In the paper toxicity assessment of hospital wastewaters samples was performed using direct-contact
tests consisting of five species, which represent three different trophic levels of the food chain. IC50 or EC50 values were estimated for each tested organism: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata IC50/72h 18.77%, Daphnia magna
EC50/48h 20.76%, Thamnocephalus platyurus EC50/24h 22.62%, Artemia salina EC50/24h 59.87% and Vibrio fisheri
EC50/15min 46.17%. Toxic potential of hospital wastewater was described using a system of wastewater toxicity
classification. The toxic units (TU) values estimated for each test indicate that hospital wastewaters are toxic
(Class III). The variable results of the tests’ sensitivity confirmed the need of application of microbiotests battery with organisms of different trophic levels.
There is estrimated more than 750 (public and privat) hospitals active In Poland. In spite that there is legal regulation concerning hospital projects, realization and equipment – permanent financial problems concerning a public health service, results in standards of hospitals, much worse then represented in hospitals in highly developed countries. A long – term practice of authors, concerning both, design and implementation of hospitals, let them to formulate a set of remarks about disfunction, influalcing growth of a danger, risks and mistakes in medical practice, also unexpected accidents.
Parks and gardens of psychiatric hospitals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries are a particular example of garden design art and testify to the role of designed landscape in therapy. Along with the evolution of psychiatry within the last 100 years, institutions for neurotic and mental patients have evolved too. Besides being adapted for contemporary purposes, hospital gardens have also become sites of commemoration of the victims of Nazi euthanasia of psychiatric patients, perpetrated during the Second World War. This article describes selected Aktion T4 memorials in their park and garden landscape context.
The paper presents the results of experimental validation of a set of innovative software services supporting processes of achieving, assessing and maintaining conformance with standards and regulations. The study involved several hospitals implementing the Accreditation Standard promoted by the Polish Ministry of Health. First we introduce NOR-STA services that implement the TRUST-IT methodology of argument management. Then we describe and justify a set of metrics aiming at assessment of the effectiveness and efficiency of the services. Next we present values of the metrics that were built from the data collected. The paper concludes with giving the interpretation and discussing the results of the measurements with respect to the objectives of the validation experiment.