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Abstract

The Henaya Irrigated Perimeter (HIP) is an agricultural area irrigated by treated wastewater (TWW) of Ain El Hout treatment plant. Various analyses have shown that i) this water has low concentration of heavy metals and toxic elements, ii) the average values of the physicochemical parameters for 136 samples are satisfactory (29.2 mg O2∙dm–3 for chemical oxygen demands – COD, 13.14 mg O2∙dm–3 for biological oxygen demands – BOD, 14.2 mg∙dm–3 of suspended matter – SM, 1.82 mg∙dm–3 of N-NO3, 7.7 for pH and 927.74 μS∙cm–1 for electric conductivity – EC). Thirdly, it contains a high number of bacteria and nematodes (7200 CFU∙(100 dm3)–1 for faecal coliforms and 30 eggs∙dm–3 for intestinal Nematodes) which makes it dangerous for groundwater contamination. The objective in this work is to characterize the TWW and evaluate the impact of it use for irrigation on the quality of Hennaya groundwater. Before this, one has to prove that there is an amount of TWW that feeds the water table to show that there is a risk of pollution. We then estimated the aquifer minimum recharge value by TWW using the Thormthwaite meth-od. The estimation has given 92 mm which is an important quantity. The results of the groundwater microbiological anal-yses reveal no sign of contamination. The cause is the efficiency of the degradation of pollutants of the Vadose zone. The soil purifying power Md of the HIP was evaluated by the Rehse method and gave values ranging from 2.1 to 12.7 which indicated a complete purification.

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Authors and Affiliations

Abdelkader Bemmoussat
Mohammed Adjim
Fouzia Bensaoula
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Abstract

The research aimed to find suitable solutions to reduce the salinity stress of irrigation water for some types of vegetables in hydroponics under two drip and mist irrigation systems. The different concentrations of NaCl for irrigation water, are 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 ppm used. Proline (30 mg∙dm –3), humic acid (300 mg∙dm –3) and compared without any from them were used to study their effect on the yield, and water use efficiency. The results indicated that the highest spinach and courgette yield (4.657 and 5.153 kg∙m –2) was observed for the DP500 treatment, and the lowest yield (0.348 and 0.634 kg∙m –2) was observed for the SW4000 treatment, respectively. The use of humic acid led to an increased yield on average by about 16.8 and 19.3% for spinach, and 39.4 and 51.7% for courgette, under drip and mist irrigation, respectively. Using proline led to an increased average yield of about 32.9 and 33% for spinach, and 51.8 and 58.4% for courgette, under drip and mist irrigation, respectively. The highest water use efficiency (WUE) of spinach and courgette (43.1 and 51.5 kg∙m –3) was observed for the DP500 treatment, and the lowest (3.2 and 6.3 kg∙m –3) was observed for the SW4000 treatment. According to our study, the use of proline and humic acid could compensate for the adverse effects of salinity under mist spraying more than drip irrigation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ahmed I. Abd-Elhakim
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Department, Nadi El-Said St., P.O. Box 256, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Abstract

The paper characterizes the status, trends and perspectives of irrigation in Poland after the reforms in agriculture and technology. Irrigation in Poland has supplemental character. It is used in short periods during the growing season and plays an important role in mitigating the effects of drought on crop production. Sub-irrigation from ditches is applied on permanent grasslands, sprin-kling – in field cultivation of arable crops, sprinkling and drip irrigation – in vegetable growing in open areas, micro-jets and drip irrigation systems – in orchards. Drip irrigation and micro-jets sys-tems are also applied in plant cultivation in greenhouses.

Under the economic conditions of Polish agriculture irrigation is often an unprofitable measure. The existing irrigation systems and facilities are only used to a small extent. After changes in the forms of ownership in agriculture, the large-area sprinkling systems were degraded. Small irrigation systems, mainly drip irrigation and micro-sprinkler irrigation, have recently become more common in private farms. Sub-irrigation systems are largely degraded and used only to a small extent if at all. In order to use these systems more effectively, it is necessary to reconstruct and modernize them. In many cases the factor preventing the use of irrigation systems is the deficit of water of required qual-ity and its availability. Besides unfavourable economic conditions, it is one of the main limitations in the development of irrigation in Poland.

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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Łabędzki
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Abstract

Uncertainties as to how the climate will change and how it will influence the necessities and trends of irrigation development lead to a number of serious questions to be answered in the near future. How irrigation and water systems will have to adapt to climate changes is a challenge that planners, designers and O&M services will have to cope with.

It is widely accepted that air temperature in Poland will increase of 2–4°C, however a total yearly precipitation will not vary yet its pattern during the year may change towards higher in winter and lower in summer. Evapotranspiration and crop water demand may rise due to both an increase in temperature and duration of crop growth cycles.

Three main factors are expected to exert an accelerating influence on the development of irrigation: increased frequency and intensity of droughts and long-lasting precipitation-free periods with the high insolation and high air temperatures resulting from climate change; the intensification of agricultural production (e.g. in horticulture, orchards, seed crops), being forced by both domestic and European free-market competition; the necessity of reaching high level of quality for the majority of agricultural products.

To mitigate negative effects of climate change and extreme events, appropriate adaptation methods and adaptation strategies should be developed and implemented in existing irrigation and water control systems. A number of technological and organisational steps should be taken to improve operation, management, administration and decision making processes.

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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Łabędzki
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Abstract

The main purpose of this study is to determine the optimum water consumption for achieving water savings and obtaining good yields in cotton production, which has been expanding in Central Asia and Turkmenistan since the 1960s. In the last few decades, water resources in the region have been difficult to access, due to the expansion of agricultural activity and population growth. The oscillation of the amount of water released from dams of the Amudarya River to obtain energy for the upper countries in the winter season has been causing crises in countries of Central Asia.
An experiment was carried out in an agricultural field at a cotton research centre in the Yolöten district of Turkmenistan. The experiment led to the observation that it is possible to achieve higher efficiency and lower water consumption in cotton production. At the same time, the water savings that can be achieved as a result of using the drip irrigation method in cotton production throughout the country have been calculated. The calculations have provided the basis for recommending irrigation as a solution to the problems in question.
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Bibliography

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IBRAGIMOV N., EVETT S.R., ESANBEKOV Y., KAMILOV B.S., MIRZAEV L., LAMERS J.P. 2007. Water use efficiency of irrigated cotton in Uzbekistan under drip and furrow irrigation. Agricultural Water Management. Vol. 90(1–2) p. 112–120. DOI 10.1016/j.agwat.2007.01.016
KULMEDOV B., SHCHERBAKOV V.I. 2014. Ispol’zovaniye kapel’nogo orosheniya sel’skokhozyaystvennykh zemel’ v basseyne reki Amudar’ya. V: Tekhnologii ochistki vody «TEKHNOVOD- 2014». Materialy VIII mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii «TEKHNOVOD» [Use of drip irrigation of agri-cultural lands in the Amu Darya river basin. In: Water purification technologies “TECHNOVOD-2014”. Materials of the VIII International Scientific and Practical Conference “TECHNOVOD”]. 23–24.10.2014 Sochi. Novocherkatstsk. Lik p. 29–33.
KURTOVEZOV G.D., TAGANOV CH.K., KURTOVEZOV B. 2019. Rekomendatsii po proyektirovaniyu sistem kapel’nogo orosheniya sel’skokho-zyaystvennykh kul’tur, vinogradnikov, sadov i lesnykh nasazhde-niy dlya usloviy Turkmenistana [Recommendations for the design of a drip irrigation system for crops, vineyards, orchards and forest plantations for the conditions of Turkmenistan]. Ashgabat pp. 242.
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Authors and Affiliations

Begmyrat Kulmedov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Vladimir I. Shcherbakov
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Nile University of Nigeria, Department of Civil Engineering, Plot 681, Cadastral Zone C-OO, Research & Institution Area, Jabi Airport Bypass, Abuja FCT, 900001, Nigeria
  2. Voronezh State Technical University, Department of Hydraulics, Water Supply and Water Disposal, Voronezh, Russia
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Abstract

More than 4.6 mln ha in the Russian Federation are irrigated. Their culvert hydraulic structures are part of network structures and are the most widespread. After the crisis of the 1990s, proper maintenance of many reclamation systems was impossible due to a lack of funds. This led to the loss of about half of the water taken from irrigation sources in irrigation canals. The planned increase in the technical level of irrigation systems requires the automation of the operation of both the entire system as a whole and separately located culverts. This will avoid significant losses of water supply for irrigation and prevent water shortages with the insufficient discipline of water users. Means of hydraulic automation of water supply are being installed on small irrigation canals in Russia. A water flow regulating valve is proposed, with no mechanical movinparts, and gates are not involved in the control process. The operation of the structure is based on the injection effect, in which excess water entering the downstream with a decrease in water consumption begins to circulate between the outlet section of the transit pipe and the diffuser at the end section of the valve. Using the methods of measuring hydrodynamics and the theory of jet devices, theoretical dependences were obtained, which make it possible to determine the main hydraulic characteristics of the structure. The design form of the flow part of the regulator has been developed and a physical model has been made. In a mirror hydraulic flume, the operation modes of the water outlet were studied with and without regulation. The actual values of hydraulic parameters were obtained, which confirmed the validity of the use of theoretical dependencies. The discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental results is within the experimental error. It has been proven that it is possible to circulate excess water between the downstream and intermediate pools of the regulator.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dmitrii M. Benin
1
Vera L. Snezhko
1

  1. Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya St, 49, Moscow, 127550, Russia
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Abstract

Water is a sensitive and limited resource, mainly in intensively used agricultural areas in Austria, where groundwater is used as drinking water as well as for irrigation purposes. In order to guarantee a sustainable use of irrigation water, soil water measurement devices can be used to opti-mise irrigation, which means that controlling the soil water content in the entire root system may prevent water stress due to water deficiency on the one hand, and over wetting on the other hand. Furthermore, losses of nutrients due to leaching can be avoided. Several research studies on that topic were initiated during the last few years. The soil water status on selected fields planted with different crops (onions, carrots, sugar beets, sweet maize, zucchini) was monitored continuously by FDR (Fre-quency Domain Reflectometry) soil water measurement devices. Sensors in different depths measure the plant water uptake in the root zone under standard irrigation practices on different sites and dif-ferent soils, respectively. The deepest sensor is installed to avoid deep percolation caused by over irrigation. By means of these data, irrigation could be regulated based on the actual plant water re-quirements to keep the soil water content within an ideal range for crop development.

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Authors and Affiliations

Peter Cepuder
Reinhard Nolz
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Abstract

The irrigation system control is identified as a complex hierarchical process of stochastic nature, at the head of which the uncertainties, caused by random variations of meteorological factors (climate) and diversion capacity regime from irrigation canals, were laid.

Under such conditions application of the determinate methods for irrigation system control regarding the effectiveness surrenders to the formalistic and empirical methods.

The most appropriate method is the developed by us, method of preventive control.

As a result of retrospective analysis, to each system status, for example, diversion capacity, it is fixed the factors which lead to its changes, for example, rain layer or total evaporation. To every consequence “factor – system status” it is fixed the indicator and it is determined the probability of its exceeding in retrospective series.

The control is in following of such indicator dynamics, forecasting of the most probably changes within system status and adjustment of the water delivery regime to canal reaches with diversion capacity regime from irrigation canals by means of standard preventive graphical chats of water flow control within hydraulic structures and pumping stations.

Use of such control method allows to minimize the uncertainty influence, also it does not require the major modifications in the design and engineering infrastructure.

As an exception can be the measures, directed to the increase of self-regulating qualities of irrigation systems, namely the ability of on-line water volume control, which is regulated in the idle capacities, provided in canal beds or special reservoirs.

The example of such decision in practice is the Kakhovskaya irrigation system in the South of Ukraine. The use factor of water resources on this system reaches 0.85, the technological discharge water does not exceed 7%, the deficit of productive moisture reserve in soil at the end of interirrigation period does not exceed 20% and all these data were obtained under adverse weather conditions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Peter Kovalenko
Yuri Mikhaylov
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Abstract

CropSyst (Cropping Systems Simulation) is used as an analytic tool for studying irrigation water management to increase wheat productivity. Therefore, two field experiments were conducted to 1) calibrate CropSyst model for wheat grown under sprinkler and drip irrigation systems, 2) to use the simulation results to analyse the relationship between applied irrigation amount and the resulted yield and 3) to simulate the effect of saving irrigation water on wheat yield. Drip irrigation system in three treatments (100%, 75% and 50% of crop evapotranspiration – ETc) and under sprinkler irrigation system in five treatments (100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20% of ETc) were imposed on these experiments. Results using CropSyst calibration revealed-that results of using CropSyst calibration revealed that the model was able to predict wheat grain and biological yield, with high degree of accuracy. Using 100% ETc under drip system resulted in very low water stress index (WSI = 0.008), whereas using 100% ETc sprinkler system resulted in WSI = 0.1, which proved that application of 100% ETc enough to ensure high yield. The rest of deficit irrigation treatments resulted in high yield losses. Simulation of application of 90% ETc not only reduced yield losses to either irrigation system, but also increased land and water productivity. Thus, it can be recommended to apply irrigation water to wheat equal to 90% ETc to save on the applied water and increase water productivity.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tahany Noreldin
Samiha Ouda
Oussama Mounzer
Magdi T. Abdelhamid
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Abstract

The accumulation and translocation of trace metals in soil and in sugarcane crop irrigated with treated effluents from sugar industry compared to soil and sugarcane crop irrigated with bore-well water were determined. In the present study the impact of irrigation with treated effluent from the sugar industry on the trace metal contamination of sugarcane juice was assessed. It revealed that the mean concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, Mn and Zn in the soil of fields irrigated with effluent and in juice from sugarcane grown on such fields were higher than those from bore-well water irrigated fields. The concentrations of trace metals in treated effluent exceeded the permissible limits of the Indian standards (Central Pollution Control Board-2000). The concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in juice of sugarcane grown on fields irrigated with effluent also exceeded the permissible limits of Indian standards and WHO/FAO expert committee recommendations. Their concentrations in juice of sugarcane grown in fields irrigated with bore-well water were within the limits of safety, except for Cd. The transfer factor for Zn was considerably higher than those of the other trace metals. The metal concentrations of sugarcane juice showed significant correlations with those of soil, which was not the case when bore well water was used for irrigation.

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Authors and Affiliations

Usha Damodharan
Vikram M. Reddy
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Abstract

Carbon dioxide sequestration and its long-term immobilisation in biomass is recently an extremely significant problem. Its greatest reserves occur in forests growing all over the globe. A human being, through their conscious action, ought to affect, among other things, the amount of carbon dioxide discharged into the atmosphere and its rational management. Here, quite a good solution seems to be the immobilisation of CO2 in biomass of plants, and in particular, in trees, characterised by their longevity, which are used most frequently for that purpose.

Such carbon dioxide management allows for its several-decade immobilisation within living plants, while a further processing of wood mass allows for halting it for consecutive years in products manufactured. Additionally, in the case when within a selected land planted with trees the effluent irrigation is being carried out, simultaneous sewage treatment is also an advantage. By using plants characterised by intense increment in biomass within facilities, also biogens occurring in effluents may be effectively removed.

In the analysed case, sewage treatment consisted in entry of household sewage into a prepared surface which was previously subject to mechanical purification. All the sections were sown with grass mixture and plantings of poplar were used. Observations were made during the period of 17 years. The effluents entered onto the surface of the sections and the effluents outflowing from the facility were subject to a physicochemical analysis in order to determine the operational efficiency of a plant - soil treatment system. Also, a threefold inventory of a forest stand was made in order to determine the increment in trees.

The last inventory was made in 2014. Based on dendrological characteristics, the average volume of wood mass obtained from the land irrigated with effluents was assessed.

A rational management of effluents on the grounds without any central drainage allows for a parallel solution to some problems. First of all, purification of effluents in a natural environment by closing the matter cycle, and additionally contributing to the limitation of carbon dioxide emission by its halting in plant biomass.

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Pawęska
Krzysztof Kuczewski
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Abstract

The European Water Framework Directive can have enormous consequences for agricul-ture in the Netherlands. In parts of the country agriculture should be taken out of production because the nutrient loads to the surface water system are far too high. This doom scenario is of course unde-sired and a number of source-specific and effect-specific measures are necessary. The fate of nutri-ents in the soil is strongly interrelated with its hydrology. Directly, because nutrients are transported by water and the distribution of the residence time of drainage water is a good measure for the time behaviour of the nutrient loads to the surface water system. Longer residence time in the soil means more of nutrients applied by farmers but also a longer recovery period, after applying source-specific measures. In this paper three promising effect-specific hydrological measures are described buffer strips, retention strips, and controlled drainage.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jan van Bakel
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Abstract

Wetlands play a significant role in agricultural landscape. They are the areas of exception-ally great natural values able to regulate water cycling in river catchments. In many cases they are the basic food source for bred animals.

Large areas of wetlands (c. 4 million ha) have been drained for agricultural purposes in Poland. Nevertheless, there are still numerous natural (or close to natural) wetlands, part of which is protected in nature reserves or national parks.

Having in mind the transformation of agriculture and the need of protecting water resources and natural environment, it is necessary to regulate the principles of utilisation and management of re-claimed wetlands. Water management should be adjusted to the type of an area and to environmental requirements. Regardless of the type and intensity of agricultural use of wetlands one has to aim at limiting rapid outflow of spring thaw and rainfall waters which means the reconstruction and increas-ing of natural retention capacity of the river catchment. It is necessary to provide an appropriate num-ber of water lifting facilities and their proper exploitation in land reclamation objects.

It is as well necessary to create appropriate organizational, legal and financial conditions stimu-lating actions to improve water balance and wetland protection.

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Authors and Affiliations

Waldemar Mioduszewski
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Abstract

The paper deals with calibration of the simulation models of hydraulic part of an irrigation project. Calibrated simulation model can be used in design, reconstruction, enlargement or maintenance of the pressurized irrigation systems. Computer model of the water distribution system is a valuable tool which can assist engineers and planners in analyzing the hydraulic performance of water delivery systems. Calibration of the water distribution model consists in comparison of pressures and flows predicted with observed pressures and flows for known operating conditions (i.e., pump operation, tank levels, pressure-reducing valve settings), and adjustment of the input data for the model to improve agreement between observed and predicted values. In practice, given a set or sets of measured state variables, engineers apply trial and error techniques with their judgment to vary the parameters and accomplish this task. Trial and error techniques are tedious do not guarantee reasonable results. The paper introduces the methodology of determination of calibrated parameters automatically. Described methodology of calibration is based on optimizing procedures using the harmony search approach.

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Authors and Affiliations

Milan Čistý
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Abstract

Drought is regarded as one of the environmental constraints threatening agriculture worldwide. Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule prevalent in plants capable of promoting plant endogenous resilience to many environmental challenges including drought. Banana is an important staple food consumed in developing countries especially in Africa. In this research, we studied the role of melatonin in the growth of bananas subjected to drought under the Egyptian semi-arid conditions. To achieve this objective, a field experiment on banana (Musa spp., cv. Williams) mother plants and first ratoon was conducted on a private farm for two seasons - 2019 and 2020. Three irrigation treatments, 100, 90 and 80% irrigation water requirements (IWR) were used in conjunction with four concentrations of melatonin as a foliar spray (0 μmol, 40 μmol, 60 μmol, and 80 μmol) to determine the effect of both treatments on banana plant performance under drought. The results showed that there was a substantial difference between treatments, with the foliar application of melatonin at 80 μmol concentration improving most of the yield attributes, relative water content, total chlorophyll and proline with water deficit. However, the foliar application of the molecule lowered the biochemical characteristics mostly at 80% IWR under the Egyptian semi-arid conditions. Overall, there was a concentration-dependent response with regards to IWR for the two seasons 2019 and 2020.
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Authors and Affiliations

Islam F. Hassan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maybelle S. Gaballah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Chukwuma C. Ogbaga
2
ORCID: ORCID
Soha A. Murad
3
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Brysiewicz
4
ORCID: ORCID
Basem M.M. Bakr
5
ORCID: ORCID
Amany Mira
6
ORCID: ORCID
Shamel M. Alam-Eldein
6
ORCID: ORCID

  1. National Research Centre (NRC), Agriculture and Biology Research Institute, Water Relations and Field Irrigation Department, Postal Code, 12622, 33 El Buhouth St, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
  2. Nile University of Nigeria, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Abuja, Nigeria
  3. National Research Centre (NRC), Agriculture and Biology Research Institute Plant BioChemistry Department, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
  4. Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Poland
  5. National Research Centre (NRC), Agriculture and Biology Research Institute, Pomology Department, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
  6. Tanta University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Tanta, Egypt
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Abstract

The rainfall irregularity in the Al-Hoceima area places the Ghis-Nekor coastal aquifer as a primary resource for water supply. However, it is of paramount priority to adopt management and optimization plans that can mitigate the effects of the irrational use of the resource and the deterioration of its quality in the region of our study. In order to study the alteration aspects of this aquifer, 26 wells were sampled and their suitability for irrigation was assessed. The sodium adsorption rate (SAR) values indicate that most groundwater samples fall into the risk classes of high salinity and low sodium (C3-S1) and high salinity and medium sodium (C3-S2). The results also show a medium to high alkalinity risk due to the high concentration of HCO3–. The excess of salts is largely due to the intensive exploitation of groundwater and to the phenomenon of salt-water intrusion into the coastal karst aquifer. As a result, the quality of groundwater is not adapted to sustainable agricultural production and soil balance, which requires controlled monitoring to ensure its rational use with a view to the sustainable development of the region.
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Authors and Affiliations

Said Benyoussef
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mourad Arabi
3
ORCID: ORCID
Hossain El Ouarghi
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohammad Ghalit
4
ORCID: ORCID
Yassine El Yousfi
2
ORCID: ORCID
Maryam Azirar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ali Ait Boughrous
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Moulay Ismaïl, Faculty of Science and Technology Errachidia, Department of Biology, Research team: Biology, Environment and Health, Meknes, Morocco
  2. Abdelmalek Essaadi University, National School of Applied Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Sciences, Al Hoceima, Morocco
  3. Mohamed First University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Laboratory of the Agricultural Production Improvement, Biotechnology, and Environment, P.B. 717, Oujda, Morocco
  4. Mohammed Premier University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Mineral and Analytical Solid Chemistry, Oujda, Morocco
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Abstract

Irrigation and hydropower are among the most important sectors in the construction industry that propel the economic needs of a developing country like Vietnam. The construction of these projects often suffers from severe delays, leading to financial losses and other negative impacts on the economy. This paper aims to determine delay factors in the construction of these projects. Among many, 39 most important candidates of delay causes were identified from the literature review. Further surveys on project participants were conducted for the severity of these causes. An exploratory factor analysis was utilized to identify latent factors that cause delays in construction projects. The analysis result categorized a few groups of factors such as abnormal factors on the construction site (e.g., labor accidents, hydrology, water flow, extreme weather) and technical factors related to the construction contractor (e.g., unsuitable schedule, outdated construction technology, unprofessional workers) that have the greatest impact on the delay in construction of irrigation and hydropower projects in Vietnam. These findings contribute to the body of knowledge of project management and risk management, hence an improvement in the efficiency of the project sectors’ performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Van Son Nguyen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Huu-Hue Nguyen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Duc Anh Nguyen
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dinh Tuan Hai
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. ThuyLoi University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, No. 175 Tay Son Road, Dong Da District, Hanoi City, Vietnam
  2. Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Department of Building and Industrial Construction, No. 55 Giai Phong Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi City, Vietnam
  3. Hanoi Architectural University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Km 10, Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi City, Vietnam
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Abstract

The study involved experimental work implemented from April 2014 until March 2017. Its purpose was to observe grape production quality parameters, such as yield, water productivity, berry size and bio-mass. Different irrigation methods, such as drip irrigation (DI), drip irrigation with plastic mulching (DIPM), drip irrigation with organic mulching (DIOM), subsur-face irrigation with stone column (SISC), subsurface irrigation with mud pot (SIMP), and subsurface irrigation with plastic bottles (SIPB) have been used during the experimental work. The crop has been irrigated following the CROPWAT-8.0 model developed by the FAO. Climate parameters are obtained from the automatic weather station located near the experi-mental field. Based on experimental results and analyses, it has been observed that the drip irrigation with the plastic mulching method is the best for irrigation in terms of the grape yield comparing with all other methods due to its highest productivity of 35–40%. Subsurface irrigation with the plastic bottle method is found to be suitable as it gives 20% higher yield than the traditional drip irrigation method. The SIPB method shows the cost-benefit ratio of 112.3, whereas the DIPM method had the ratio of 36.6. Based on the cost-benefit analysis, it is concluded that the SIPB method is economically more viable as compared with all other methods. Hence, based on the findings, it is recommended to use drip irrigation with a plastic mulch-ing and drip irrigation with a plastic bottle as the best options to achieve grape productivity while using minimum water.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sharad J. Kadbhane
1
ORCID: ORCID
Vivek L. Manekar
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Savitribai Phule Pune University, NDMVPS KBT College of Engineering, Nashik, Udoji Maratha Boarding Campus, 422013, Nashik, India
  2. Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India
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Abstract

The presence of water, food and energy crises, both at the global and regional levels, as well as their deterioration under conditions of climate change, with an insufficient level of technical condition of existing irrigation systems, increase the strategic importance of irrigation as the guarantor of the agricultural sector sustainable development.
This makes it necessary to increase, foremost, energy and overall (technical, technological, economic, and environmental) efficiency of the closed irrigation network of irrigation systems. In this regard, the complex that includes organisational-technological, technical, and resource-saving groups of measures was developed. Estimation of energy and overall efficiency of the closed irrigation network of irrigation systems at the implementation of developed complex were executed on the example of the agricultural enterprise located in the Petropavlovsk district of the Dnipropetrovsk region of Ukraine. For this purpose, machine experiment based on a use of the set of optimisation, forecasting and simulation models was implemented, including the model of climatic conditions, the model of water regime and water regulation technologies, as well as the model of crop yields on reclaimed lands.
According to the obtained results, established that implementation of the complex reduces the consumption of irrigation water by 2.2–30.7% and electricity consumption by 12.9–38.2%. The rate of specific costs decreases from 1.6 to 1.32–1.47, and the coefficient of environmental reliability increases by 5.6–16.7%. At the same time, the profitability index increases from 1.07 to 1.75–2.57, and the discounted payback period decreases from 18 to 8–5 years.
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Authors and Affiliations

Pyotr Kovalenko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anatoliy Rokochynskiy
2
ORCID: ORCID
Ievgenii Gerasimov
2
ORCID: ORCID
Pavlo Volk
2
ORCID: ORCID
Nataliia Prykhodko
2
ORCID: ORCID
Ruslan Tykhenko
3
ORCID: ORCID
Ivan Openko
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Water Problems and Melioration of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine, Vasylkivska St, 37, 03022, Kyiv, Ukraine
  2. National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, Rivne, Ukraine
  3. National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine

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