This essay deals with, or rather attempts to explore, the problem of irony and humour (sensu largo) in the Bible. On the whole Polish theology, homiletics and academic biblical studies have hardly anything to say about it, and when they do mention it, it is done in a rather perfunctory and unsatisfactory manner. This article asks what may be reasons for this ‘exegetical retouch’ (tabooing?), i.e. why has the question of biblical irony, which is a staple of international scholarship, received so little attention in Poland? Why do contemporary Polish biblical and homiletic studies cultivate a staid and solemn tone, and steer clear of a direct and plain exposition laced with subtle irony and a touch of asteism, a sure sign of a wise sense of humour that characterizes ancient Judaism? For Gary Webster, Terri Bednarz and Yehuda Radday the recognition level of biblical humour, sophisticated wordplay or irony depends on the reader’s competence, his linguistic and cultural sensitivity, his ability to detect cognitive presuppositions, and his knowledge of relevant contexts. Yet even a thorough understanding of the biblical text and its cultural conditioning cannot rule out doubts, moot points and interpretative dilemmas that bedevil the work of every translator and hermeneutic analyst and stoke up unending debates.
The article presents the ways of defining and understanding hope in Polish, English and American literature. The basic theses are: 1) hope is an ambivalent phenomenon, 2) hope is connected with the work of consciousness and imagination, 3) hope conjures up visions of the alternative existential and social solutions, 4) hope is a passion and a way of knowing, 5) hope constitutes the keystone of artistic and academic activity.
The article is an attempt to outline the theoretical and methodological reflection on public history in the context of some conceptual models and concrete examples of case studies. Considering discursive situations, suppositions, suggestions and interpellations on the enlightenment postulate with regard to public history (including the issues: magistra vitae, emancipatory project, affirmative history, emotive revolution, critical discourse in the public space, modus art based research) I deal with the issues: what is actually the content of public history: history or memory? Does the enlightenment postulate with regard to public history turn memory into history? Are we dealing with some project concocted by the intelligentsia and scientific elite? What are the current trends in the implementation of critical discourse in public history?
The article presents results of pitting corrosion studies of selected silicon cast irons. The range of studies included low, medium and high
silicon cast iron. The amount of alloying addition (Si) in examined cast irons was between 5 to 25 %. Experimental melts of silicon cast
irons [1-3] were conducted in Department of Foundry of Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice and pitting corrosion resistance
tests were performed in Faculty of Biomedical Engineering in Department of Biomaterials and Medical Devices Engineering of Silesian
University of Technology in Zabrze. In tests of corrosion resistance the potentiostat VoltaLab PGP201 was used. Results obtained in those
research complement the knowledge about the corrosion resistance of iron alloys with carbon containing Si alloying addition above 17 %
[4-6]. Obtained results were supplemented with metallographic examinations using scanning electron microscopy. The analysis of
chemical composition for cast irons using Leco spectrometer was done and the content of alloying element (silicon) was also determined
using the gravimetric method in the laboratory of the Institute of Welding in Gliwice. The compounds of microstructure were identify by
X-ray diffraction.
The results of studies on the use of magnesium alloy in modern Tundish for production of vermicular graphite cast irons were described. This paper describes the results of using a low-magnesium ferrosilicon alloy for the production of vermicular graphite cast irons. The paper presents a vermicular (and nodular) graphite in different walled castings. The results of trials have shown that the magnesium Tundish process can produce high quality vermicular graphite irons under the specific industrial conditions of Foundries - Odlewnie Polskie S.A. in Starachowice. In this work describes too preliminary studies on the oxygen state in cast iron and their effect on graphite crystallization.
The paper presents the issue of synthetic cast iron production in the electric induction furnace exclusively on the steel scrap base. Silicon
carbide and synthetic graphite were used as carburizers. The carburizers were introduced with solid charge or added on the liquid metal
surface. The chemical analysis of the produced cast iron, the carburization efficiency and microstructure features were presented in the
paper. It was stated that ferrosilicon can be replaced by silicon carbide during the synthetic cast iron melting process. However, due to its
chemical composition (30% C and 70% Si) which causes significant silicon content in iron increase, the carbon deficit can be partly
compensated by the carburizer introduction. Moreover it was shown that the best carbon and silicon assimilation rate is obtained where the
silicon carbide is being introduced together with solid charge. When it is thrown onto liquid alloy surface the efficiency of the process is
almost two times less and the melting process lasts dozen minutes long. The microstructure of the cast iron produced with the silicon
carbide shows more bulky graphite flakes than inside the microstructure of cast iron produced on the pig iron base.
The paper proposes a methodology useful in verification of results of dilatometric tests aimed at determination of temperatures defining
the start and the end of eutectoid transformation in the course of ductile cast iron cooling, based on quenching techniques and
metallographic examination. For an industrial melt of ductile cast iron, the effect of the rate of cooling after austenitization at temperature
900°C carried out for 30 minutes on temperatures TAr1
start and TAr1
end was determined. The heating rates applied in the study were the
same as the cooling rates and equaled 30, 60, 90, 150, and 300°C/h. It has been found that with increasing cooling rate, values of
temperatures TAr1
start and TAr1
end decrease by several dozen degrees.
In modern times, there are increasing requirements for products quality in every part of manufacturing industry and in foundry industry it
is not different. That is why a lot of foundries are researching, how to effectively produce castings with high quality. This article is dealing
with search of the influence of using different types of risers or chills on shrinkage cavity production in ductile iron castings. Differently
shaped risers were designed using the Wlodawer´s modulus method and test castings were poured with and without combination of chills.
Efficiency of used risers and chills was established by the area of created shrinkage cavity using the ultrasound nondestructive method.
There are introduced the production process of test castings and results of ultrasound nondestructive reflective method. The object of this
work is to determine an optimal type of riser or chill for given test casting in order to not use overrated risers and thus increase the cost
effectiveness of the ductile iron castings production.
The publication presents the results of examination of selected carburizers used for cast iron production with respect to their electric
resistance. Both the synthetic graphite carburizers and petroleum coke (petcoke) carburizers of various chemical composition were
compared. The relationships between electrical resistance of tested carburizers and their quality were found. The graphite carburizers
exhibited much better conductivity than the petcoke ones. Resistance characteristics were different for the different types of carburizers.
The measurements were performed according to the authors’ own method based on recording the electric current flow through the
compressed samples. The samples of the specified diameter were put under pressure of the gradually increased value (10, 20, 50, 60, and
finally 70 bar), each time the corresponding value of electric resistance being measured with a gauge of high accuracy, equal to 0.1μΩ.
The higher pressure values resulted in the lower values of resistance. The relation between both the thermal conductance and the electrical
conductance (or the resistance) is well known and mentioned in the professional literature. The results were analysed and presented both in
tabular and, additionally, in graphic form.
Austenitization is the first step of heat treatment preceding the isothermal quenching of ductile iron in austempered ductile iron (ADI)
manufacturing. Usually, the starting material for the ADI production is ductile iron with more convenient pearlitic matrix. In this paper we
present the results of research concerning the austenitizing of ductile iron with ferritic matrix, where all carbon dissolved in austenite must
come from graphite nodules. The scope of research includedcarrying out the process of austenitization at 900o
Cusing a variable times
ranging from 5 to 240minutes,and then observations of the microstructure of the samples after different austenitizing times. These were
supplemented with micro-hardness testing. The research showed that the process of saturating austenite with carbon is limited by the rate
of dissolution of carbon from nodular graphite precipitates.
The work determined the influence of aluminium in the amount from about 0.6% to about 8% on graphitization of cast iron with
relatively high silicon content (3.4%-3.9%) and low manganese content (about 0.1%). The cast iron was spheroidized with cerium mixture
and graphitized with ferrosilicon. It was found that the degree of graphitization increases with an increase in aluminium content in cast
iron up to 2.8%, then decreases. Nodular and vermicular graphite precipitates were found after the applied treatment in cast iron containing
aluminium in the amount from about 1.9% to about 8%. The Fe3AlCx carbides, increasing brittleness and deteriorating the machinability of
cast iron, were not found in cast iron containing up to about 6.8% Al. These carbides were revealed only in cast iron containing about 8% Al.
In this study, a preliminary evaluation was made of the applicability ofthe signalsof the cutting forces, vibration and acoustic emission in
diagnosis of the hardness and microstructure of ausferritic ductile iron and tool edge wear rate during its machining. Tests were performed
on pearlitic-ferritic ductile iron and on three types of ausferritic ductile iron obtained by austempering at 400, 370 and 320⁰C for 180
minutes. Signals of the cutting forces (F), vibration (V) and acoustic emission (AE) were registered while milling each type of the cast iron
with a milling cutter at different degrees of wear. Based on individual signals from all the sensors, numerous measures were determined
such as e.g. the average or maximum signal value. It was found that different measures from all the sensors tested depended on the
microstructure and hardness of the examined material, and on the tool condition. Knowing hardness of the material and the cutting tool
edge condition, it is possible to determine the structure of the material .Simultaneous diagnosis of microstructure, hardness, and the tool
condition is probably feasible, but it would require the application of a diagnostic strategy based on the integration of numerous measures,
e.g. using neural networks.
The paper presents an analysis of factors affecting the wear of cylinder liners. The effect of the graphite precipitation morphology on the
cylinder liner wear mechanism is presented. Materials used to cast cylinder liners mounted in a number of engines have been examined for
their conformity with requirements set out in applicable Polish industrial standard. A casting for a prototype cylinder liner has been made
with a microstructure guaranteeing good service properties of the part.
The work determined the influence of aluminium in the amount from about 1% to about 7% on the graphite precipitates in cast iron with
relatively high silicon content (3.4% to 3.90%) and low manganese content (about 0.1%). The cast iron was spheroidized with cerium
mixture and graphitized with ferrosilicon. The performed treatment resulted in occurring of compact graphite precipitates, mainly nodular
and vermicular, of various size. The following parameters were determined: the area percentage occupied by graphite, perimeters of
graphite precipitates per unit area, and the number of graphite precipitates per unit area. The examinations were performed by means of
computer image analyser, taking into account four classes of shape factor. It was found that as the aluminium content in cast iron increases
from about 1.1% to about 3.4%, the number of graphite precipitates rises from about 700 to about 1000 per square mm. For higher
Al content (4.2% to 6.8%) this number falls within the range of 1300 – 1500 precipitates/mm2
. The degree of cast iron spheroidization
increases with an increase in aluminium content within the examined range, though when Al content exceeds about 2.8%, the area
occupied by graphite decreases. The average size of graphite precipitates is equal to 11-15 μm in cast iron containing aluminium in the
quantity from about 1.1% to about 3.4%, and for higher Al content it decreases to about 6 μm.
The paper presents the results of investigations of the growth of protective coating on the surface of ductile iron casting during the hot-dip
galvanizing treatment. Ductile iron of the EN-GJS-600-3 grade was melted and two moulds made by different technologies were poured to
obtain castings with different surface roughness parameters. After the determination of surface roughness, the hot-dip galvanizing
treatment was carried out. Based on the results of investigations, the effect of casting surface roughness on the kinetics of the zinc coating
growth was evaluated. It was found that surface roughness exerts an important effect on the thickness of produced zinc coating