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Number of results: 184
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Abstract

A qualitative study was carried out to survey attitudes towards and feelings associated with verbal irony among gelotophobes and nongelotophobes (gelotophobia denoting the fear of being laughed at). Sixty-one people (13 gelotophobes) were surveyed using an open-ended online questionnaire. An inductive, manifest content analysis was carried out. The analysis distinguished that non-gelotophobes treat verbal irony as a skillful way of drawing attention to absurdity. Irony was also often seen as a personal quality rather than a linguistic form. Concerns with recognizing irony appeared very rarely. In contrast, the gelotophobes’ responses displayed a more negative and one-sided attitude towards irony, describing it mostly as a way to put down and insult. These findings, though obtained in a general exploration, present a perspective complementary to that seen in linguistic and psycholinguistic literature as they draw attention to matters of personal experience of irony use. Additionally, the study’s methodological limitations and further directions for research are discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Kałowski
1

  1. Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw
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Abstract

The article is devoted to a well known book of Miłorad Pavić Khazar Dictionary. The discussed work is. unusual, as it merges literature with historical writing. As such, it presents an interesting alternative to traditionally understood historiography.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Radomski
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Abstract

This essay deals with, or rather attempts to explore, the problem of irony and humour (sensu largo) in the Bible. On the whole Polish theology, homiletics and academic biblical studies have hardly anything to say about it, and when they do mention it, it is done in a rather perfunctory and unsatisfactory manner. This article asks what may be reasons for this ‘exegetical retouch’ (tabooing?), i.e. why has the question of biblical irony, which is a staple of international scholarship, received so little attention in Poland? Why do contemporary Polish biblical and homiletic studies cultivate a staid and solemn tone, and steer clear of a direct and plain exposition laced with subtle irony and a touch of asteism, a sure sign of a wise sense of humour that characterizes ancient Judaism? For Gary Webster, Terri Bednarz and Yehuda Radday the recognition level of biblical humour, sophisticated wordplay or irony depends on the reader’s competence, his linguistic and cultural sensitivity, his ability to detect cognitive presuppositions, and his knowledge of relevant contexts. Yet even a thorough understanding of the biblical text and its cultural conditioning cannot rule out doubts, moot points and interpretative dilemmas that bedevil the work of every translator and hermeneutic analyst and stoke up unending debates.

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Authors and Affiliations

Albert Gorzkowski
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Abstract

The article presents the ways of defining and understanding hope in Polish, English and American literature. The basic theses are: 1) hope is an ambivalent phenomenon, 2) hope is connected with the work of consciousness and imagination, 3) hope conjures up visions of the alternative existential and social solutions, 4) hope is a passion and a way of knowing, 5) hope constitutes the keystone of artistic and academic activity.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Śliwiński
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Abstract

This paper presents matters related to production of ceramic and cast iron composite. The composite was made with the use of a foam structured ceramic insert. The tests included measuring of hardness, impact strength and resistance to abrasive wear of the composite produced. On the basis of obtaining results was stated that the use of foamed ceramic filters provides good conditions of filling a ceramic framework with molten grey or chromium cast iron. The growth of hardness of the ceramic- grey cast iron composite is ca. 60% as compared to the grey cast iron hardness. The growth of hardness of the ceramic- chromium cast iron composite is slight and does not exceed 5 % in comparison to the chromium cast iron. Introduction of the ceramic inserts deteriorates the cast iron impact strength by ca. 20 - 30 %. The use of ceramic inserts increases the resistance to abrasive wear in case of grey cast iron by ca. 13% and in case of the chromium cast iron by ca. 10 %.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Dulska
A. Studnicki
M. Cholewa
J. Szajnar
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Abstract

The article is an attempt to outline the theoretical and methodological reflection on public history in the context of some conceptual models and concrete examples of case studies. Considering discursive situations, suppositions, suggestions and interpellations on the enlightenment postulate with regard to public history (including the issues: magistra vitae, emancipatory project, affirmative history, emotive revolution, critical discourse in the public space, modus art based research) I deal with the issues: what is actually the content of public history: history or memory? Does the enlightenment postulate with regard to public history turn memory into history? Are we dealing with some project concocted by the intelligentsia and scientific elite? What are the current trends in the implementation of critical discourse in public history?

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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Solska
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Abstract

This article examines the position of Cervantes' Don Quixote in the intertextual network of Juliusz Słowacki' digressive poems, closely bound up with Schlegel's conception of Romantic irony. The article analyzes in turn direct references to Don Quixote; the use by the Polish poet, often with an ironic twist, of Cervantes' narrative strategies; the influence of Cervantes on the creation of the world of the poems (not least their central characters) and on Słowacki's extensive use of parabasis in all its varieties – from authorial commentaries and addresses to the reader, through characters who step out of their role to speak to the reader, to the foregrounding of the problems involved in the act of reading – to highlight and disrupt the illusion of fictional truth. The analysis shows that the Spanish classic was in many ways Słowacki's literary model and an aesthetic inspiration.
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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Siwiec
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wydział Polonistyki, Uniwersytet Jagielloński
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Abstract

In his article titled ‘Rzut oka na ścieżkę, którą poszedłem’ [A look back at the path I have taken], published in 1832, the twenty-year old Józef Ignacy Kraszewski named a few novelists he thought worth imitating. Among them was the author of Don Quixote, “a man with an intimate knowledge of the human heart, a great investigator, and an exquisite painter”. His masterpiece was “a small collection of essays”, a treasure house of major literary forms for all European writers that came after him. Unexpectedly, however, in the last paragraph of his feuilleton Kraszewski declares he is not interested in following Cervantes because in his writing practice he makes a point of not imitating anybody. “Good or bad”, he concludes, “I am content with myself and with what I write.” I am doing my myself. Yet, if the article is put side by side with some extracts from Don Quixote shows that his demonstrative rejection of literary models does not include the legacy of Cervantes. So, in the end, it is no more than a tongue-in-cheek declaration by a young writer. After all, the novel entitled Pan Walery he is about to write, as it is announced in the article, will be a Cervantes throwback. Its unconventional form (what with interleaved, contrapuntal narrative technique, fragmentary narratives, experiment-ing with hybridity and improvisation) is in fact a literary game with Don Quixote and an ironic appendix to Cervantes' inquiry into the nature of imitatio.
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Authors and Affiliations

Alina Borkowska-Rychlewska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
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Abstract

The article presents results of pitting corrosion studies of selected silicon cast irons. The range of studies included low, medium and high

silicon cast iron. The amount of alloying addition (Si) in examined cast irons was between 5 to 25 %. Experimental melts of silicon cast

irons [1-3] were conducted in Department of Foundry of Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice and pitting corrosion resistance

tests were performed in Faculty of Biomedical Engineering in Department of Biomaterials and Medical Devices Engineering of Silesian

University of Technology in Zabrze. In tests of corrosion resistance the potentiostat VoltaLab PGP201 was used. Results obtained in those

research complement the knowledge about the corrosion resistance of iron alloys with carbon containing Si alloying addition above 17 %

[4-6]. Obtained results were supplemented with metallographic examinations using scanning electron microscopy. The analysis of

chemical composition for cast irons using Leco spectrometer was done and the content of alloying element (silicon) was also determined

using the gravimetric method in the laboratory of the Institute of Welding in Gliwice. The compounds of microstructure were identify by

X-ray diffraction.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Kajzer
M. Stawarz
M. Dojka
W. Kajzer
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Abstract

The results of studies on the use of magnesium alloy in modern Tundish for production of vermicular graphite cast irons were described. This paper describes the results of using a low-magnesium ferrosilicon alloy for the production of vermicular graphite cast irons. The paper presents a vermicular (and nodular) graphite in different walled castings. The results of trials have shown that the magnesium Tundish process can produce high quality vermicular graphite irons under the specific industrial conditions of Foundries - Odlewnie Polskie S.A. in Starachowice. In this work describes too preliminary studies on the oxygen state in cast iron and their effect on graphite crystallization.

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Kopyciński
E. Guzik
A. Nowak
M. Ronduda
M. Sokolnicki
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Abstract

The paper presents the issue of synthetic cast iron production in the electric induction furnace exclusively on the steel scrap base. Silicon

carbide and synthetic graphite were used as carburizers. The carburizers were introduced with solid charge or added on the liquid metal

surface. The chemical analysis of the produced cast iron, the carburization efficiency and microstructure features were presented in the

paper. It was stated that ferrosilicon can be replaced by silicon carbide during the synthetic cast iron melting process. However, due to its

chemical composition (30% C and 70% Si) which causes significant silicon content in iron increase, the carbon deficit can be partly

compensated by the carburizer introduction. Moreover it was shown that the best carbon and silicon assimilation rate is obtained where the

silicon carbide is being introduced together with solid charge. When it is thrown onto liquid alloy surface the efficiency of the process is

almost two times less and the melting process lasts dozen minutes long. The microstructure of the cast iron produced with the silicon

carbide shows more bulky graphite flakes than inside the microstructure of cast iron produced on the pig iron base.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Szajnar
A. Stojczew
J. Jezierski
M. Pawlyta
K. Janerka
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Abstract

In his introduction to the German translation of Norwid's Vade-mecum Hans Robert Jauss calls the work of the Polish poet a lasting challenge to German poetry. This essay attempts to show the ways in which Norwid’s further reception could help re-evaluate German assessments of their own Romantic tradition. For instance, the ironic undermining of the value of work, both creative and physical, in Norwid’s ‘Irony’ can be used as a tell-tale clue for the pursuit of similar intima-tions in the writings of early German Romantics, especially the barely noticed ironic undertones of their representations of labour economics. Furthermore, the adoption of the newly-developed concept of a political and economic Romanticism for the critical study of Norwid leads to the discovery of an unexpected theoretical coherence of his oeuvre, which in effect (let it be made absolutely clear) loses nothing of its heterogeneity and dialogic nature. The irony generated by the habitus of Norwid’s crypto-parabases (a technique which is a distinctive feature of his dramas) reveals the productive role of time in this mode of poetic representation, the time of work and the time of great projects, and conjure up the jeering specter of eternity.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Mrugalski
1

  1. dr hab., Uniwersytet w Tybindze
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Abstract

This is a deconstructive reading of Juliusz Słowacki's Lilla Weneda, focusing on Ślaz, an enigmatic character usually marginalized in interpretations of this quasi-historical Romantic drama. Drawing on Professor Marta Piwińska's study of ‘Lilla Weneda’ in Dramat polski: Interpretacje (2001), this article explores the gaps and fissures in Słowacki's text. While complementing her analysis with a number of alternative readings, this article also uses deconstruction to challenge some of the points that are embedded in the traditional reception of the drama.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mirosław Grzegórzek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. badacz niezależny, Zespół Szkół Licealnych i Technicznych w Wojniczu
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Abstract

The paper proposes a methodology useful in verification of results of dilatometric tests aimed at determination of temperatures defining

the start and the end of eutectoid transformation in the course of ductile cast iron cooling, based on quenching techniques and

metallographic examination. For an industrial melt of ductile cast iron, the effect of the rate of cooling after austenitization at temperature

900°C carried out for 30 minutes on temperatures TAr1

start and TAr1

end was determined. The heating rates applied in the study were the

same as the cooling rates and equaled 30, 60, 90, 150, and 300°C/h. It has been found that with increasing cooling rate, values of

temperatures TAr1

start and TAr1

end decrease by several dozen degrees.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Trytek
M. Tupaj
M. Mróz
A.W. Orłowicz
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Abstract

The paper presents selected granular ceramic materials available on the Polish market. Their characteristics have been determined in the aspect on application in the production of iron alloy-ceramic composite. The possibility of obtaining a composite layer by means of bulk grains in molds of plates were considered, which was the foundation for experimental molds to be used in service tests. On the basis of obtaining results was stated that the knowledge of the characteristics of bulk grains enables the calculation of their quantity necessary for the composite production. When using the bulk grains the thickness of the composite layer is restricted by the thermal relations (cooler) and the physical phenomena (buoyancy, metal static pressure). Increasing amount of grains above definite condition causes surface defects in the castings. Each casting, due to its weight, shape and place of composite layer production requires an individual approach, both at the stage of formation and that of calculation of the required quantity of ceramic grains.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Dulska
J. Kilarski
A. Studnicki
J. Szajnar
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Abstract

In modern times, there are increasing requirements for products quality in every part of manufacturing industry and in foundry industry it

is not different. That is why a lot of foundries are researching, how to effectively produce castings with high quality. This article is dealing

with search of the influence of using different types of risers or chills on shrinkage cavity production in ductile iron castings. Differently

shaped risers were designed using the Wlodawer´s modulus method and test castings were poured with and without combination of chills.

Efficiency of used risers and chills was established by the area of created shrinkage cavity using the ultrasound nondestructive method.

There are introduced the production process of test castings and results of ultrasound nondestructive reflective method. The object of this

work is to determine an optimal type of riser or chill for given test casting in order to not use overrated risers and thus increase the cost

effectiveness of the ductile iron castings production.

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Authors and Affiliations

I. Vasková
M. Hrubovčáková
M. Conev
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Abstract

The publication presents the results of examination of selected carburizers used for cast iron production with respect to their electric

resistance. Both the synthetic graphite carburizers and petroleum coke (petcoke) carburizers of various chemical composition were

compared. The relationships between electrical resistance of tested carburizers and their quality were found. The graphite carburizers

exhibited much better conductivity than the petcoke ones. Resistance characteristics were different for the different types of carburizers.

The measurements were performed according to the authors’ own method based on recording the electric current flow through the

compressed samples. The samples of the specified diameter were put under pressure of the gradually increased value (10, 20, 50, 60, and

finally 70 bar), each time the corresponding value of electric resistance being measured with a gauge of high accuracy, equal to 0.1μΩ.

The higher pressure values resulted in the lower values of resistance. The relation between both the thermal conductance and the electrical

conductance (or the resistance) is well known and mentioned in the professional literature. The results were analysed and presented both in

tabular and, additionally, in graphic form.

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Książek
R. Kuś
M. Koza
M. Bieroński
O. Krasa
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Abstract

Austenitization is the first step of heat treatment preceding the isothermal quenching of ductile iron in austempered ductile iron (ADI)

manufacturing. Usually, the starting material for the ADI production is ductile iron with more convenient pearlitic matrix. In this paper we

present the results of research concerning the austenitizing of ductile iron with ferritic matrix, where all carbon dissolved in austenite must

come from graphite nodules. The scope of research includedcarrying out the process of austenitization at 900o

Cusing a variable times

ranging from 5 to 240minutes,and then observations of the microstructure of the samples after different austenitizing times. These were

supplemented with micro-hardness testing. The research showed that the process of saturating austenite with carbon is limited by the rate

of dissolution of carbon from nodular graphite precipitates.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Krzyńska
A. Kochański
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Abstract

The work determined the influence of aluminium in the amount from about 0.6% to about 8% on graphitization of cast iron with

relatively high silicon content (3.4%-3.9%) and low manganese content (about 0.1%). The cast iron was spheroidized with cerium mixture

and graphitized with ferrosilicon. It was found that the degree of graphitization increases with an increase in aluminium content in cast

iron up to 2.8%, then decreases. Nodular and vermicular graphite precipitates were found after the applied treatment in cast iron containing

aluminium in the amount from about 1.9% to about 8%. The Fe3AlCx carbides, increasing brittleness and deteriorating the machinability of

cast iron, were not found in cast iron containing up to about 6.8% Al. These carbides were revealed only in cast iron containing about 8% Al.

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Authors and Affiliations

M.S. Soiński
A. Jakubus
P. Kordas
K. Skurka
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Abstract

In this study, a preliminary evaluation was made of the applicability ofthe signalsof the cutting forces, vibration and acoustic emission in

diagnosis of the hardness and microstructure of ausferritic ductile iron and tool edge wear rate during its machining. Tests were performed

on pearlitic-ferritic ductile iron and on three types of ausferritic ductile iron obtained by austempering at 400, 370 and 320⁰C for 180

minutes. Signals of the cutting forces (F), vibration (V) and acoustic emission (AE) were registered while milling each type of the cast iron

with a milling cutter at different degrees of wear. Based on individual signals from all the sensors, numerous measures were determined

such as e.g. the average or maximum signal value. It was found that different measures from all the sensors tested depended on the

microstructure and hardness of the examined material, and on the tool condition. Knowing hardness of the material and the cutting tool

edge condition, it is possible to determine the structure of the material .Simultaneous diagnosis of microstructure, hardness, and the tool

condition is probably feasible, but it would require the application of a diagnostic strategy based on the integration of numerous measures,

e.g. using neural networks.

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Myszka
S. Bombiński
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Abstract

The paper presents an analysis of factors affecting the wear of cylinder liners. The effect of the graphite precipitation morphology on the

cylinder liner wear mechanism is presented. Materials used to cast cylinder liners mounted in a number of engines have been examined for

their conformity with requirements set out in applicable Polish industrial standard. A casting for a prototype cylinder liner has been made

with a microstructure guaranteeing good service properties of the part.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Trytek
M. Tupaj
M. Mróz
A.W. Orłowicz
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Abstract

The work determined the influence of aluminium in the amount from about 1% to about 7% on the graphite precipitates in cast iron with

relatively high silicon content (3.4% to 3.90%) and low manganese content (about 0.1%). The cast iron was spheroidized with cerium

mixture and graphitized with ferrosilicon. The performed treatment resulted in occurring of compact graphite precipitates, mainly nodular

and vermicular, of various size. The following parameters were determined: the area percentage occupied by graphite, perimeters of

graphite precipitates per unit area, and the number of graphite precipitates per unit area. The examinations were performed by means of

computer image analyser, taking into account four classes of shape factor. It was found that as the aluminium content in cast iron increases

from about 1.1% to about 3.4%, the number of graphite precipitates rises from about 700 to about 1000 per square mm. For higher

Al content (4.2% to 6.8%) this number falls within the range of 1300 – 1500 precipitates/mm2

. The degree of cast iron spheroidization

increases with an increase in aluminium content within the examined range, though when Al content exceeds about 2.8%, the area

occupied by graphite decreases. The average size of graphite precipitates is equal to 11-15 μm in cast iron containing aluminium in the

quantity from about 1.1% to about 3.4%, and for higher Al content it decreases to about 6 μm.

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Authors and Affiliations

M.S. Soiński
A. Jakubus
K. Skurka
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of investigations of the growth of protective coating on the surface of ductile iron casting during the hot-dip

galvanizing treatment. Ductile iron of the EN-GJS-600-3 grade was melted and two moulds made by different technologies were poured to

obtain castings with different surface roughness parameters. After the determination of surface roughness, the hot-dip galvanizing

treatment was carried out. Based on the results of investigations, the effect of casting surface roughness on the kinetics of the zinc coating

growth was evaluated. It was found that surface roughness exerts an important effect on the thickness of produced zinc coating

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Kopyciński
E. Guzik
A. Szczęsny
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Abstract

The influence of a shape of graphite precipitates in cast iron on the thermal shock resistance of the alloy was initially determined. Investigations included the nodular cast iron and the vermicular one, as well as the cast iron containing flake graphite. The thermal shock resistance was examined at a special laboratory stand which allowed for multiple heating and cooling of specimens within the presumed temperature range. The specimens were inductively heated and then cooled in water of constant temperature of about 30°C. There were used flat specimens 70 mm long, 5 mm thick in the middle part, and tapering like a wedge over a distance of 15 mm towards both ends. The total length of cracks generated on the test surfaces of the wedge-shaped parts of specimens was measured as a characteristic value inversely proportional to the thermal shock resistance of a material. The specimens heated up to 500°C were subjected to 2000 test cycles of alternate heating and cooling, while the specimens heated up to 600°C underwent 1000 such cycles. It was found that as the heating temperature rose within the 500-600°C range, the thermal shock resistance decreased for all examined types of cast iron. The research study proved that the nodular cast iron exhibited the best thermal shock resistance, the vermicular cast iron got somewhat lower results, while the lowest thermal shock resistance was exhibited by grey cast iron containing flake graphite.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Jakubus
M.S. Soiński

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