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Abstract

The concept of treason in historical research is usually presented either as a treason‑event (see the Gunpowder Plot) or as a treason‑phenomenon that took place at a specific time and space. The aim of the article is to present what these two approaches have in common and then – based on them – present the way treason can be identified as a category of historical analysis. In the first chapter, I focus on academic discussions between Jan Pomorski and Andrzej Nowak concerning a book written by the latter. I present that while dealing with a treason‑event the historian’s role is crucial as they have to decide whether to use the concept of treason to explain a specific event or not. The second chapter is an analysis of articles written by Mark Cornwall on treason in the Habsburg Empire. It is concluded with the finding that the accusation of treason may be used by a community or a society in order to protect or strengthen its identity. Finally, in the final remarks, I propose that treason as a category of historical analysis may be used as a tool capable of analysing identity‑making processes in a way that will include epistemic provinces.
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Bibliography

Åkerström, Malin. Betrayal and Betrayers. The Sociology of Treachery. London‑New York: Routledge, 1991.
Anderson, Benedict. Wspólnoty wyobrażone. Rozważania o źródłach i rozprzestrzenianiu się nacjonalizmu, przeł. Stefan Amsterdamski. Kraków‑Warszawa: Znak, 1997.
Barrell, John. Imagining the King’s Death. Figurative Treason, Fantasies of Regicide. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Bo insza jest rzecz zdradzić, insza dać się złudzić. Problem zdrady w Polsce XVIII i XIX w., red. Anna Grześkowiak‑Krwawicz. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo IBL PAN, 1995.
Boveri, Margret. Der Verratim 20. Jahrhundert. Reinbek: Rowohlt Verlag, 1976.
Ben‑Yehuda, Nachman. Betrayal and Treason. Violations of Trust and Loyalty. Boulder: Westview Press, 2001.
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. Prowincjonalizacja Europy. Myśl postkolonialna i różnica historyczna, przeł. Dariusz Kołodziejczyk, Tomasz Dobrogoszcz, Ewa Domańska. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 2011.
Cornwall, Mark. „Between Budapest and Belgrade: The Road to Pragmatism and Treason in 1914 Croatia”. W Sarajevo 1914. Sparking the First World War, red. Mark Cornwall, 207– 231. London‑New York: Bloomsbury, 2020.
Cornwall, Mark. „Loyalty and Treason in Late Habsburg Croatia. A Violent Discourse Before the First World War”. W Exploring Loyalty, red. Jana Osterkamp, Martin Schulze, 97–121. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Verlage, 2017.
Cornwall, Mark. „Traitors and the Meaning of Treason in Austria‑Hungary's Great War”. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 25 (2015): 113–134.
Cornwall, Mark. „Treason in an Era of Regime Change. The Case of the Habsburg Monarchy”. Austrian History Yearbook 50 (2019): 124–149.
Czubaty, Jarosław. Zasada „dwóch sumień”. Normy postępowania i granice kompromisu w postawach politycznych Polaków w sytuacjach wyboru (1795–1815). Warszawa: Neriton, 2005.
Galis, Vasilis, Francis Lee, „A Sociology of Treason: The Construction of Weakness”. Science, Technology & Human Values vol. 39, 1 (2014): 154–179.
Gellner, Ernest. Narody i nacjonalizm, przeł. Teresa Hołówka. Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1991.
Hobsbawm, Eric. Narody i nacjonalizm po 1780 roku. Program, mit, rzeczywistość, przeł. Jakub Maciejczyk, Maciej Starnawski. Warszawa: Difin, 2010.
Judson, Pieter M. „«Where our commonality is necessary...» Rethinking the End of the Habsburg Monarchy”. Austrian History Yearbook 48 (2017): 1–21.
Kądziela, Łukasz. „O potrzebie badań nad dziejami Targowicy”. Przegląd Historyczny 80/2 (1989): 367–376.
Kądziela, Łukasz. Od Konstytucji do Insurekcji. Studia nad dziejami Rzeczypospolitej w latach 1791–1794. Warszawa: Neriton, 2011.
Kula, Artur. „O dalszej potrzebie badań nad dziejami Targowicy”. Czas Kultury 1 (2020): 139– 147.
Majewski, Piotr M. Kiedy wybuchnie wojna? 1938. Studium kryzysu. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Krytyki Politycznej, 2019.
Micińska, Magdalena. Zdrada, córka Nocy. Pojęcie zdrady narodowej w świadomości Polaków w latach 1861–1914. Warszawa: Sic!, 1998.
Nowak, Andrzej. „Czy w politycznej historii jest miejsce na kategorię «zdrady»?”. Dzieje Najnowsze XLIX, 3 (2017): 299–312.
Nowak, Andrzej. Pierwsza zdrada Zachodu. 1920 – zapomniany appeasement. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2015.
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Pomorski, Jan. „Historyk w służbie «rozumu politycznego» (prof. Andrzejowi Nowakowi – wirtualnie – do sztambucha)”. Ohistorie, 17.07.2018. http://ohistorie.eu/2018/07/17/historyk-w-sluzbie-rozumu-politycznego/ (dostęp: 1.02.2021).
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Steffen, Lisa. Defining a British State. Treason and National Identity, 1608–1820. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001.
Thiesse, Anne‑Marie. Powstawanie tożsamości narodowych. Europa w wiekach XVIII–XX, przeł. Beata Losson. Warszawa: Volumen, 2019.
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Verräter. Geschichte eines Deutungsmusters, red. André Krischer. Wien: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Verlage, 2019.
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Authors and Affiliations

Artur Kula
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Uniwersytet Warszawski
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Abstract

Proper values of physical and mechanical properties and their homogeneity are one of major requirements deciding about technological suitability of the rocks quarried to manufacturing aggregates. These properties depend on the natural features of a rock, its mineral composition, texture and structure. The characteristic of aggregates and the technical requirements they must meet are normalized in adequate standards that describe the procedures of conducting particular determinations and the methods of interpreting their results. In the basaltoids (usually called basalts) of selected deposits of Lower Silesia that represent different intrusive forms, five textural varieties have been distinguished: aphanitic, aphanitic-porphyritic, porphyritic-aphanitic, porphyritic-nodular and nodular-porphyritic. The petrography and essential physical and mechanical properties of these varieties have been described in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The highest technical parameters have the aphanitic and aphanitic-porphyritic rock varieties. They result mainly from the textures of these rocks and their insignificant weathering, and to a lesser degree from their mineral composition. The resistance to wear (micro-Deval) and the resistance to fragmentation (Los Angeles) of the aggregates that represent the grain fraction 10-14 mm of the five varieties of basaltoids and the rock composites were determined according to the standards PN-EN 12620: 2008 and PN-EN 13043: 2004. Of the aggregates produced from the five major varieties, only those made of the nodular-porphyritic basaltoids have the properties of lower categories, whereas the remaining four are the materials of very high quality. Additionally, it has been shown that by combining various basaltoid types it is possible to produce composite aggregates with the variable qualities belonging to the categories LA and MDE (Tab. 3). The effect of rock petrography on the differentiation of the parameters of aggregates depending on the grain fraction of the products (Fig. 1, Tab. 4) is the lowest in the case of the aggregates produced from the homogenous and not weathered rock. In contrast, the range of variability of the parameters is higher if the starting material to produce aggregates is composed of several textural varieties and shows signs of weathering as well. The possibility of delineation of the areas occupied in the deposit by basaltoids with specific textural varieties creates the conditions of determining the rock zones, from which the aggregates of the predicted quality may be produced. This quality may be controlled and partly changed to the user needs by producing aggregates from the specially prepared rock mixtures (i.e. the charge to crushers) with specified proportions of the basaltoid varieties.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Rembiś
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Abstract

The text discusses the problems of sensory processing disorders (SPD) and their impact on difficulties children have at school. Individual categories of sensory processing disorders were characterized and examples of behavior of children who may have those problems were described. Certain strategies which teachers can use when working with a child with SI disorders were also offered.

It should be noted that the early diagnosis of symptoms that may indicate the occurrence of sensory processing disorders, followed by apt diagnosis and therapy allow children to function properly in the school environment and positively influence their self-esteem. This in turn facilitates the process of learning and contributes future success.

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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Cygan
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Abstract

W transcendentalnej dedukcji kategorii, w drugim wydaniu Krytyki czystego rozumu, Kant wprowadza termin „formalna naoczność” (formale Anschauung), ukazując w ten sposób, że określenie to zawiera bogatszą treść niż „forma naoczności” (Form der Anschauung). Wiąże się to z określaniem, tj. determinowaniem czystej formy naoczności, które dokonuje się za sprawą syntezy postaciowej, będącej wytworem wyobraźni, ale przy współudziale kategorii. Rozważam m.in. kwestię, jak należy rozumieć jedność przestrzeni i co jest źródłem owej jedności. Przy okazji analizuję ważne i trudne pojęcie różnorodności (Mannigfaltigkeit), które – jak się wydaje – leży u podstaw różnicy między dwoma sposobami ujęcia przestrzeni jako czystej naoczności.

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Authors and Affiliations

Włodzimierz Heflik
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Abstract

One of the main traits of a society of reflexive modernity is the critical analysis of categories that in the past appeared unquestionable. Socio-cultural gender and health or illness/mental disorders are categories of this type. Above all, they are socially constructed, that is, they are dependent on culture and on political, economic, and religious factors. The author undertakes to analyse the relations between the diagnostic criteria used in the international system of classifying mental diseases (DSM-IV and ICD-10) and traditional schemas of masculinity and femininity. Confirmation of the incidence of particular diseases in connection with gender is the author’s entry point for seeking answers to why individuals suffering from certain illnesses/mental disorders display behaviour corresponding to traditional gender roles, even though contemporary gender roles are fluid in many respects, and hypotheses about biological differences as causes of incidence of disease in men and women have not been empirically confirmed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Monika Frąckowiak-Sochańska
ORCID: ORCID

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