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Abstract

The chief purpose of this study is to investigate the process of adsorption of heavy metals in sands containing microplastics due to aging and bacterial culture. For this purpose, first, the experiment’s conditions were determined by reviewing previous studies and examining the effects of factors on the duration of bacterial culture and UV radiation. Finally, the test conditions were determined as follows: 25 g of adsorbent in 250 ml solution containing 50 mg/l of lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, chromium, and nickel, 750 micrograms of microplastic, bacterial culture time two days, aging time with UV light 14 days. Results of the study show that the addition of virgin microplastics has little effected on increasing the adsorbent strength, except in the case of nickel whichreduces adsorption strength. The aging process increases the absorption of all studied metals by up to 60%. Bacterial culture without an aging process reduces the absorption of nickel and cadmium. Simultaneous use of bacterial culture and aging increases the adsorption power by up to 80% for all metals.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sara Seyfi
1
Homayoun Katibeh
1
Monireh Heshami
2

  1. Mining Exploration in Mining & Metallurgical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  2. Mineral Processing in Mining Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
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Abstract

The aim of the study was to determine the time-delayed (after three years from the moment of soil pollution) effect of petroleum-derived products (PDPs) (petrol, diesel fuel and used engine oil) on the interaction between selected host plant (broad bean) and a herbivorous insect closely related to it (Sitona spp.). We assessed the condition of the plant exposed to pollutants (i.e. its growth and chemical composition), then we evaluated the attractiveness of the plant for both larvae and adults of the insect. The evaluation covered also the effect of bioremediation by using ZB-01 biopreparation. The results showed that after 3 years from soil contamination, engine oil and diesel fuel limited the feeding of adult sitona weevils while petrol caused increase in the attractiveness of plants for these insects. The PDPs negatively affected the growth of plants. The changes in element content depended on the type of pollutant. The biopreparation ZB-01 eliminated or reduced the differences caused by the presence of PDPs in the soil regarding the chemical composition of the host plant, and limited feeding by both the larvae and adult individuals of sitona weevils. The negative relationships between the contents of both some macroelements (Mg, S) and heavy metals (Zn, Ni), and feeding of imago of Sitona were observed. The obtained results indicate that PDPs remain for a long time in the environment and adversely affect not only the organisms directly exposed to the pollution – plants growing on polluted soil but also further links of the trophic chain, i.e. herbivores
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Authors and Affiliations

Milena Rusin
1
Janina Gospodarek
1
Aleksandra Nadgórska-Socha
2

  1. Department of Microbiology and Biomonitoring, University of Agriculture, Kraków, Poland
  2. Department of Ecology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
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Abstract

In 1999 research on the range of pollution of fishes in antropogenie water ecosystem was carried out. These are the first results of investigation on heavy metals in fishes of this part of Upper Silesia region, especially in the dam-reservoir of the Kłodnica river. Concentration of Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Mn, in flesh and liver of some species of fish (Rutilus rutilus, Tinca tinca, Cyprinus carpio, Esox Lucius, Perea fluviatilis) in antropogenie ecosystem of water is given. The Dzierżno Duże dam-reservoir is artificial reservoir on the Kłodnica river, which flows through the Silesia region, the most industrialized region in Poland. The Coal-mine waters and other industrial pollution were collected in the sediments in this lake for years. The range of heavy metals concentration is higher than established standards for fish-food. The investigations will be continued.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Kostecki
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Abstract

Elevated content or heavy metals in soils is characteristic of the Dąbrowa Górnicza region. The highest concentrations of lead. cadmium and zinc exceed herc 650, 15, and 1000 mg/kg of soil, respectively. Samples of soi I from selected sites underwent the speciation analysis with the use of the Tessier method. modified according to Kersten and Forstner. Results of the investigations proved the highest concentrations or these metals in the area of Trzebiesławice. They occur here in the strongly bound forms and, mainly, their occurrence is related to presence of limestone rocks. The greatest amounts of these metals in easily assimilable to plant forms occur within the area of the town of Dąbrowa Górnicza. The most probable source ot· most of these heavy metals in soils are here contaminants emitted by the industry, mainly by the metallurgy. In the vicinity of the town of Błędów, mainly sandy soils occur, characteristic or which is low content of considered metals. Weak sorption capacities of these soils account for relatively good cxtractability of the three metals. In soils from the Lęka area, strong binding of these metals was confirmed. Occurrence or cadmium should be of special attention because this metal occurs as built in the crystal lattice of minerals.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bronisław Wyżgolik
Stanislaw Karweta
Ewa Surowiec
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Abstract

Metals are useful raw materials used in various industries. But one of the side-effects of their production is pollution of the marine environment.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Bełdowski
1
Magdalena Bełdowska
2

  1. PAS Institute of Oceanology in Sopot
  2. Faculty of Oceanography and Geography,University of Gdańsk
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Abstract

The aim of the study was to estimate the influence of metallurgical slag on heavy metal concentration in tree species. The research included pH-reaction and conductivity of slag samples, heavy metal content (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni) in slag, needles and leaves samples. The waste material is covered by vegetation and fulfils a soil function. The vegetation is self-sending. The plant cover being a result of natural succession consists of weeds, grasses, perennials, bushes and trees. Dominant tree species are birches and willows as well as poplar and pine. In slag samples are observed the raised concentration of cadmium, lead and copper. The low content of zinc is surprising. In tree material observed excessive heavy metal concentration especially lead and cadmium. Their accumulation is undoubtedly depended on tree species, but in this case heavy metal content in plant samples is a result of their presence in slag material. The higher heavy metal content in slag results the higher concentration in needles and leaves (probes S1 and S2, T1 and T2). Exception to this rule is the birch - probe B,, but in this case the pH is crucial. In samples with pH over 6.8 heavy metal mobility, their solubility and phytoavailability decrease. pH below 7 results in higher trace element uptake in plants.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marzena Ferdyn
Zygmunt Strzyszcz
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Abstract

The aim of the present work was to analyse the results of investigations on the heavy metals content in the water of the Nakło-Chechło Reservoir. In this study the importance of this element in the characteristic of aquatic environment is stressed. Small content of heavy metals has excluded the possibility of the discharge of municipal and industrial sewage. All of these toxic substance included in water have confirmed that the Nakło- Chechło Reservoir is under strong hydrological and chemical influence of the precipitation and surface run off from the Reservoir basin area.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agata Domurad
Maciej Kostecki
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Abstract

Charakterystyką objęto 12 próbek zwałowanych odpadów serpentynitowych oraz 2 próbki gliniastego nadkładu. Próbki odpadów odznaczają się obojętnym i alkalicznym odczynem, bardzo wysoką zawartością przyswajalnego magnezu, natomiast bardzo niską - przyswajalnego fosforu i potasu. Spośród badanych metali ciężkich, chrom i nikiel występują w największych ilościach (odpowiednio do 760 i 4130 mg/kg), potencjalnie toksycznych dla roślin. W odpadach stwierdzono również występowanie azbestu chryzotylowego. Obecność azbestu oraz niekorzystne właściwości chemiczne powodują konieczność przykrycia odpadów serpentynitowych warstwą czwartorzędowych glin występujących w nadkładzie złoża. Warstwa taka zabezpieczy sąsiadujące tereny przed emisją ze zwałowisk oraz stworzy korzystniejsze warunki wegetacji roślinności wprowadzonej w trakcie rekultywacji.
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Authors and Affiliations

Cezary Kabała
Tomasz Szlachta
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Abstract

The aim of these studies was to determine solubility and availability of the heavy metals in soil using single extraction procedure. The acid extractants: 1 M HCI, 10% HNO, and 0.43 M CH,COOH were tested as eluents. Extracting capacity of inorganic acids were higher than 65% of total Pb and Zn and hardly depended on their total content. Acetic acid leached less than 5% of total Cu, Ni and Pb. A statistical analysis showed that physico-chemical soil parameters affected heavy metals solubility in acids eluents. Single extraction in acid solution is a simple way to determine the soil contamination with heavy metals.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Moćko
Witold Wacławek
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Abstract

The aim of this paper was to investigate the relationship between magnetic susceptibility of topsoil and content of heavy metal being the result of urban and industrial dust-fall. Tools for this study were some complementary statistic methods such as: correlation analysis using Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman rank correlation coefficient, stepwise regression and .chi-kwadrat" test. The base for statistic analysis was dataset of ca. 600 topsoil samples (20 cm) form Upper Silesian Industrial Region, including content ofAs, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb as well as values of low-field specific magnetic susceptibility (x) measured for the same samples. The study clearly confirms a significant correlation between the level of inorganic contamination and the measured susceptibility value, although the correlations in soil are usually more sophisticated. The most often observed correlation coefficients between magnetic susceptibility and heavy metals content were on medium (r = 0.5--0.7) and high (r = 0.7--0.9) level. The statistic analysis of the studied parameters can not be based only on Pearson correlation coefficient. The use of some complementary statistic methods allows for more correct interpretation of existing relationships. The comparable values of Pearson linear correlation coefficient and Spearman rank the correlation coefficient, observed in studied dataset within the range of accuracy used, shows the existence of linear correlation. The similar conclusions have been drawn from the analysis of reverse stepwise regression. The observed model of linear multiple regression explains almost 80% of variability of the X value. Foregoing statistical analysis confirms some earlier observations that magnetometry based on topsoil magnetic susceptibility measurement could be a very interesting and alternative or complementary method for monitoring anthropogenic soil pollution and especially heavy metal contamination level.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Zawadzki
Tadeusz Magiera
Zygmunt Strzyszcz
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Abstract

The research system of soils for evaluation of the ecological state of farm-land soils in Poland is presented in this paper. Granulometrie composition, pH, organic matter content and the content of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in soils were determined. On the basis of existing criteria (tab. 1) the state of soil pollution with heavy metals for separate provinces and whole country was estimated. The average heavy metal contents (mg/kg) in surface layer of soils in Poland are as follows: Cd-0.21, Cu-6.5, Ni-6.2, Pb-13.6, and Zn-32.4. The farm-land soils of Poland generally contain natural and slightly elevated level of the investigated heavy metals. This allows to produce high quality of agricultural materials appropriate for consumption and feeding of animals.
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Authors and Affiliations

Henryk Terelak
Arkadiusz Tujaka
Teresa Motowicka-Terelak
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Abstract

The research of the soil quality was made in Markowice, the district of Racibórz, the town situated in the South of Poland. The soils of Racibórz were expected to be contaminated with heavy metals after the heavy flood in 1997, which devastated great part of Poland, especially the town. The assays covered macroand microcomponents, contents of total calcium, iron, manganese, sulphur, bioavailable magnesium, potassium and phosphorus, contents of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, zinc, chromium, nickel and copper), electrolytic conductivity, pH of soil, and finally organic matter content in soil. The research showed that soils of the district of Racibórz have a natural content of heavy metals, but the soils have the deficiency of macrocornponcnts, such as phosphorus, magnesium and calcium.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Cebula
Jan Cebula
Jerzy Ciba
Bronisław Wyżgolik
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Abstract

The contents or Cd, Pb. Cu, Mn, Zn, Ni and Fe in different organs or Typha latifolia L., coming from six sites selected within Jezioro Wielkie (Leszczyńskie Lakeland in western Poland), were determined. Three groups or metals, cach with a different accumulation pattern within the plant were distinguished in this study. Pb, Zn and Cu were found to be the least mobile and shown the following accumulation scheme: roots> rhizomes> lower leave part> top leave part. 13y contrast, Mn, a metal which is both easily transported in plants and accumulated in green plant organs, exhibited the following accumulation scheme: roots> top leave part> lower leave part> rhizomes. Ni, Cd and re were accumulated by the cattail as follows: roots> rhizomes> top leaf part> lower leaf part. The fact that Tvpha tatifol io L. had the highest proportion 01· all the metals studied in its roots can suggest that some kind of protection barrier exists which prevents toxic compounds permeating from that part or this plant to its rhizomes and its aerial parts. The confirmation or this thesis requires some further research.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Klink
Józef Krawczyk
Barbara Letachowicz
Magdalena Wisłocka
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Abstract

Joint action by the countries surrounding the Baltic is crucial for the conservation of the sea’s unique ecosystem.
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Authors and Affiliations

Blanka Pajda
1
Agata Zaborska
1

  1. PAS Institute of Oceanology in Sopot
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Abstract

The contents of copper, manganese, zinc, lead and cadmium have been determined in plants of the Spitsbergen tundra, collected at Calypsostranda, Lyellstranda and Chamberlindalen in 1987. Five species of vascular plants, four species of mosses and fourteen species of lichens have been investigated. Manganese content in all the studied plants falls in the physiological limits of this element. Appreciable concentrations of copper, and zinc exceeding the physiological concentrations of these elements and presence of lead and cadmium have been shown for many plants.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Jóźwik
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Abstract

In the years 1987-1995 studies were carried out on the content of Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb and Cd in plants and soil in the Bellsund area, Western Spitsbergen. For the studies the author used predominating species of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens collected from beaches littoral planes, valleys, slopes and mountain peaks. Some plant species, largely bryophytes and lichens, were shown to contain increased amounts of Zn, Pb and Cd, whilst in others Cu deficiency was found. This paper is summing up studies concerning the content of Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb and Cd in plants of Western Spitsbergen, which were conducted over many years.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Jóźwik
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Abstract

The distribution of heavy metals in the bonom sediments has been determined, It has been shown that they are spaciously differentiated. The differentiation is a result of water movement, eutroficat ion, bioaccurnulation and anthropoprcsion processes. As a result of specific water movement the area of intensity of the heavy metals accumulation was created. This area (about 150 ha) is located in the northwest part of the reservoir. The maximal concentrations of heavy metals for this region are: for cadmium 30 mg Cd/kg, for nickel 55 mg Ni/kg, for chromium 130 mg Cr/kg, for lead 160 mg Pb/kg, for copper 1000 mg Cu/kg, for zinc 1300 mg Zn/kg. The localization of the most polluted areas is essential for possible reclamation procedures to improve water and overall ecosystem quality.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Kostecki
Eligiusz Kowalski
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Abstract

The results of the first (since 1939) investigation of Gliwice Channel have been presented. The concentrations of mobiles and constant forms of heavy metals in the bottom sediments have been given. The changes range was: for chromium 4.8-463.2 mg Cr/kg, for cadmium 0.6-18.2 mg Cd/kg, for lead 4-197 mg Pb/kg, for cupric 6-2152 mg Cu/kg, for manganese 33-1664 mg Mn/kg, for nickel 5-85.2 mg Ni/kg, for zinc 64-2244 mg Zn/kg, for iron 2080-94080 mg Fe/kg. The percent participation of stable forms of chromium decreases during longitude profile of canal whereas participation of mobile forms is increases. The stable and mobile forms of cadmium (Cd) increase. The concentrations of stable and mobile form of lead (Pb) decrease. The percent participation of stable forms of copper (Cu) is high (82- 100%). On total longitude of canal the participation of mobile forms of manganese (Mn) increases, but stable forms have advantage. For nickel (Ni) the stable forms are prevail too (form 55% to 81%). The participation of mobile forms of zinc (Zn) is 18% to 60%. The sharply outlined relationship between metals and organic matter concentrations indicates the significance in the metals transport processes from water to bottom sediments. Consequently, pollution of bottom sediments by heavy metals is the secondary result of organic substances of water enrichment. The relationships between total metals and iron (Fe) concentration points to the role of heavy metals stable amalgamations with amorphous ferric oxides. The cascade character and pulsatory water flow of Gliwice Channel makes the concentrations of heavy metals in bottom sediments successfully decrease in each canal section. At the same time, in each section of the canal gradual increase in metals concentration occurs and the maximum values for all determinated metals are present just before sluices closing sections. The best ecological effect, from the economical point of view, is obtained by bottom sediment removal on the about 1 km sectors over each of the sluice.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Kostecki
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Abstract

Vegetable oils belong to a large group of substances consumed on a daily basis. World vegetable oil production is soaring, reducing the popularity of animal fats. Heavy metals pose a threat to human health. It is estimated that about 80% of the daily dose of heavy metals enters the human body through the consumption of food. Hence, it is necessary to monitor their concentrations in food products. Besides, the presence of heavy metals is thought to have possible negative influence on the quality of oils, especially on their taste and smell. Heavy metals may also accelerate the process of the rancidifiction of oils. Rapeseeds, soybean seeds and linseeds were selected for the analysis because they are one of the most popular oilseeds and at the same time they differ in terms of growing conditions. The analyses of different fractions and the ready-made product were also performed. The aim of the study was to determine the variation in concentrations of heavy metals, iron and manganese in different fractions during production. The significant concentrations of iron, manganese and zinc were observed in oilseeds. It was also shown that during different stages of oil refining the concentrations of metals decrease. The concentrations of metals are compared with those reported in literature.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Szyczewski
Marcin Frankowski
Anetta Zioła-Frankowska
Jerzy Siepak
Tomasz Szyczewski
Paweł Piotrowski
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Abstract

Heavy metal (As, Mn, Ni, Sn, Ti) concentrations were determined in soil and plant samples collected in different areas of the railway junction Iława Główna, Poland. Soil and plant samples were collected in four functional parts of the junction, i.e. the loading ramp, main track within the platform area, rolling stock cleaning bay and the railway siding. Four plant species occurring in relatively higher abundance were selected for heavy metals analysis, although in the loading ramp and platform areas only one species could be collected in the amount which makes chemical analysis possible. The selected species included three perennials (Daucus carota, Pastinaca sativa and Taraxacum officinale) and one annual plant (Sonchus oleraceus).

The entire area of the railway junction showed elevated concentrations of heavy metals when compared to the control level. It was most pronounced for the platform area and railway siding. The concentration of arsenic, manganese and nickel in plants growing in these parts of the junction exceeded the toxic level. The highest contamination of soil and plants found in the platform area suggested advanced emission process of the analyzed metals from wheel and track abrasion. Literature review showed that the concentration of the investigated metals in soil was generally higher than that found in centers of cities and along traffic roads proving that the railway is an important linear source of soil contamination

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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Staszewski
Małgorzata Malawska
Barbara Studnik-Wójcikowska
Halina Galera
Bogusław Wiłkomirski
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Abstract

This study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of biosurfactants - saponin, tannin and rhamnolipids JBR 515 and 425, for the removal of cadmium, zinc and copper from activated sludge immobilized in 1.5% sodium alginate with 0.5% polyvinyl alcohol. We also established the impact of pH value on biosorbent regeneration with the analyzed biosurfactants and determined the critical micelle concentration (CMC) in solutions containing the biosorbent and biosurfactant and in exact samples with heavy metals. Saponin exhibited the highest effectiveness of metals leaching at pH 1-5, and rhamnosides at pH 5-6. In addition, the study demonstrated a significant effect of the ratio of biosorbent mass to washing agent volume (m/V) on the effectiveness of metals leaching. Of the biosurfactants analyzed, saponin was ca. 100% effective in leaching zinc and copper. The effectiveness of the other biosurfactants was lower and depended on the metal being leached

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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata Kuczajowska-Zadrożna
Urszula Filipkowska
Tomasz Jóźwiak

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