E. Jonda, “Atomic layer deposition of TiO₂ blocking layers for dye-sensitized solar cells,” Microelectron. Int., vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 87–93, 2020.
M. Beniyel, M. Sivapragash, S.C. Vettivel, and P.S. Kumar, “Optimization of tribology parameters of AZ91D magnesium alloy in dry sliding condition using response surface methodology and genetic algorithm,” Bull. Polish Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., pp. 1–10, 2021.
L.A. Dobrzański, L.B. Dobrzański, and A.D. Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz, “Manufacturing technologies thick-layer coatings on various substrates and manufacturing gradient materials using powders of metals, their alloys and ceramics,” J. Achiev. Mater. Manuf. Eng., vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 14–41, 2020.
L.A. Dobrzański, L.B. Dobrzański, and A.D. Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz, “Overview of conventional technologies using the powders of metals, their alloys and ceramics in Industry 4.0 stage,” J. Achiev. Mater. Manuf. Eng., vol. 98, no. 2, pp. 56–85, 2020.
K. Cesarz-Andraczke and A. Kazek-Kęsik, “PEO layers on Mg-based metallic glass to control hydrogen evolution rate,” Bull. Polish Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 119–124, 2020.
M.K. Datta et al., “Structure and thermal stability of biodegradable Mg-Zn-Ca based amorphous alloys synthesized by mechanical alloying,” Mater. Sci. Eng. B, vol. 176, no. 20, pp. 1637–1643, Dec. 2011.
S.A. Abdel-Gawad and M.A. Shoeib, “Corrosion studies and microstructure of Mg-Zn-Ca alloys for biomedical applications,” Surf. Interfaces, vol. 14, no. August 2018, pp. 108–116, 2019.
M. Krämer et al., “Corrosion behavior, biocompatibility and biomechanical stability of a prototype magnesium-based biodegradable intramedullary nailing system,” Mater. Sci. Eng. C, vol. 59, pp. 129–135, 2016.
J. Kuhlmann et al., “Fast escape of hydrogen from gas cavities around corroding magnesium implants,” Acta Biomater., vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 8714–8721, 2013.
B. Hrapkowicz and S.T. Lesz, “Characterization of Ca 50 Mg 20 Zn 12 Cu 18 Alloy,” Arch. Foundry Eng., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 75–82, 2019.
J. Wilson, Metallic biomaterials. Elsevier Ltd, 2018.
H.J. Yu, J.Q. Wang, X.T. Shi, D. V. Louzguine-Luzgin, H.K. Wu, and J.H. Perepezko, “Ductile biodegradable Mg-based metallic glasses with excellent biocompatibility,” Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 23, no. 38, pp. 4793–4800, 2013.
B. Zberg, P.J. Uggowitzer, and J.F. Löffler, “MgZnCa glasses without clinically observable hydrogen evolution for biodegradable implants,” Nat. Mater., vol. 8, p. 887, Sep. 2009.
J. Byrne, E. O’Cearbhaill, and D. Browne, “Comparison of crystalline and amorphous versions of a magnesium-based alloy: corrosion and cell response,” Eur. Cells Mater., vol. 30, no. Supplement 3, p. 75, 2015.
O. Baulin, D. Fabrègue, H. Kato, A. Liens, T. Wada, and J.M. Pelletier, “A new, toxic element-free Mg-based metallic glass for biomedical applications,” J. Non. Cryst. Solids, vol. 481, no. September 2017, pp. 397–402, 2018.
M.B. Kannan and R.K.S. Raman, “In vitro degradation and mechanical integrity of calcium-containing magnesium alloys in modified- simulated body fluid,” Biomaterials, vol. 29, no. 15, pp. 2306–2314, 2008.
M. Salahshoor and Y.B. Guo, “Biodegradation control of magnesium-calcium biomaterial via adjusting surface integrity by synergistic cutting-burnishing,” Procedia CIRP, vol. 13, pp. 143–149, 2014.
H. Wang, Y. Estrin, and Z. Zúberová, “Bio-corrosion of a magnesium alloy with different processing histories,” Mater. Lett., vol. 62, no. 16, pp. 2476–2479, 2008.
Y. Guangyin, L. Manping, D. Wenjiang, and A. Inoue, “Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Zn-Si-based alloys,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 357, no. 1–2, pp. 314–320, 2003.
Z. Liang et al., “Effects of Ag, Nd, and Yb on the microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg-Zn-Ca metallic glasses,” Metals (Basel)., vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 1–10, 2018.
S. Lesz, T. Tański, B. Hrapkowicz, M. Karolus, J. Popis, and K. Wiechniak, “Characterisation of Mg-Zn-Ca-Y powders manufactured by mechanical milling,” J. Achiev. Mater. Manuf. Eng., vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 49–59, 2020.
S.M. Al Azar and A.A. Mousa, Mechanical and physical methods for the metal oxide powders production. INC, 2020.
I. Polmear, D. StJohn, J.-F. Nie, and M. Qian, Novel Materials and Processing Methods. 2017.
C. Liu, Z. Ren, Y. Xu, S. Pang, X. Zhao, and Y. Zhao, “Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys Developed as Bone Repair Materials: A Review,” Scanning, vol. 2018. 2018.
M. Pogorielov, E. Husak, A. Solodivnik, and S. Zhdanov, “Magnesium-based biodegradable alloys: Degradation, application, and alloying elements,” Interventional Med. Appl. Sci., vol. 9, no. 1. pp. 27–38, 2017.
Y.Q. Tang, Q.Y. Wang, Q.F. Ke, C.Q. Zhang, J.J. Guan, and Y.P. Guo, “Mineralization of ytterbium-doped hydroxyapatite nanorod arrays in magnetic chitosan scaffolds improves osteogenic and angiogenic abilities for bone defect healing,” Chem. Eng. J., vol. 387, no. January, p. 124166, 2020.
C. Suryanarayana, “Mechanical alloying and milling,” Prog. Mater Sci., vol. 46, no. 1–2. Pergamon, pp. 1–184, 01-Jan-2001.
M. Karolus, “Applications of Rietveld refinement in Fe-B-Nb alloy structure studies,” J. Mater. Process. Technol., vol. 175, no. 1–3, pp. 246–250, 2006.
L.A. Dobrzański, B. Tomiczek, G. Matula, and K. Gołombek, “Role of Halloysite Nanoparticles and Milling Time on the Synthesis of AA 6061 Aluminium Matrix Composites,” Adv. Mater. Res., vol. 939, pp. 84–89, May 2014.
M. Jurczyk, Bionanomaterials for Dental Applications. Pan Stanford Publishing, 2012.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Sabina Lesz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bartłomiej Hrapkowicz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Klaudiusz Gołombek

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Małgorzata Karolus

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Patrycja Janiak

1

Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18A, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland

Mechanical alloying of Mg-Zn-Ca-Er alloy

Bartłomiej Hrapkowicz Sabina Lesz Marek Kremzer Małgorzata Karolus Wojciech Pakieła

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 5 | e137587 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137587

Keywords magnesium mechanical alloying erbium rare earth elements

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Magnesium-based materials constitute promising alternatives for medical applications, due to their characteristics, such as good mechanical and biological properties. This opens many possibilities for biodegradable materials to be used as less-invasive options for treatment. Degradation is prompted by their chemical composition and microstructure. Both those aspects can be finely adjusted by means of proper manufacturing processes, such as mechanical alloying (MA). Furthermore, MA allows for alloying elements that would normally be really hard to mix due to their very different properties. Magnesium usually needs various alloying elements, which can further increase its characteristics. Alloying magnesium with rare earth elements is considered to greatly improve the aforementioned properties. Due to that fact, erbium was used as one of the alloying elements, alongside zinc and calcium, to obtain an Mg₆₄Zn₃₀Ca₄Er₁ alloy via mechanical alloying. The alloy was milled in the SPEX 8000 Dual Mixer/Mill high energy mill under an argon atmosphere for 8, 13, and 20 hours. It was assessed using X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy and granulometric analysis as well as by studying its hardness. The hardness values reached 232, 250, and 302 HV, respectively, which is closely related to their particle size. Average particle sizes were 15, 16, and 17 μm, respectively

Go to article

Bibliography

C. Suryanarayana and N. Al-Aqeeli, “Mechanically alloyed nanocomposites,” Prog. Mater. Sci., vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 383–502, May 2013.
C. Suryanarayana, “Mechanical alloying and milling,” Prog. Mater. Sci., vol. 46, no. 1–2, pp. 1–184, Jan. 2001.
A. Drygała, L.A. Dobrzański, M. Szindler, M. Prokopiuk Vel Prokopowicz, M. Pawlyta, and K. Lukaszkowicz, “Carbon nanotubes counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells application,” Arch. Metall. Mater., vol. 61, no. 2A, pp. 803–806, 2016.
L.A. Dobrzański and A. Drygała, “Influence of Laser Processing on Polycrystalline Silicon Surface,” Mater. Sci. Forum, vol. 706–709, pp. 829–834, Jan. 2012.
L.A. Dobrzański, T. Tański, A.D. Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz, E. Jonda, M. Bonek, and A. Drygała, “Structures, properties and development trends of laser-surface-treated hot-work steels, light metal alloys and polycrystalline silicon,” in Laser Surface Engineering: Processes and Applications, Elsevier Inc., 2015, pp. 3–32.
C. Suryanarayana, “Mechanical alloying and milling,” Prog. Mater. Sci., vol. 46, no. 1–2, pp. 1–184, Jan. 2001.
M. Toozandehjani, K.A. Matori, F. Ostovan, S.A. Aziz, and M.S. Mamat, “Effect of milling time on the microstructure, physical and mechanical properties of Al-Al₂O₃ nanocomposite synthesized by ball milling and powder metallurgy,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 10, no. 11, p. 1232, 2017.
A. Kennedy et al., “A Definition and Categorization System for Advanced Materials: The Foundation for Risk-Informed Environmental Health and Safety Testing,” Risk Anal., vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 1783–1795, 2019.
M. Tulinski and M. Jurczyk, “Nanomaterials Synthesis Methods,” in Metrology and Standardization of Nanotechnology, Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2017, pp. 75–98.
K. Cesarz-Andraczke and A. Kazek-Kęsik, “PEO layers on Mg-based metallic glass to control hydrogen evolution rate,” Bull. Polish Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 119–124, 2020.
M. Beniyel, M. Sivapragash, S.C. Vettivel, and P.S. Kumar, “Optimization of tribology parameters of AZ91D magnesium alloy in dry sliding condition using response surface methodology and genetic algorithm,” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., pp. 1–10, 2021.
M. Abbasi, S.A. Sajjadi, and M. Azadbeh, “An investigation on the variations occurring during Ni₃Al powder formation by mechanical alloying technique,” J. Alloys Compd., vol. 497, no. 1–2, pp. 171–175, May 2010.
F. Neves, F.M.B. Fernandes, I. Martins, and J.B. Correia, “Parametric optimization of Ti–Ni powder mixtures produced by mechanical alloying,” J. Alloys Compd., vol. 509, pp. S271–S274, Jun. 2011.
L. Beaulieu, D. Larcher, R. Dunlap, and J. Dahn, “Nanocomposites in the Sn–Mn–C system produced by mechanical alloying,” J. Alloys Compd., vol. 297, no. 1–2, pp. 122–128, Feb. 2000.
J.S. Benjamin and T.E. Volin, “The mechanism of mechanical alloying,” Metall. Trans., vol. 5, pp. 1929–1934, 1974.
S. Lesz, J. Kraczla, and R. Nowosielski, “Structure and compression strength characteristics of the sintered Mg–Zn–Ca–Gd alloy for medical applications,” Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 1288–1299, Sep. 2018.
S. Lesz, B. Hrapkowicz, M. Karolus, and K. Gołombek, “Characteristics of the Mg-Zn-Ca-Gd alloy after mechanical alloying,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2021.
S. Lesz, T. Tański, B. Hrapkowicz, M. Karolus, J. Popis, and K. Wiechniak, “Characterisation of Mg-Zn-Ca-Y powders manufactured by mechanical milling,” J. Achiev. Mater. Manuf. Eng., vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 49–59, 2020.
M. Karolus and J. Panek, “Nanostructured Ni-Ti alloys obtained by mechanical synthesis and heat treatment,” J. Alloys Compd., vol. 658, pp. 709–715, Feb. 2016.
A. Chrobak, V. Nosenko, G. Haneczok, L. Boichyshyn, M. Karolus, and B. Kotur, “Influence of rare earth elements on crystallization of Fe 82Nb2B14RE2 (RE = Y, Gd, Tb, and Dy) amorphous alloys,” J. Non. Cryst. Solids, vol. 357, no. 1, pp. 4–9, Jan. 2011.
B. Hrapkowicz and S.T. Lesz, “Characterization of Ca 50 Mg 20 Zn 12 Cu 18 Alloy,” Arch. Foundry Eng., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 75–82, 2019.
M.K. Datta et al., “Structure and thermal stability of biodegradable Mg–Zn–Ca based amorphous alloys synthesized by mechanical alloying,” Mater. Sci. Eng. B, vol. 176, no. 20, pp. 1637–1643, Dec. 2011.
J. Zhang et al., “The degradation and transport mechanism of a Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr stent in rabbit common carotid artery: A 20-month study,” Acta Biomater., vol. 69, pp. 372–384, 2018.
M. Yuasa, M. Hayashi, M. Mabuchi, and Y. Chino, “Improved plastic anisotropy of Mg–Zn–Ca alloys exhibiting high-stretch formability: A first-principles study,” Acta Mater., vol. 65, pp. 207–214, Feb. 2014.
L.M. Plum, L. Rink, and H. Haase, “The essential toxin: impact of zinc on human health.,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1342–65, 2010.
M. Salahshoor and Y. Guo, “Biodegradable Orthopedic Magnesium-Calcium (MgCa) Alloys, Processing, and Corrosion Performance.,” Mater. (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 135–155, Jan. 2012.
H.S. Brar, M.O. Platt, M. Sarntinoranont, P.I. Martin, and M.V. Manuel, “Magnesium as a biodegradable and bioabsorbable material for medical implants,” Jom, vol. 61, no. 9. pp. 31–34, 2009.
M. Pogorielov, E. Husak, A. Solodivnik, and S. Zhdanov, “Magnesium-based biodegradable alloys: Degradation, application, and alloying elements,” Interventional Medicine and Applied Science, vol. 9, no. 1. pp. 27–38, 2017.
N. Hort et al., “Magnesium alloys as implant materials – Principles of property design for Mg–RE alloys,” Acta Biomater., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 1714–1725, May 2010.
Y. Kawamura and M. Yamasaki, “Formation and mechanical properties of Mg₉₇Zn₁RE₂ alloys with long-period stacking ordered structure,” Mater. Trans., vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 2986–2992, 2007.
C. Liu, Z. Ren, Y. Xu, S. Pang, X. Zhao, and Y. Zhao, “Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys Developed as Bone Repair Materials: A Review,” Scanning, vol. 2018. p. 9216314, 2018.
S. Seetharaman, S. Tekumalla, B. Lalwani, H. Patel, N.Q. Bau, and M. Gupta, “Microstructure and Mechanical Properties New Magnesium- Zinc-Gadolinium Alloys,” in Magnesium Technology 2016, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016, pp. 159–163.
S. Seetharaman et al., “Effect of erbium modification on the microstructure, mechanical and corrosion characteristics of binary Mg-Al alloys,” J. Alloys Compd., vol. 648, pp. 759–770, Jul. 2015.
R. Ahmad, N.A. Wahab, S. Hasan, Z. Harun, M.M. Rahman, and N.R. Shahizan, “Effect of erbium addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminium alloy,” in Key Engineering Materials, 2019, vol. 796, pp. 62–66.
C.L. Chen and Y.M. Dong, “Effect of mechanical alloying and consolidation process on microstructure and hardness of nanostructured Fe-Cr-Al ODS alloys,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 528, no. 29–30, pp. 8374–8380, Nov. 2011.
K. Kowalski, M. Nowak, J. Jakubowicz, and M. Jurczyk, “The Effects of Hydroxyapatite Addition on the Properties of the Mechanically Alloyed and Sintered Mg-RE-Zr Alloy,” J. Mater. Eng. Perform., vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 4469–4477, Oct. 2016.
L.A. Dobrzański, B. Tomiczek, G. Matula, and K. Gołombek, “Role of Halloysite Nanoparticles and Milling Time on the Synthesis of AA 6061 Aluminium Matrix Composites,” Adv. Mater. Res., vol. 939, pp. 84–89, May 2014.
J. Dutkiewicz, S. Schlueter, and W. Maziarz, “Effect of mechanical alloying on structure and hardness of TiAl-V powders,” in Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials, 2004, vol. 20–21, pp. 127–132.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Bartłomiej Hrapkowicz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sabina Lesz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marek Kremzer

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Małgorzata Karolus

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wojciech Pakieła

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland

Electrochemical behavior and morphology of selected sintered samples of Mg65Zn30Ca4Pr1 alloy

Bartłomiej Hrapkowicz Sabina Lesz Aleksandra Drygała Małgorzata Karolus Klaudiusz Gołombek Rafał Babilas Julia Popis Adrian Gabryś Katarzyna Młynarek-Żak Dariusz Garbiec

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 3 | e145564 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145564

Keywords magnesium rare-earth elements SPS corrosion

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In order to investigate the effect of the milling time on the corrosion resistance of the Mg65Zn30Ca4Pr1 alloy, powders of the alloy were prepared and milled for 13, 20, and 70 hours, respectively. The samples were sintered using spark plasma sintering (SPS) technology at 350◦C and pressure of 50 MPa. The samples were subjected to potentiodynamic immersion tests in Ringer’s solution at 37◦C. The obtained values of Ecorr were –1.36, –1.35, and –1.39 V, with polarization resistance Rp = 144, 189, and 101 Ω for samples milled for 13, 20 and 70 h, respectively. The samples morphology showed cracks and pits, thus signaling pitting corrosion.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Bartłomiej Hrapkowicz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sabina Lesz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Aleksandra Drygała

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Małgorzata Karolus

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Klaudiusz Gołombek

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Rafał Babilas

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Julia Popis

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Adrian Gabryś

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Katarzyna Młynarek-Żak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Dariusz Garbiec

4

Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia, ul. Pułku Piechoty 75 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
Materials Research Laboratory, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Łukasiewicz Research Network – Poznan Institute of Technology, ul. Ewarysta Estkowskiego 6, 61-755 Poznan, Poland

Fatigue Properties of AZ31 and WE43 Magnesium Alloys

G. Junak

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2020 | vol. 65 | No 2 | 721-726 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2020.132811

Keywords low-cycle fatigue mechanical properties magnesium alloy

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper presents low-cycle fatigue (LCF) characteristics of selected magnesium alloys used, among others, in the automotive and aviation industries. The material for the research were bars of magnesium alloys AZ31 and WE43 after hot plastic working. Due to their application(s), these alloys should have good/suitable fatigue properties, first of all fatigue durability in a small number of cycles.

Low-cycle fatigue tests were carried out on the MTS-810 machine at room temperature. Low-cycle fatigue trials were conducted for three total strain ranges Δεt of 0.8%, 1.0% and 1.2% with the cycle asymmetry factor R = –1. Based on the results obtained, fatigue life characteristics of materials, cyclic deformation characteristics σa = f(N) and cyclic deformation characteristics of the tested alloys were developed. The tests have shown different behaviors of the tested alloys in the range of low number of cycles. The AZ31 magnesium alloy was characterized by greater fatigue life Nf compared to the WE43 alloy.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

G. Junak

Microstructure and Thermomechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloys Castings

M. Cagala P. Lichý

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2012 | No 2 | DOI: 10.2478/v10266-012-0035-8

Keywords mechanical properties metallography Magnesium Alloys Thermomechanical Properties

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Magnesium alloys thanks to their high specific strength have an extensive potential of the use in a number of industrial applications. The most important of them is the automobile industry in particular. Here it is possible to use this group of materials for great numbers of parts from elements in the car interior (steering wheels, seats, etc.), through exterior parts (wheels particularly of sporting models), up to driving (engine blocks) and gearbox mechanisms themselves. But the use of these alloys in the engine structure has its limitations as these parts are highly thermally stressed. But the commonly used magnesium alloys show rather fast decrease of strength properties with growing temperature of stressing them. This work is aimed at studying this properties both of alloys commonly used (of the Mg-Al-Zn, Mn type), and of that ones used in industrial manufacture in a limited extent (Mg-Al-Sr). These thermomechanical properties are further on complemented with the microstructure analysis with the aim of checking the metallurgical interventions (an effect of inoculation). From the studied materials the test castings were made from which the test bars for the tensile test were subsequently prepared. This test took place within the temperature range of 20°C – 300°C. Achieved results are summarized in the concluding part of the contribution.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

M. Cagala

P. Lichý

Structure and Properties Investigation of MCMgAl12Zn1 Magnesium Alloy

M. Król L.A. Dobrzański

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2013 | No 1 | DOI: 10.2478/afe-2013-0002

Keywords mechanical properties Thermal analysis Microstructure magnesium alloy

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

This work presents an influence of cooling rate on crystallization process, structure and mechanical properties of MCMgAl12Zn1 cast magnesium alloy. The experiments were performed using the novel Universal Metallurgical Simulator and Analyzer Platform. The apparatus enabled recording the temperature during refrigerate magnesium alloy with three different cooling rates, i.e. 0.6, 1.2 and 2.4°C/s and calculate a first derivative. Based on first derivative results, nucleation temperature, beginning of nucleation of eutectic and solidus temperature were described. It was fund that the formation temperatures of various thermal parameters, mechanical properties (hardness and ultimate compressive strength) and grain size are shifting with an increasing cooling rate.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

M. Król

L.A. Dobrzański

Resistance of WE43 and ZRE1 Magnesium Alloys to Gas Corrosion

R. Przeliorz J. Piątkowski

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2017 | vol. 17 | No 2 | DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0078

Keywords Wear resistant alloys Magnesium alloys Oxidation resistance

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In spite of the fact that in most applications, magnesium alloys are intended for operation in environments with room temperature, these

alloys are subject to elevated temperature and oxidizing atmosphere in various stages of preparation (casting, welding, thermal treatment).

At present, the studies focus on development of alloys with magnesium matrix, intended for plastic forming. The paper presents results of

studies on oxidation rate of WE43 and ZRE1 magnesium foundry alloys in dry and humidified atmosphere of N2+1%O2. Measurements of

the oxidation rate were carried out using a Setaram thermobalance in the temperature range of 350-480°C. Corrosion products were

analyzed by SEM-SEI, BSE and EDS. It was found that the oxide layer on the WE43 alloy has a very good resistance to oxidation. The

high protective properties of the layer should be attributed to the presence of yttrium in this alloy. On the other hand, a porous, two-layer

scale with a low adhesion to the substrate forms on the ZRE1 alloy. The increase in the sample mass in dry gas is lower than that in

humidified gas.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

R. Przeliorz

J. Piątkowski

Mechanical and wear behaviour of the Al-Mg-nano ZrC composite obtained by means of the powder metallurgy method

G. Sankaranarayanan A.N. Balaji K. Velmanirajan K. Gangatharan

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2018 | 66 | No 5 | 729-735 | DOI: 10.24425/bpas.2018.125340

Keywords aluminium magnesium zirconium carbide wear and hardness

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Authors and Affiliations

G. Sankaranarayanan

A.N. Balaji

K. Velmanirajan

K. Gangatharan

Nickelization Effect on the High Temperature Tensile Properties of Mg-0.7Y2O3 Nanocomposite

Fida S. Hassan Khin Sandar Tun F. Patel Nasser Al-Aqeeli M. Gupta

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2018 | vol. 63 | No 3 | 1411-1415

Keywords magnesium nanocomposite High-Temperature tensile strength deformation

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In this study, high performance magnesium-yttria nanocomposite’s room temperature, strength and ductility were significantly enhanced by the dispersion of nano-sized nickel particles using powder blending and a microwave sintering process. The strengthening effect of the dispersed nano-sized nickel particles was consistent up to 100°C and then it gradually diminished with further increases in the test temperature. The ductility of the magnesium-yttria nanocomposite remained unaffected by the dispersed nano-sized nickel particles up to 100°C. Impressively, it was enhanced at 150°C and above, leading to the possibility of the near net shape fabrication of the nanocomposite at a significantly low temperature.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Fida S. Hassan

Khin Sandar Tun

F. Patel

Nasser Al-Aqeeli

M. Gupta

Effect of fertilisation with P, Mg or S enriched urea-ammonium nitrate solution on the management of macronutrients in common maize

Jadwiga Wierzbowska Stanisław Sienkiewicz Arkadiusz Światły

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2023 | No 57 | 39-51 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2023.145334

Keywords calcium content and uptake of phosphorus magnesium and sulphur magnesium and sulphur fertilisation maize nitrogen phosphorus potassium

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The purpose of this study has been to determine the effect of fertilisation with urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution enriched with P, Mg or S on the content of macronutrients in the grain and straw of maize. The following fertilisers were tested in the field experiment: ammonium nitrate, urea, UAN – 32% N; RSM+S – 26% N + 3% S; RSM+P(Medium) – 26% N and 4.80% P; RSM+P(Starter) – 21% N and 7.86% P; UAN + Mg – 20% N + 4% Mg. In each year of the experiment, significant differentiation in the contents of P, K, Ca, Mg and S in maize grain and straw was observed, depending on the applied nitrogen fertilisation. However, considering the average values from each treatment achieved over the three years, it was demonstrated that the fertilisation significantly changed only the content of P and S in grain and K and Ca in straw of maize. The removal of nutrients was the highest in the second year of the research and amounted in kg∙ha ^–1: P – about 100, K – about 350, Ca – about 80, Mg – about 35 and S – about 31, which in turn were differentiated over the years of the experiment in the three years. The removal of P, K, Mg and S also significantly depended on fertilisation. Significant differences, however, most often concerned the control treatment relative to the fertilised ones. The contribution of grain to the accumulation of nutrients also varied significantly in the three years of the experiment. Significantly the lowest share of grain in terms of P and S accumulation was noted in maize grown without N fertilisation.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Jadwiga Wierzbowska

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Stanisław Sienkiewicz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Arkadiusz Światły

1

University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Chair of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Oczapowskiego 8, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland

Microstructural Analysis of AM50/Mg2Si Cast Magnesium Composites

M.A. Malik K. Majchrzak K.N. Braszczyńska-Malik

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2012 | No 4 | DOI: 10.2478/v10266-012-0116-8

Keywords AM50 magnesium alloy Mg2Si Magnesium silicide metal matrix composites

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

AM50/Mg2Si composites containing 5.7 wt. % and 9.9 wt. %. of Mg2Si reinforcing phase were prepared successfully by casting method. The microstructure of the cast AM50/Mg2Si magnesium matrix composites was investigated by light microscopy and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The microstructure of these composites was characterized by the presence of α-phase (a solid solution of aluminium in magnesium), Mg17Al12 (γ-phase), Al8Mn5 and Mg2Si. It was demonstrated that the Mg2Si phase was formed mainly as primary dendrites and eutectic.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

M.A. Malik

K. Majchrzak

K.N. Braszczyńska-Malik

Removal of magnesium from sphalerite concentrates by means of spent electrolyte deriving from the process of cathode zinc extraction. = Usuwanie magnezu z koncentratu sfalerytowego za pomocą zużytego elektrolitu z procesu otrzymywania cynku katodowego

Andrzej Jarosiński Adam Kozak Sylwester Żelazny Piotr Radomski

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2012 | vol. 28 | No 3 | 43-53 | DOI: 10.2478/v10269-012-0020-4

Keywords Processing of zinc and lead ores removal of magnesium sphalerite concentrates

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Due to the occurrence of zinc and lead ore deposits in dolomite rocks, the sphalerite concentrates obtained from these ores contain an admixture of dolomite. In practice, a substantial amount of magnesium included in zinc ores passes to the last production stage, i.e. zinc electrolysis. The magnesium present in electrolyte impairs electrical conductance and appears in the technical and economical indexes. This paper deals the attempts to remove magnesium removal from initial sphalerite concentrates by means of chemical flotation using spent electrolyte derived from zinc electrolysis. The authors attempt to substantiate the existing relationships, as well as to derermine the optimum conditions for the procedure suggested. The leaching efficiency of magnesium amounted to about 80%, and is dependent upon the stage of the leaching. Losses of zinc were below 2%, and the magnesium concentration in solution amounted to about 20%. These solution can produce magnesium and zinc, which will be presented in the following paper.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Jarosiński

Adam Kozak

Sylwester Żelazny

Piotr Radomski

Various Structures of Struvite Crystals

Jan Suschka Eligiusz Kowalski Sebastian Poplawski

Archives of Environmental Protection | 2005 | vol. 31 | No 2 | 27-42

Keywords struvite magnesium ammonia phosphate phosphorous recovery crystal forms

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Authors and Affiliations

Jan Suschka

Eligiusz Kowalski

Sebastian Poplawski

Characterization of Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking of AE44 Magnesium Alloy

M. Sozańska A. Mościcki B. Chmiela

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2020 | vol. 65 | No 1 | 479-484 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2020.131750

Keywords Magnesium alloy fractography stress corrosion cracking (SCC) AE44

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper presents the susceptibility of AE44 magnesium alloy to electrochemical corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The evaluation of the intensity of the interaction of the corrosive environment was carried out using the corrosion tests and the Slow Strain Rate Test (SSRT). Corrosion tests performed in 0.1 M Na2SO4 solution (immersion in solution and under cathodic polarization conditions) revealed that the layer of corrosion products was much thicker after immersion test. The results of SSRT showed that the AE44 alloy deformed in the solution was characterized by higher plasticity compared to the alloy deformed in the air after immersion in solution. Moreover, the fractures were characterized by different morphology. In the case of an alloy deformed in the solution under cathodic polarization many microcracks on the fracture were observed, which were not observed in the case of the alloy deformed in the air.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

M. Sozańska

A. Mościcki

B. Chmiela

Effects of SPD by Biaxial Alternate Forging on the Tensile Properties and Microstructure of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy

Young-Chul Shin Seong-Ho Ha Abdul Wahid Shah

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 1 | 97-101 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.141479

Keywords forging Magnesium alloy grain refinement severe plastic deformation tensile properties

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The forming limit of AZ31 alloy, a representative Mg-Al-Zn-based wrought alloy, and the effect of severe plastic deformation (SPD) by examining the microstructure change caused by dynamic recrystallization led by high temperature and high dislocation density at 300℃ using a biaxial alternate forging (BAF) were investigated in this study. As a result of BAF test for AZ31 Mg alloy, significant cracks on the ends of workpieces occurred after 7 passes. The microstructure of as-extruded specimen showed the non-uniform distribution of the relatively coarse grains and the fine grains considered to be sub-grains. However, as the number of passes increases, the area of coarse grains gradually disappeared and the fine grains became more dominant in the microstructures. The result of tensile test for workpieces with each forging pass showed an increase in strength depending on pass number was shown with a slight increase of elongation. The Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) results exhibited that, the microstructure showed the presence of coarse grains and twins after only 1 pass, while the grains appeared to be significantly refined and uniformly distributed after 3 pass, at which the strength and elongation began to increase, simultaneously.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Young-Chul Shin

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Seong-Ho Ha

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Abdul Wahid Shah

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Molding & Metal Forming R&D Department, 156 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea

Effect of Gadolinium on the Microstructure of Magnesium Alloy AZ91

C. Rapiejko D. Mikusek P. Just T. Pacyniak

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 1 | 31-36 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.136075

Keywords Metallography Solidification process Magnesium alloys Gadolinium DTA process

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper presents the results of research related to the possibility of inoculation of the AZ91 magnesium alloy casted into ceramic moulds by gadolinium. Effects of gadolinium content (0.1–0.6 wt%) on microstructure of the AZ91 alloy under as-cast state were investigated. The influence of the inoculator on the formation of the microstructure investigated by means of the thermal and derivative analysis by analysing the thermal effects arising during the alloy crystallization resulting from the phases formed. The degree of fragmentation of the microstructure of the tested alloys was assessed by means of the light microscopy studies and an image analysis with statistical analysis was performed. Conducted analyses have aimed at examining on the effect of inoculation of the gadolinium on the differences between the grain diameters and average size of each type of grain by way of measuring their perimeters of all phases, preliminary αMg and eutectics αMg+γ(Mg17Al12) in the prepared examined material.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Wang, Y.N. & Huang, J.C. (2007). The role of twinning and untwining in yielding behavior in hot-extruded Mg-Al-Zn. Alloy Acta Materialia. 55(3), 897-905. DOI: 10.1016/ j.actamat.2006.09.010.
[2] Yu, Zhang et. al (2017). Effects of samarium addition on as-cast microstructure, grain fragmentation and mechanical properties of Mg-6Zn-0.4Zr magnesium alloy. Journal of Rare Earths. 167(1), 31-33. DOI: 10.1016/S1002-0721(17)60939-6.
[3] Cao, F.Y, Song, G.L. & Atrens, A. (2016). Corrosion and passivation of magnesium alloys. Corrosion Science, 111(10), 835-845. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2016.05.041.
[4] Mao, X., Yi, Y., Huang, S. & He, H. (2019). Bulging limit of AZ31B magnesium alloy tubes in hydroforming with internal and external pressure. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 101, 2509-2517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-3076-5.
[5] Władysiak, R. & Kozuń, A. (2015). Structure of AlSi20 alloy in heat treated die casting. Archives of Foundry Engineering.15(1), 113-118. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2015-0021.
[6] Rapiejko, C., Pisarek, B. & Pacyniak, T. (2017). Effect of intensive cooling of alloy AZ91 with a chromium addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the casting. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 62(4), 2199-2204. DOI: 10.1515/amm-2017-0324.
[7] Zhao, H.L., Guan, S.K. & Zheng, F.Y. (2007). Effects of Sr and B addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Journal of Materials Research. 22, 2423-2428. DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2007.0331.
[8] Bonnah, R.C., Fu, Y. & Hao, H. (2019). Microstructure and mechanical properties ofAZ91 magnesium alloy with minor additions of Sm, Si and Ca elements. China Foundry. 16(5), 319-325. DOI: 10.1007/s41230-019-9067-9.
[9] Jafari, H. & Amiryavari, P. (2016). The effects of zirconium and beryllium on microstructure evolution, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of as-cast AZ63 alloy. Materials Science & Engineering A. 654, 161-168 DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2015.12.034.
[10] Boby, A., Ravikumar, K.K., Pillai, U.T.S. & Pai, B.C. (2013). Effect of antimony and yttrium addition on the high temperature properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Procedia Engineering 55. 355(5), 98-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng. 2013.03.226.
[11] Huang, W., Yang, X., Mukai, T. & Sakai, T. (2019). Effect of yttrium addition on the hot deformation behaviors and microstructure development of magnesium alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 786, 118-125. DOI: 10.1016/ j.jallcom.2019.01.269.
[12] Pourbahari, B., Mirzadeh, H., Emamy, M. & Roumina, R. (2018). Enhanced ductility of afine-grained Mg-Gd-Al-Zn magnesium alloy by hot extrusion. Advanced Engineering Materials. 20, 1701171. DOI: 10.1002/adem.201701171.
[13] Tardif, S., Tremblay, R. & Dubé, D. (2010). Influence of cerium on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ZA104 and ZA104 + 0.3Ca magnesium alloys. Material Science and Engineering A. 527, 7519-7529. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.08.082.
[14] Wang, X.J. et al. (2018). What is going on in magnesium alloys? Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 34(2), 245-247. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2017.07.019.
[15] Nan, J. et. al (2016) Effect of neodymium, gadolinium addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ80 magnesium alloy. Journal of Rare Earths. 34(6), 632-637. DOI: 10.1016/S1002-0721(16)60072-8.
[16] Miao, Y., Yaohui, L., Jiaan, L. & Yulai, S. (2014). Corrosion and mechanical properties of AM50 magnesium alloy after being modified by 1 wt.% rare earth element gadolinium. Journal of Rare Earth. 723, 558-563. DOI: 10.1016/S1002-0721(14)60108-3.
[17] Mingbo, Y., Caiyuan, Q., Fusheng, P. & Tao, Z. (2011). Comparison of effects of cerium, yttrium and gadolinium additions on as-cast microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-3Sn-1Mn magnesium alloy. Journal of Rare Earths. 29(6), 550-557. DOI: 10.1016/S1002-0721(10)60496-6.
[18] Sumida, M., Jung, S. & Okane, T. (2009). Microstructure, solute partitioning and material properties of gadolinium-doped magnesium alloy AZ91D. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 475. 903-910. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom. 2008.08.067/
[19] Pietrowski, S. & Rapiejko, C. (2011). Temperature and microstructure characteristics of silumin casting AlSi9 made with investment casting method. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 11(3), 177-186.
[20] PN-EN 1753:2001. Magnesium and magnesium alloys. Magnesium alloy ingots and castings.
[21] Rapiejko, C., Pisarek, B, Czekaj, E. & Pacyniak, T. (2014). Analysis of AM60 and AZ91 Alloy Crystallisation in ceramic moulds by thermal derivative analisys (TDA). Archive of Metallurgy and Materials. 59(4) DOI: 10.2478/amm-2014-0246.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

C. Rapiejko

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Mikusek

1

P. Just

1

T. Pacyniak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Lodz University of Technology, Department of Materials Engineering and Production Systems, ul. Stefanowskiego 1, 90-924 Łódź, Poland

Effect of Inoculation on the Mechanical Properties of AZ91

C. Rapiejko D. Mikusek K. Kubiak T. Pacyniak

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 2 | 15-20 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.144290

Keywords Metallography Solidification process Magnesium alloys Emgesal® Flux 5 DTA process

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The effect of Ca element on the microstructure evolution of the AZ91 magnesium alloy was investigated in this research. The magne-sium-aluminium alloy AZ91 was inoculated with the Emgesal® Flux 5 to refine its microstructure and also improve its microstructure. Six different concentrations of the Emgesal® Flux 5 content were tested, ranging from 0.1 to 0.6% wt., and compared to the baseline of the AZ91 alloy without inoculation. Melted metal was poured into a preheated metallic mould. Samples to test were achieved after turning treatment. Formed microstructure was assessed using an optical microscope. The microstructure was refined for every tested samples. Me-chanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation, Brinell hardness, Vickers microhardness, abrasion resistance and adhesive resistance were tested on the inoculated samples and compared to the non-inoculated AZ91. Introducing an Emgesal®Flux 5 inoculant caused a change in the tensile strength, elongation, Brinell hard-ness, Vickers microhardness, abrasive wear resistance as well as adhesive wear resistance in each examined concentration.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

C. Rapiejko

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Mikusek

1

K. Kubiak

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

T. Pacyniak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Materials Engineering and Production Systems, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1-15, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom

Optimization of Output Responses during EDM of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy using Grey Relational Analysis and TOPSIS

A. Tajdeen A. Megalingam

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 1105-1113 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136430

Keywords AZ91 magnesium alloy EDM TOPSIS GRA ANOVA

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Bibliography

[1] U. Riaz, I. Shabib, W. Haider, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B. 107 (6), 1970-1996 (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.34290
[2] M.K. Kulekci, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 39 (9-10), 851-865 (2008). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-007-1279-2
[3] H . Furuya, N. Kogiso, S. Matunaga, K. Senda, Mater. Sci. Forum. 350, 341-348 (2000). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.350-351.341
[4] S.N. Mathaudhu, E.A. Nyberg, Magnesium Alloys in U.S. Military Applications: Past, Current and Future Solutions. In: S.N. Mathaudhu, A.A. Luo, N.R. Neelameggham, E.A. Nyberg, W.H. Sillekens (eds) Essential Readings in Magnesium Technology. Springer, Cham (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48099-2_10
[5] V.V. Ramalingam, P. Ramasamy, M. Das Kovukkal, G. Myilsamy, Met. Mater. Int. 26 (4), 409-430 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-019-00346-8
[6] K.H. Ho, S.T. Newman, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 43 (13), 1287- 1300 (2003). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6955(03)00162-7
[7] M. Hourmand, A.A.D. Sarhan, M. Sayuti, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 91 (1-4), 1023-1056, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-9671-4
[8] B. Nahak, A. Gupta, Manuf. Rev. 6 (2), 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2018015
[9] S.S. Sidhu, A. Batish, S. Kumar, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 32 (17), 1310-1320 (2013). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684413489366
[10] L . Arunkumar, B.K. Raghunath, Int. J. Eng. Technol. 5 (5), 4332- 4338 (2013).
[11] Sohil Parsana, Nishil Radadia, Mohak Sheth, Nisarg Sheth, Vimal Savsani, N. Eswara Prasad, T. Ramprabhu, Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 18 (3), 799-817 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2017.12.007
[12] S. Santosh, S. Javed Syed Ibrahim, P. Saravanamuthukumar, K. Rajkumar, K.L. Hari Krishna, Appl. Mech. Mater. 787, 406- 410 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.787.406
[13] M. Hourmand, A.A.D. Sarhan, S. Farahany, M. Sayuti, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 101 (9-12), 2723-2737 (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-3130-3
[14] R. Ranjith, P. Tamilselvam, T. Prakash, C. Chinnasamy, Mater. Manuf. Process. 34 (10), 1120-1128 (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2019.1628258
[15] S. Tripathy, D.K. Tripathy, Mach. Sci. Technol. 21 (3), 362-384 (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10910344.2017.1283957
[16] S. Suresh Kumar, M. Uthayakumar, S. Thirumalai Kumaran, P. Parameswaran, E. Mohandas, G. Kempulraj, B.S. Ramesh Babu, S.A. Natarajan, J. Manuf. Process. 20, 33-39 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2015.09.011
[17] P. Senthil, S. Vinodh, A.K. Singh, Int. J. Mach. Mach. Mater. 16 (1) 80-94 (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMMM.2014.063922
[18] K. Shunmugesh, K. Panneerselvam, Arch. Metall. Mater. 62 (3), 1803-1812 (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0273
[19] S.K. Ramuvel, S. Paramasivam, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 9 (3), 3885- 3896 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.02.015
[20] A.K. Sahu, S.S. Mahapatra, S. Chatterjee, J. Thomas, Mater. Today:. Proc. 5 (9), 19019-19026 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.253
[21] M. Eswara Krishna, P.K. Patowari, Mater. Manuf. Processes. 29 (9), 1131-1138 (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2014.930887
[22] A.S. Gill, S. Kumar, Arabian J. Sci. Eng. 43 (3), 1499-1510 (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2960-x
[23] P.K Rout, B. Surekha, P.C. Jena, G.N. Arko, Mater. Today: Proc. 26 (2), 2379-2387 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.510
[24] M. Gostimirovic, P. Kovac, M. Sekulic, B. Skoric, J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 26 (1), 173-179 (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-011-0922-x
[25] M. Ghoreishi, C. Tabari, Mater. Manuf. Processes, 22 (7-8), 833- 841 (2007). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10426910701446812
[26] M. Kiyak, B.E. Aldemir, E. Altan, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 79 (1-4), 513-518 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-6840-9
[27] B.M. Schumacher, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 149 (1-3), 376-381 (2004). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2003.11.060
[28] L . Srinivasan, K. Mohammad Chand, T. Deepan Bharathi Kannan, P. Sathiya, S. Biju, Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 71 (2), 373-382 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-017-1166-y
[29] S. Tripathy, D.K. Tripathy, Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J. 19 (1), 62-70 (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2015.07.010

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

A. Tajdeen

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Megalingam

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyamangalam, Erode-638401, Tamil Nadu, India

Investigation on Reactions at Corners of Cast Part during Investment Casting of Reactive AZ91 Magnesium Alloy

Akash V. Vyas Mayur P. Sutaria

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2020 | vol. 20 | No 4 | 139-144 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.133360

Keywords Magnesium Investment casting Corner Reactions Mg AZ91

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The magnesium alloy investment castings have greater potential for automobile and air-craft applications due to the higher strength to weight ratio of magnesium alloys and capability of the investment casting process to produce near net shape complex castings. The interfacial-mould metal reactions during investment casting of magnesium alloy inhibit successful production of quality castings. This paper presents the investigation done on the reactions at corners of AZ91 magnesium alloy cast part produced through investment casting. The stepped shape geometry of casting was selected to study the reactions at convex and concave corners of the cast part. The reacted surfaces were characterised using the SEM-EDX and XRD. The formation of oxides was observed on cast surface from characterisation. The temperature profile recorded at corners were helpful to understand the heat dissipation during the solidification of metal at corners. It was observed that the reactions occurred at the concave corner were more as compared to the convex corner of the cast part.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Akash V. Vyas

Mayur P. Sutaria

Microscopic Analysis of Layers Containing Mg2Si and Mg17Al12 Phases Fabricated on AZ91 Through Thermochemical Treatment

R. Mola M. Cieślik

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2019 | vol. 19 | No 3 | 119-124 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2019.129621

Keywords Surface treatment Magnesium alloy Modified surface layer Microstructure

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The thermochemical treatment applied to improve the surface properties of AZ91 consisted in heating the material in contact with AlSi10Mg powder at 445 oC for 30 min. During heat treatment process the powder was held under pressure to facilitate the diffusion of the alloying elements to the substrate and, accordingly, the formation of a modified layer. Two pressures, 1 MPa and 5 MPa, were tested. The resultant layers, containing hard Mg2Si and Mg17Al12 phases, were examined using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The experimental data show that the layer microstructure was dependent on the pressure applied. A thicker, three-zone layer (about 200 μm) was obtained at 1 MPa. At the top, there were Mg2Si phase particles distributed over the Mg17Al12 intermetallic phase matrix. The next zone was a eutectic (Mg17Al12 and a solid solution of Al in Mg) with Mg2Si phase particles embedded in it. Finally, the area closest to the AZ91 substrate was a eutectic not including the Mg2Si phase particles. By contrast, the layer produced at a pressure of 5 MPa had lower thickness of approx. 150 μm and a two-zone structure. Mg2Si phase particles were present in both zones. In the upper zone, Mg2Si phase particles were regularly distributed over the Mg17Al12 intermetallic phase matrix. The lower zone, adjacent to the AZ91, was characterized by a higher volume fraction of Mg2Si phase particles distributed over the matrix composed mainly of Mg17Al12. The alloyed layers enriched with Al and Si had much higher hardness than the AZ91 substrate.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

R. Mola

M. Cieślik

Investment Casting of AZ91 Magnesium Open-Cell Foams

H. Kapłon A. Dmitruk K. Naplocha

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 1 | 11-16 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.144274

Keywords Innovative foundry technologies and materials Metal foams Investment casting Magnesium alloy

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The process of investment casting of AZ91 magnesium alloy open-cell porosity foams was analysed. A basic investment casting technique was modified to enable the manufacturing of magnesium foams of chosen porosities in a safe and effective way. Various casting parameters (mould temperature, metal pouring temperature, pressure during metal pouring and solidifying) were calculated and analysed to assure complete mould filling and to minimize surface reactions with mould material. The foams manufactured with this method have been tested for their mechanical strength and collapsing behaviour. The AZ91 foams acquired in this research turned out to have very high open porosity level (>80%) and performed with Young’s modulus of ~30 MPa on average. Their collapsing mechanism has turned out to be mostly brittle. Magnesium alloy foams of such morphology may find their application in fields requiring lightweight materials of high strength to density ratio or of high energy absorption properties, as well as in biomedical implants due to magnesium’s high biocompatibility and its mechanical properties similar to bone tissue.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Gawdzińska, K., Chybowski, L. & Przetakiewicz, W. (2017). Study of thermal properties of cast metal- ceramic composite foams. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(4), 47-50. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0129.
[2] Bisht, A., Patel, V. K. & Gangil, B. (2019). Future of metal foam materials in automotive industry. In: Katiyar, J., Bhattacharya, S., Patel, V., Kumar, V. (eds), Automotive Tribology. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability (pp. 51-63). Singapore: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-0434-1_4.
[3] Popielarski, P., Sika, R., Czarnecka-Komorowska, D., Szymański, P., Rogalewicz, M. & Gawdzińska, K. (2021). Evaluation of the cause and consequences of defects in cast metal-ceramic composite foams. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(1), 81-88. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.136082.
[4] Vilniškis, T., Januševičius, T. & Baltrėnas, P. (2020). Case study: Evaluation of noise reduction in frequencies and sound reduction index of construction with variable noise isolation. Noise Control Engineering Journal. 68(3), 199-208. DOI: 10.3397/1/376817.
[5] Sivasankaran, S. & Mallawi, F.O.M. (2021). Numerical study on convective flow boiling of nanoliquid inside a pipe filling with aluminum metal foam by two-phase model. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering. 26, 101095, 1-14. DOI: 10.1016/J.CSITE.2021.101095.
[6] Naplocha, K., Koniuszewska, A., Lichota, J. & Kaczmar, J. W. (2016). Enhancement of heat transfer in PCM by cellular Zn-Al structure. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(4), 91-94. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2016-0090.
[7] Lehmann, H., Werzner, E., Malik, A., Abendroth, M., Ray, S. & Jung, B. (2022). Computer-aided design of metal melt filters: geometric modifications of open-cell foams, effective hydraulic properties and filtration performance. Advanced Engineering Materials. 24(2), 1-11. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202100878.
[8] Kryca, J., Iwaniszyn, M., Piątek, M., Jodłowski, P.J., Jędrzejczyk, R., Pędrys, R., Wróbel, A., Łojewska, J. & Kołodziej, A. (2016). Structured foam reactor with CuSSZ-13 catalyst for SCR of NOx with ammonia. Topics in Catalysis. 59(10), 887-894. DOI: 10.1007/S11244-016-0564-4.
[9] Alamdari, A. (2015). Performance assessment of packed bed reactor and catalytic membrane reactor for steam reforming of methane through metal foam catalyst support. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering. 27(2), 934-944. DOI: 10.1016/J.JNGSE.2015.09.037.
[10] Anglani, A. & Pacella, M. (2021). Binary Gaussian Process classification of quality in the production of aluminum alloys foams with regular open cells. Procedia CIRP. 99, 307-312. DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2021.03.046.
[11] Anglani, A. & Pacella, M. (2018). Logistic regression and response surface design for statistical modeling of investment casting process in metal foam production. Procedia CIRP. 67, 504-509. DOI: 10.1016/J.PROCIR.2017.12.252.
[12] Wang, Y., Jiang, S., Wu, Z., Shao, H., Wang, K., & Wang, L. (2018). Study on the inhibition influence on gas explosions by metal foam based on its density and coal dust. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. 56, 451-457. DOI: 10.1016/J.JLP.2018.09.009.
[13] Hua, L., Sun, H. & Gu Jiangsu, J. (2016). Foam metal metamaterial panel for mechanical waves isolation. Proceedings of the SPIE, 9802 (id.98021R), 8. DOI: 10.1117/12.2219470.
[14] Marx, J., & Rabiei, A. (2017). Overview of composite metal foams and their properties and performance. Advanced Engineering Materials, 19(11), 1600776. DOI: 10.1002/ADEM.201600776.
[15] Wong, P., Song, S., Tsai, P., Maqnun, M.J., Wang, W., Wu, J. & Jang, S.J. (2022). Using Cu as a spacer to fabricate and control the porosity of titanium zirconium based bulk metallic glass foams for orthopedic implant applications. Materials. 15(5), 1887, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051887.
[16] Kang, L., Shi, Y. & Luo, X. (2021). Effects of sodium chloride on structure and compressive properties of foamed AZ91 Effects of sodium chloride on structure and compressive properties of foamed AZ91. AIP Advances.11, 015118, 1-4. DOI: 10.1063/5.0033314.
[17] Pelczar, D., Długosz, P., Darłak, P., Nykiel, M., & Hebda, M. (2022). The effect of BN or SiC addition on PEO properties of coatings formed on AZ91 magnesium alloy. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 67(1), 147-154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24425/amm.2022.137483.
[18] Gupta, M., Mui Ling Sharon, N. (2010). Magnesium, Magnesium Alloys, and Magnesium Composites. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DOI: 10.1002/9780470905098.
[19] Dong-hui, Y., Shang-run, Y., Hui, W., Ai-bin, M., Jing-hua, J., Jian-qing, C. & Ding-lie, W. (2010). Compressive properties of cellular Mg foams fabricated by melt-foaming method. Materials Science & Engineering A. 527(21-22), 5405-5409. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.05.017.
[20] Kroupová, I., Radkovský, F., Lichý, P. & Bednářová, V. (2015). Manufacturing of cast metal foams with irregular cell structure. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 15(2), 55-58. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2015-0038.
[21] Shih, T., Wang, J. & Chong, K. (2004). Combustion of magnesium alloys in air. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 85(2-3), 302-309. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2004.01.036.
[22] Fujisawa, S., Yonezu, A. (2014). Mechanical property of microstructure in die-cast magnesium alloy evaluated by indentation testing at elevated temperature. Recent Advances in Structural Integrity Analysis: Proceedings of the International Congress (APCF/SIF-2014). Woodhead Publishing Limited. 422-426. DOI: 10.1533/9780081002254.422.
[23] Vyas, A.V. & Sutaria, M.P. (2020). Investigation on influence of the cast part thickness on interfacial mold–metal reactions during the investment casting of AZ91 magnesium alloy. International Journal of Metalcasting. 20(4), 139-144. DOI: 10.1007/s40962-020-00530-2.
[24] Ravi, K.R., Pillai, R.M., Amaranathan, K.R., Pai, B.C. & Chakraborty, M. (2008). Fluidity of aluminum alloys and composites: A review. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 456(1-2), 201-210. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.02.038.
[25] Voigt, R.C., Bertoletti, J., Kaley, A., Ricotta, S., Sunday, T. (2002). Fillability of thin-wall steel castings. Technical Report. https://doi.org/10.2172/801749.
[26] Dewhirst, B.A. (2008). Castability control in metal casting via fluidity measures: Application of error analysis to Variations in Fluidity Testing. Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
[27] Le, Q., Zhang, Z., Cui, J. & Chang, S. (2009). Study on the filtering purification of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Materials Science Forum. 610-613, 754-757. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.610-613.754.
[28] Wong, P., Song, S., Tsai, P., Maqnun, M.J., Wang, W., Wu, J. & Jang, S.J. (2022). Using Cu as a spacer to fabricate and control the porosity of titanium zirconium based bulk metallic glass foams for orthopedic implant applications. Materials. 15(5), 1887, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051887.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

H. Kapłon

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Dmitruk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Naplocha

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland

Search results

Filters

Search results

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Bibliography

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Bibliography

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Bibliography

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Bibliography

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Bibliography

Authors and Affiliations