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Abstract

The symbolic analysis of heart rate variability (biomarker of cardiac autonomic homeostasis) is a nonlinear and effective tool for pattern extraction and classification in a series analysis, which implies the transformation of an original time series into symbols, represented by numbers. Autonomic heart rate control is influenced by different factors, and better indicators of heart rate variability are found in healthy young individuals than in older and sicker individuals. The aim of this study was to compare the indicators of heart rate variability among healthy dogs in different age groups and in health status using the nonlinear method of symbolic analysis to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of this method for the risk of death in dogs. An increase in cardiac sympathetic modulation was observed in puppies and dogs at risk of death, which was evidenced by a marked increase of 0 V% (without variation – associated with sympathetic modulation) and a decrease in patterns of 2 V% (two variations – associated with parasympathetic modulation), while the opposite was observed in young adult dogs with increased parasympathetic modulation. Elderly dogs showed a gradual decrease in parasympathetic activity, which tended to worsen with loss of health. It is concluded that the variables of symbolic analysis may be useful to evaluate autonomic modulation in dogs and assist in the differentiation between health states, advanced disease and death throughout the life cycle and have been shown to be indices with high specificity, sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy to help identify dogs at risk of death.
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Bibliography

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25. Nascimento LS, Santos AC, Lima AHRA, Dias RMR, Santos MSB (2013) Symbolic analysis comparison of heart rate variability in middle-aged and older physically active women. Rev Bras Ativ Fís Saúde 19: 253-259.
26. Perseguini NM, Takahashi ACM, Rebelatto JR, Silva E, Borghi-Silva A, Porta A, Montano, N, Catai AM (2011) Spectral and symbolic analysis of the effect of gender and postural change on cardiac autonomic modulation in healthy elderly subjects. Braz J Med Biol 44: 29-37.
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33. Vanderlei LCM, Silva RA, Pastre CM, Azevedo FM, Godoy MF (2009) Comparison of the Polar S810i monitor and the ECG for the analysis of heart rate variability in the time and frequency domains. Braz J Med Biol Res 41: 205-217.
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Authors and Affiliations

L. Martinello
1
F.G. Romão
1
M.F. Godoy
2
L.H.A. Machado
1
M.H. Tsunemi
3
M.L.G. Lourenço
1

  1. São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science
  2. Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery – São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP)
  3. São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract

B a c k g r o u n d: Stress is a major risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) disease. We hypothesized that past strong experiences might modulate acute CV autonomic responses to an unexpected acoustic stimulus.
A i m: The study’s aim was to compare acute CV autonomic responses to acoustic stress between students with and without a past strong experience associated with the acoustic stimulus.
M a t e r i a l s and M e t h o d s: Twenty five healthy young volunteers — medical and non-medical students — were included in the study. CV hemodynamic parameters, heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP) variability were assessed for 10 min at rest and for 10 min after two different acoustic stimuli: a standard sound signal and a specific sound signal used during a practical anatomy exam (so-called “pins”).
R e s u l t s: Both sounds stimulated the autonomic nervous system. The “pins” signal caused a stronger increase in HR in medical students (69 ± 10 vs. 73 ± 13 bpm, p = 0.004) when compared to non-medical students (69 ± 6 vs. 70 ± 10, p = 0.695). Rises in diastolic BP, observed 15 seconds after sound stressors, were more pronounced after the “pins” sound than after the standard sound signal only in medical students (3.1% and 1.4% vs. 3% and 4.4%), which was also reflected by low-frequency diastolic BP variability (medical students: 6.2 ± 1.6 vs. 4.1 ± 0.8 ms2, p = 0.04; non-medical students: 6.0 ± 4.3 vs. 4.1 ± 2.6 ms2, p = 0.06).
C o n c l u s i o n s: The “pins” sound, which medical students remembered from their anatomy practical exam, provoked greater sympathetic activity in the medical student group than in their non-medical peers. Thus, past strong experiences modulate CV autonomic responses to acute acoustic stress.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Jurczyk
1
Andrzej Boryczko
1
Agata Furgała
1
Adrian Poniatowski
1
Andrzej Surdacki
2
Krzysztof Gil
1

  1. Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Second Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The study on cognitive workload is a field of research of high interest in the digital society.

The implementation of ‘Industry 4.0’ paradigm asks the smart operators in the digital factory

to accomplish more ‘cognitive-oriented’ than ‘physical-oriented’ tasks. The Authors propose

an analytical model in the information theory framework to estimate the cognitive workload

of operators. In the model, subjective and physiological measures are adopted to measure

the work load. The former refers to NASA-TLX test expressing subjective perceived work

load. The latter adopts Heart Rate Variability (HRV) of individuals as an objective indirect

measure of the work load. Subjective and physiological measures have been obtained by

experiments on a sample subjects. Subjects were asked to accomplish standardized tasks

with different cognitive loads according to the ‘n-back’ test procedure defined in literature.

Results obtained showed potentialities and limits of the analytical model proposed as well as

of the experimental subjective and physiological measures adopted. Research findings pave

the way for future developments.

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Authors and Affiliations

Salvatore Digiesi
Vito Modesto Manghisi
Francesco Facchini
Elisa Maria Klose
Mario Massimo Foglia
Carlotta Mummolo
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Abstract

Alcohol is a recognized teratogen that affects various aspects of fetal development. Tissue that is particularly susceptible to its teratogenicity is neuronal tissue. The effect of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) on the central nervous system has been extensively studied, yet the knowledge on the influence of PAE on the autonomic nervous system is scarce. The purpose of this article is to review the current state of knowledge about the impact of PAE on the autonomic nervous system. Studies conducted on the PAE animal model have shown that prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with significant alterations in the autonomic nervous system, but the mechanisms and consequences are not yet clearly defined. It was established that PAE causes decreased heart rate variability (HRV) in fetal cardiotocography. Several studies have revealed that later, in infancy and childhood, reduced parasympathetic activity with or without compensating sympathetic activity is observed. This may result in behavioral and attention disorders, as well as an increased predisposition to sudden infant death syndrome. Both animal and human studies indicate that the relationship between PAE and autonomic dysfunction exists, however large, well-designed, prospective studies are needed to confirm the causal relationship and characterize the nature of the observed changes.

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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Jurczyk
Katarzyna Anna Dyląg
Kamil Skowron
Krzysztof Gil
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Abstract

I n t r o d u c t i o n: Stress is an ubiquitous phenomenon in the modern world and one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Th e aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of various acute stress stimuli on autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, assessed on the basis of heart rate (HRV) and blood pressure (BPV) variability analysis.

Ma t e r i a l s a n d M e t h o d s: The study included 15 healthy volunteers: 9 women, 6 men aged 20– 30 years (23.3 ± 1.8). ANS activity was assessed by HRV and BPV measurement using Task Force Monitor 3040 (CNSystems, Austria). ECG registration and Blood Pressure (BP) measurement was done 10 minutes at rest, 10 minutes aft er the stress stimulus (sound signal, acoustic startle, frequency 1100 Hz, duration 0.5 sec, at the intensity 95 dB) and 10 minutes aft er the cold pressor test. The cold pressor test (CPT) was done by placing the person’s hand by wrist in ice water (0–4°C) for 120 s.

R e s u l t s: Every kind of stress stimulation (acoustic startle; the CPT) caused changes of HRV indicator values. The time domain HRV analysis parameters (pNN50, RMSSD) decreased aft er acoustic stress and the CPT, but were signifi cantly lower after the CPT. In frequency domain HRV analysis, significant differences were observed only aft er the CPT: (LF-RRI 921.23 ms2 vs. 700.09 ms2; p = 0.009 and HF-RRI 820.75 ms2 vs. 659.52 ms2; p = 0.002). The decrease of LF-RRI and HF-RRI value aft er the CPT was significantly higher than after the acoustic startle (LF-RRI 34% vs. 0.4%, p = 0.022; HF-RRI 19.7% vs. 7% ms2, p = 0.011). The decreased value of the LF and HF components of HRV analysis are indicative of sympathetic activation. Nonlinear analysis of HRV indicated a significant decrease in the Poincare plot SD1 (p = 0.039) and an increase of DFAα2 (p = 0.001) in response to the CPT stress stimulation. Th e systolic BPV parameter LF/HF-sBP increased signifi cantly aft er the CPT (2.84 vs. 3.31; p = 0.019) and was higher than aft er the acoustic startle (3.31 vs. 3.06; p = 0.035). Signifi cantly higher values of diastolic BP (67.17 ± 8.10 vs. 69.65 ± 9.94 mmHg, p = 0.038) and median BP (83.39 ± 8.65 vs. 85.30 ± 10.20 mmHg, p = 0.039) were observed in the CPT group than in the acoustic startle group.

C on c l u s i o n s: Th e Cold Pressor Test has a greater stimulatory eff ect on the sympathetic autonomic system in comparison to the unexpected acoustic startle stress. Regardless of whether the stimulation originates from the central nervous system (acoustic startle) or the peripheral nervous system (CPT), the final response is demonstrated by an increase in the low frequency components of blood pressure variability and a decrease in the low and high frequency components of heart rate variability.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Jarczewski
Agata Furgała
Aleksandra Winiarska
Mateusz Kaczmarczyk
Adrian Poniatowski
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Abstract

Eating disorders are a heterogeneous group of diseases affecting mainly young people in devel-oped countries. Among them, anorexia nervosa (AN) is the one with the highest mortality, up to five times higher compared to healthy individuals. The etiology of this medical condition is complex and still un-certain. However, disturbances of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and increased lipolysis resulting in a decrease of the adipose tissue volume are common findings among AN patients. Since ANS is directly connected to adipocyte tissue, thus significantly affecting the body’s metabolic homeostasis, we suspect that this relationship may be a potential pathophysiological underpinning for the development of AN. In this narrative review, we have analyzed scientific reports on ANS activity in AN considering different phases of the disease in humans as well as animal models. Due to the different effects of the disease itself on the ANS as well as specific variations within animal models, the common feature seems to be dysre-gulation of its function without the identification of one universal pattern. Nonetheless, higher norepi-nephrine concentrations have been reported in adipocyte tissue, suggesting local dominance of the sym-pathetic nervous system. Further studies should explore in depth the modulation of sympathetic in adipose tissue factor and help answer key questions that arise during this brief narrative review.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Boryczko
1 2
Kamil Skowron
1
Magdalena Kurnik-Łucka
1
Krzysztof Gil
1

  1. Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Heart rate is constantly changing under the influence of many control signals, as manifested by heart rate variability (HRV). HRV is a nonstationary, irregularly sampled signal, the spectrum of which reveals distinct bands of high, low, very low and ultra-low frequencies (HF, LF, VLF, ULF). VLF and ULF components are the least understood, and their analysis requires HRV records lasting many hours. Moreover, there are still no well-established methods for the reliable extraction of these components. The aim of this work was to select, implement and compare methods which can solve this problem. The performance of multiband filtering (MBF), empirical mode decomposition and the short-time Fourier transform was tested, using synthetic HRV as the ground truth for methods evaluation as well as real data of three patients selected from 25 polysomnographic records with a clear HF component in their spectrograms. The study provided new insights into the components of long-term HRV, including the character of its amplitude and frequency modulation obtained with the Hilbert transform. In addition, the reliability of the extracted HF, LF, VLF and ULF waveforms was demonstrated, and MBF turned out to be the most accurate method, though the signal is strongly nonstationary. The possibility of isolating such waveforms is of great importance both in physiology and pathophysiology, as well as in the automation of medical diagnostics based on HRV.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Adamczyk
1
Adam G. Polak
1

  1. Department of Electronic and Photonic Metrology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, B. Prusa Str. 53/55, 50-317 Wrocław, Poland

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