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Number of results: 19
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Abstract

Creotech Instruments is advancing a game-changing sCMOS camera series. The Final Prototype Model of an astronomical camera for Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) is in the test campaign phase. Designed for SST, NEO, and debris detection, its adaptable platform suits quantum tech and biological microscopy. Edge computing sets it apart, leveraging FPGA-based SoC for real-time processing and Linux-based pre-processing. Operating autonomously, it supports on-camera ML algorithms, revolutionizing astronomy. Data pre-processing, like frame stacking, reduces data load. This paper introduces the camera's concept, architecture, and prototype test results, emphasizing specific use cases and future product line development.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Zienkiewicz
1
Katarzyna Karpińska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mikołaj Jamroży
1
Bartłomiej Juszczyk
1
Dmytro Pochapskyi
1
Tomasz Przedpełski
1
Jerzy Łukasiewicz
2
Natalia Czortek
1
Grzegorz Brona
1

  1. Creotech Instruments S.A., Poland
  2. Air Force Institute of Technology (ITWL), Poland
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Abstract

Solar blind UV cameras are not theoretically supposed to be sensitive to solar light. However, there is practically always some sensitivity to solar light. This limited solar sensitivity can sometimes make it impossible to detect the weak emission of a corona target located on the solar background. Therefore, solar sensitivity is one of the crucial performance parameters of solar blind UV cameras. However, despite its importance, the problem of determining solar sensitivity of solar blind UV cameras has not been analysed and solved in the specialized literature, so far. This paper presents the concept (definition, measurement method, test equipment, interpretation of results) of measuring solar sensitivity of solar blind UV cameras.
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Bibliography

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  7. Chrzanowski, K. & Chrzanowski, W. Analysis of a blackbody irradiance method of measurement of solar blind UV cameras’ sensitivity. Opto-Electron. Rev. 27, 378–384 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.opelre.2019.11.009
  8. Cheng, H. et al. Performance characteristics of solar blind UV image intensifier tube. in Proc. SPIE – International Symposium on Photoelectronic Detection and Imaging 2009: Advances in Imaging Detectors and Applications 7384 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.834700
  9. Coetzer, C., West, N., Swart, A. & van Tonder, A. An investigation into an appropriate optical calibration source for a corona camera. in IEEE International SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA Conference 1–5 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/saupec/robmech/prasa48453.2020.9041014
  10. Coetzer, C. et al. Status quo and aspects to consider with ultraviolet optical versus high voltage energy relation investigations. in Proc. SPIE – Fifth Conference on Sensors, MEMS, and Electro-Optic Systems 11043, 1104317 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2501251
  11. Du Toit, N. S. Calibration of UV-sensitive camera for corona detection. (Stellenbosch University, South Africa, 2007). http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2920
  12. Pissulla, D. et al. Comparison of atmospheric spectral radiance measurements from five independently calibrated systems. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 8, 516–527 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1039/b817018e
  13. Clack, C. T. M. Modeling solar irradiance and solar PV power output to create a resource assessment using linear multiple multivariate regression. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 56, 109–125 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0175.1
  14. G03 Committee. Tables for Reference Solar Spectral Irradiances: Direct Normal and Hemispherical on 37 Tilted Surface. http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/resolver.cgi?G173-03R20 https://doi.org/10.1520/G0173-03R20
  15. Tohsing, K., Klomkliang, W., Masiri, I. & Janjai, S. An investigation of sky radiance from the measurement at a tropical site. in AIP Conference Proceedings 1810, 080006 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4975537
  16. Chen, H.-W. & Cheng, K.-S. A conceptual model of surface reflectance estimation for satellite remote sensing images using in situ reference data. Remote Sens. 4, 934–949 (2012). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4040934
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  21. SMARTS: Simple Model of the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer of Sunshine. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. https://www.nrel.gov/grid/solar-resource/smarts.html (2020)
  22. Cooper, O. R. et al. Global distribution and trends of tropospheric ozone: An observation-based review. Elem. Sci. Anth. 2, 000029 (2014). https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000029
  23. Riordan, C. & Hulstron, R. What is an air mass 1.5 spectrum? (solar cell performance calculations). in IEEE Conference on Photovoltaic Specialists (1990). https://doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.1990.111784
  24. Wikipedia contributors. Air mass (solar energy). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_mass_(solar_energy) (2020)
  25. Ritter, M. E. The Physical Environment: an Introduction to Physical Geography. https://www.thephysicalenvironment.com (2020)
  26. NOAA Research. NOAA Solar Position Calculator. https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/solcalc/azel.html (2020)
  27. Global Solar Atlas. https://globalsolaratlas.info/download/world (2020)
  28. Blanc, P. et al. Direct normal irradiance related definitions and applications: The circumsolar issue. Sol. Energy 110, 561–577 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2014.10.001
  29. Class ABB Small Area Solar Simulators. Newport Corporation. https://www.newport.com/f/small-area-solar-simulators (2020)
  30. Dai, C., Wu, Z., Qi, X., Ye, J. & Chen, B. Traceability of spectro- radiometric measurements of multiport UV solar simulators. in Proc. SPIE - International Symposium on Photoelectronic Detection and Imaging 2013: Imaging Spectrometer Technologies and Appli- cations 8910, 8910-2 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2030753
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Chrzanowski
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Bolesław Safiej
2

  1. Military University of Technology, Institute of Optoelectronics, 2 gen. Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
  2. INFRAMET, Bugaj 29a, Koczargi Nowe, 05-082 Stare Babice, Poland
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Abstract

The paper discusses the problems of the calibration process of very close range semi-metric digital cameras. Using such cameras for precise measurement of small objects, the photographs have to be taken at a very large scale, ranging from 1 :20 to 1:50. To ensure the submillimetre accuracy of the photogrammetric measurement, the specific calibration tests and procedures for determination of the interior orientation parameters, including the coefficients for image systematic errors, must be applied. The results of two calibration approaches, based on 3D and 2D calibration tests, have been presented in the paper. The experiment is a part of the research project concerning the numerical modelling of small 3D fragments of the broken archaeological items for reconstruction of the context of the archaeological monument.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandra Bujakiewicz
Michał Kowalczyk
Piotr Podlasiak
Dorota Zawieska
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Abstract

This paper presents the results of a study on the use of infrared thermography to assess the quality of liquid metal, a basic semi-finished product used in foundry production. EN AC-46000 alloy with the designation AlSi9Cu3(Fe) was used for the study. The crystallization process of the alloy was investigated using the TDA method with a Crystaldigraph device and Optris PI thermal imaging camera. The research describes how to use a thermal imaging camera to assess the quality of aluminium alloys. These alloys, due to their propensity in the liquid state to oxidise and absorb hydrogen, a refining procedure in the melting process. The effects of alloy refining are evaluated during technological tests of hydrogen solubility, density and casting shrinkage. The results presented in this paper showed that there is a statistical correlation between the density of the metal and the temperature values from the thermogram of the sample, obtained during its solidification. The existing correlation makes it possible to develop a thermographic inspection algorithm that allows a fast and non-contact assessment of aluminium alloy quality.
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Bibliography

[1] Dispinar, D., & Campbell, J. (2004). Critical assessment of reduced pressure test. Part 1: Porosity phenomena. International Journal of Cast Metals Research, 17(5), 280-286. https://doi.org/10.1179/136404604225020696.
[2] Kowalczyk W., Dańko R., Górny M., Kawalec M. & Burbelko A. (2022) Influence of High-Pressure Die Casting Parameters on the Cooling Rate and the Structure of EN-AC 46000 Alloy. Materials, 15(16), 5702. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165702.
[3] Y B Zuo, B Jiang, Y J Zhang & Z Fan. (2013). Degassing LM25 aluminium alloy by novel degassing technology with intensive melt shearing. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 26(1), 16-21. doi: 10.1179/1743133612Y.0000000019.
[4] Pietrowski, S. (2001). Al-Si Alloys. Lodz, Poland: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej. ISBN 83-7283-029-0
[5] Gumienny, G., Pisarek, B., Szymczak, T., Gawroński, J., Just, P., Władysiak, R., Rapiejko, C. & Pacyniak, T. (2022). Effect of degassing parameters on mechanical properties of EN AC-46000 gravity die casting. Materials. 15(23), 8323, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238323.
[6] Pietrowski, S., Gumienny, G., Pisarek, B. & Władysiak, R. (2004). Production control of advanced casting alloys with TDA method. Archives of Mechanical Technology and Automation. 24(3), 131-143, ISSN (1233-9709).
[7] Rapiejko C., Pisarek B., Czekaj E. & Pacyniak T., (2014). Analysis of AM60 and AZ91 Alloy Crystallization in Ceramic Moulds by Thermal Derivative Analysis (TDA). Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 59, doi: 10.2478/amm-2014-0246.
[8] Gumienny G., Kurowska B. & Just P. (2019). The effect of Manganese on the Crystallization Process, Microstructure and Selected Properties of Compacted Graphite Iron. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 64(4), 1269-1275. doi: 10.24425/amm.2019.130090.
[9] Pisarek B., Rapiejko C. & Pacyniak T. (2019). Effect of intensive Cooling of Alloy AC-AlSi7Mg with Alloy additions on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 64 (2), 677-681. DOI: 10.2478/amm-2019.127598.
[10] Władysiak, R. & Kozuń, A. (2015). An Application for Infrared Camera in Analyzing of the Solidification Process of Al-Si Alloys. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 15(3), 81-84. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2015-0065.
[11] Holtzer, M., Bobrowski, A., Grabowska, B., Eichholz, S. & Hodor, K. (2010). Investigation of carriers of lustrous carbon at high temperatures by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Archives of Foundry Engineering. 10(4), 61-68.
[12] Sapieta, M., Dekys, V., Kao, M., Pastor, M., Sapietova, A. & Drvarova, B. (2023). Investigation of the mechanical properties of spur involute gearing by infrared thermography. Applied Sciences. 13(10), 5988. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13105988.
[13] Umar M. &·Paulraj S. (2021). Thermography analysis and porosity formation during laser beam welding of AA5083 H111 aluminum alloy. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 146, 1551–1559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-10140-z.
[14] Lanc Z., Strbac B., Zeljkovic M., Zivkovic A. & Hadzistevic M. (2018). Emissivity of Aluminium Alloy Using Infrared Thermography Technique. Materials and Technology. 52(3). doi:10.17222/mit.2017.152.
[15] Badulescu C., Grediac M., Haddadi H., Mathias J.-D., Balandraud X. & Tran H.-S. (2011) Applying the Grid Method and Infrared Thermography to Investigate Plastic deformation in Aluminium Multicrystal. Mechanics of Materials, 43(1), 36-53. doi:10.1016/j.mechmat.2010.11.001.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard Władysiak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lodz University of Technology, Department of Materials Engineering and Production Systems, Łódź, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents results of the localization of main noise sources in the industrial plant. Identification of main noise sources was made with an acoustic camera using Beamforming Method. Parallel to the measurements by means of the acoustic camera, sound level measurements on the main noise sources have been performed. Based on the calculations, prediction regarding the noise emission at residential buildings located near to the plant has been determined. Acoustic noise maps have been performed with LEQ Professional software, which includes the 3D geometry of the buildings inside the plant. It has been established that, after introduction of noise reduction measures in the plant, the noise levels at the observation points in the residential area meets the limit values.

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Authors and Affiliations

Wiesław Fiebig
Damian Dąbrowski
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Abstract

The paper presents an experimental stand for testing the front car camera S-CAM with embedded image recognition systems. The camera sends CAN messages these are converted to USART messages by microprocessor based system. The messages are interpreted by MATLAB script on the basis of database of traffic signs in accordance with Polish Road Code. The testing stand is mainly aimed for educating students interested in the fields of electronics and technologies related to automotive branch, as well. The second objective is a research on efficiency of traffic sign recognition system being one of functionalities of S-CAM camera. The technical specification of testing stand, its functionality and limitations were also discussed. The bench operation was illustrated with examples of stiff images, animation and real movies.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sławomir Gryś
1

  1. Częstochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Poland
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Abstract

Solar-blind ultraviolet cameras with image intensifier with CMOS detector typically use various count methodologies to measure the optical energy of an electrical corona. However, these count methodologies are non-radiometric without considering parameters such as distance, focus-, zoom-, and gain setting of a camera. An algorithm which considers the calibration and radiometric measurement of optical energy for the slow frame rate intensifier type cameras is presented. Furthermore, it is shown how these calibration data together with the flowcharts are used for the conversion from raw measured data to radiometric energy values.
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Bibliography

  1. Gubanski, S., Dernfalk, A., Andersson, J. & Hillborg, H. Diagnostic methods for outdoor polymeric insulators. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 14, 1065–1080 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2007.4339466
  2. Lindner, M., Elstein, S., Lindner, P., Topaz, J. M. & Phillips, A. J. Daylight corona discharge imager. in 1999 11th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering 349–352 (London, 1999). https://doi.org/10.1049/cp:19990864
  3. Bass, M. et al. Handbook of Optics, Volume II: Design, Fabrication and Testing, Sources and Detectors, Radiometry and Photometry. (McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2009).
  4. Coetzer, C. et al. Status quo and aspects to consider with ultraviolet optical versus high voltage energy relation investigations. in 5th Conference on Sensors, MEMS, and Electro-Optic Systems 1104317 (Skukuza, South Africa, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2501251
  5. Maistry, N., Schutz, R. A. & Cox, E. The quantification of corona discharges on high voltage electrical equipment in the uv spectrum using a corona camera. in 2018 International Conference on Diagnostics in Electrical Engineering (Diagnostika) 1–4 (Pisen, Czech Republic, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/DIAGNOSTIKA.2018.8526024
  6. Dai, R., Lu, F. & Wang, S. Relation of composite insulator surface discharge ultraviolet signal with electrical pulse signal. in 2011 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering 282–285 (Wuhan, China, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECENG.2011.6056830
  7. Wang, S., Lv, F. & Liu, Y. Estimation of discharge magnitude of composite insulator surface corona discharge based on ultraviolet imaging method. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 21, 1697–1704 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2014.004358
  8. Suhling, K., Airey, R. W. & Morgan, B. L. Optimisation of centroiding algorithms for photon event counting imaging. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 437, 393–418 (1999).  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(99)00770-6
  9. Boksenberg, A., Coleman, C., Fordham, J. & Shortridge, K. Interpolative centroiding in CCD-based image photon counting systems. Adv. Electron. Electron. Phys. 64, 33–47 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2539(08)61601-7
  10. Fordham, J., Moorhead, C. & Galbraith, R. Dynamic-range limitations of intensified CCD photon-counting detectors. Mon. Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 312, 83–88 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03155.x
  11. Coetzer, C. J. & Leuschner, F. W. The influence of a camera's spectral transfer function used for observing high voltage corona on insulators. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 23, 1753–1759 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2016.005021
  12. Hamamatsu Photonics, K. K. Photomultiplier tubes: Basics and applications. Edition 3a. https://www.hamamatsu.com/content/dam/hamamatsu-photonics/sites/documents/99_SALES_LIBRARY/etd/PMT_handbook_v3aE.pdf (2007).
  13. Coetzer, C., Becker, T., West, N. & Leuschner, W. Investigating an alternate detector for solar-blind ultraviolet cameras for high-voltage inspection. in 2021 Southern African Universities Power Engineering Conference/Robotics and Mechatronics/Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa (SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA) 1–6 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA52254.2021.9377216
  14. IS/IEC 60270:2000 Indian Standard, High Voltage Test Techniques-Partial Discharge Measurements. (International Electrotechnical Commission, 2000).
  15. Tang, J., Luo, X. & Pan, C. Relationship between PD magnitude distribution and pulse burst for positive coronas. IET Sci. Meas. Technol. 12, 970–976 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-smt.2018.5039
  16. Willers, C. J. Electro-Optical System Analysis and Design: A Radiometry Perspective. (Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 2013). https://doi.org/10.1117/3.1001964
  17. Wyatt, C. Radiometric Calibration: Theory and Methods, (Elsevier, 2012).
  18. Coetzer, C., Groenewald, S. & Leuschner, W. An analysis of the method for determining the lowest sensitivity of solarblind ultravio-let corona cameras. in 2020 International SAUPEC/RobMech/ PRASA Conference 1–6 (Cape Town, South Africa, 2020).    https://doi.org/10.1109/SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA48453.2020.9040997
  19. Montgomery, D. C. & Runger, G. C. Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers. (John Wiley and Sons, 2014).
  20. Coetzer, C., West, N., Swart, A. & van Tonder, A. An investigation into an appropriate optical calibration source for a corona camera. in 2020 International SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA Conference 1–5 (IEEE, Cape Town, South Africa, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA48453.2020.9041014
  21. Chrzanowski, K. & Chrzanowski, W. Analysis of a blackbody irradiance method of measurement of solar blind UV cameras' sensitivity. Opto-Electron. Rev. 27, 378–384 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.opelre.2019.11.009
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Authors and Affiliations

Casper J. Coetzer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nicholas West
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Dept. of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
  2. Dept. of Electrical and Information, University of Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave., Braamfontein 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Abstract

This paper presents a critical analysis of a current typical method to measure sensitivity of solar blind ultraviolet cameras using a high temperature blackbody as a calibrated source of ultraviolet light. It has been shown that measurement of sensitivity of solar-blind ultraviolet (SBUV) cameras defined as minimal detectable blackbody irradiance at optics plane of the tested SBUV camera generates inflated, misleading and prone to measurement errors' results that should not be used for evaluation of SBUV cameras' performance.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Chrzanowski
ORCID: ORCID
W. Chrzanowski
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Abstract

Thermal image drift is observed in prevalent industrial-level cameras because their optomechanical design is not optimised to reduce this phenomenon. In this paper, the effect of temperature on industrial-level cameras is investigated, focusing on the thermal image drift resulting from ambient temperature changes and warming-up process. Standard methods for reducing thermal image drift are reviewed, concentrating on the lack of repeatability aspect of this drift. Repeatable thermal image drift is crucial for applying a compensation model as random thermal deformations in sensors cannot be compensated. Moreover, the possible cause of this issue is explored, and novel optomechanical camera modifications are proposed that maintain the thermal degrees of freedom for the deforming sensor, limiting the lack of repeatability aspect of thermal image drift to a low level. The improvement is verified by conducting experiments using a specialised test stand equipped with an invar frame and thermal chamber. Considering the results from the application of the polynomial compensation model, the standard deviation of the central shifts of image drift is reduced by ×3.99, and the absolute range of image drift is reduced by ×2.53.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Adamczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kohei Nimura
1

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, ul. Andrzeja Boboli 8,02-525 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

As the duration of a rock burst is very short and the roadway is seriously damaged after the disaster, it is difficult to observe its characteristics. In order to obtain the dynamic characteristics of a rock burst, a modified uniaxial compression experiment, combined with a high-speed camera system is carried out and the process of a rock burst caused by a static load is simulated. Some significant results are obtained: 1) The velocity of ejected particles is between 2 m/s and 4 m/s. 2) The ratio of elastic energy to plastic energy is about five. 3) The duration from integrity to failure is between 20 ms and 40 ms. Furthermore, by analyzing the stress field in the sample with a numerical method and crack propagation model, the following conclusions can be made: 1) The kinetic energy of the ejected particles comes from the elastic energy released by itself. 2) The ratio of kinetic energy to elastic energy is between 6% and 15%. This can help understand the source and transfer of energy in a rock burst quantitatively.
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Bibliography

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[15] A. Tajduś, M. Cala, K. Tajduś, Seismicity and Rock Burst Hazard Assessment in Fault Zones: a Case Study. Arch. Min. Sci. 63 (3), 747-765 (2018). DOI: 10.24425/123695
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Authors and Affiliations

Weiyu Zheng
1 2

  1. China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China
  2. State Key Laboratory of Coal Mining and Clean Utilization, China
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Abstract

The paper presents a proposition of the theoretical-experimental method of determination of power losses in the transversely vibrating rubber V-belt of continuously variable transmission. The article comprises the results of experimental tests conducted on a special test stand with a complete scooter drivetrain powered by a small two-stroke internal combustion engine. Such a configuration allows ensuring real CVT working conditions. A high-speed camera was used for the contactless measurement of belt vibrations and time-lapse image analysis was performed in dedicated software. An axially moving Euler–Bernoulli beam was assumed as the mathematical model. Longitudinal vibrations and nonlinear effects were omitted. Additionally, it was assumed that the belt material behaves according to the Kelvin–Voigt rheological model. Analysis of the damped free vibrations of the cantilever beam, made of the belt segment, allowed to determine the equivalent bending damping coefficient. The CVT power losses, due to bending in the rubber transmission belt, were obtained for the fixed working conditions after numerical calculations. The proposed methodology is a new approach in this research area, which allows to obtain results impossible to achieve with other measurement methods.
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Authors and Affiliations

Waldemar Łatas
1
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Kot
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Applied Mechanics and Biomechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Poland
  2. Department of Automotive Vehicles, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents analysis of the positivity for a two-dimensional temperature field. The process under consideration is described by the linear, infinite-dimensional, noninteger order state equation. It is derived from a two-dimensional parabolic equation with homogenous Neumann boundary conditions along all borders and homogenous initial condition. The form of control and observation operators is determined by the construction of a real system. The internal and external positivity of the model are associated to the localization of heater and measurement. It has been proven that the internal positivity of the considered system can be achieved by the proper selection of attachment of a heater and place of a measurement as well as the dimension of the finite-dimensional approximation of the considered model. Conditions of the internal positivity associated with construction of real experimental system are proposed. The postivity is analysed separately for control and output of the system. This allows one to analyse the positivity of thermal systems without explicit control. Theoretical considerations are numerically verified with the use of experimental data. The proposed results can be applied i.e. to point suitable places for measuring of a temperature using a thermal imaging camera.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Oprzędkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Shape memory polymers (SMP) are new multifunctional materials raising increasing interest in various functional applications. Among them, polyurethane shape memory polymers (PU-SMP) are particularly attractive due to their combination of shape memory, high strength and biocompatible properties. Developing new applications for PU-SMP requires comprehensive research on their characteristics. This work involved investigating the structure and mechanical behavior as well as characterizing the energy storage and dissipation of a thermoplastic PU-SMP with a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 25_C during tensile loading-unloading. The process of energy storage and dissipation in the PU-SMP was investigated based on the stress-strain curves recorded by a quasi-static testing machine and the temperature changes, accompanying the deformation process, obtained by using a fast and sensitive infrared camera. The results showed that the thermomechanical behavior of the examined PU-SMP depends significantly on the strain rate. At a higher strain rate, there are higher stress and related temperature changes, which lead to greater energy dissipation. However, the energy storage values estimated during the deformation process turned out to be not significant, indicating that the work supplied to the PU-SMP structure during loading is mainly converted into heat. It should also be noted that the structural investigation revealed no crystalline phase in the investigated PU-SMP.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maria Staszczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Arkadiusz Gradys
2
ORCID: ORCID
Karol Golasiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Elżbieta A. Pieczyska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi´nskiego 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Multidisciplinary Research Center, Cardinal Stefan Wyszy´ nski University in Warsaw, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Bridge inspections are a vital part of bridge maintenance and the main information source for Bridge Management Systems is used in decision-making regarding repairs. Without a doubt, both can benefit from the implementation of the Building Information Modelling philosophy. To fully harness the BIM potential in this area, we have to develop tools that will provide inspection accurate information easily and fast. In this paper, we present an example of how such a tool can utilise tablets coupled with the latest generation RGB-D cameras for data acquisition; how these data can be processed to extract the defect surface area and create a 3D representation, and finally embed this information into the BIM model. Additionally, the study of depth sensor accuracy is presented along with surface area accuracy tests and an exemplary inspection of a bridge pillar column.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bartosz Wójcik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Żarski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Mechanics and Bridges, Faculty of Civil Engendering, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

Extremely intensive development of technology has resulted in many innovations. There are new methods of acquiring spatial data, such as laser scanning, unmanned aerial vehicles or digital non-metric cameras, which are the subject of this study. Integration of this data has become a new tool that has expanded existing measurement capabilities, finding applications in 3D modelling, archaeology and monument conservation. Owing to scanning, we can get the coordinates of almost every point of the scanned surface, obtaining full and detailed information about the object dimensions. The level of technical advancement of digital cameras allows them to be successfully used in short-range photogrammetry [27], and recently also in low-altitude aerial photogrammetry (unmanned aerial vehicles). Two different test objects were selected to achieve the intended purpose. The monument located on the 14-meter-high top of the Wanda Mound was adopted as the first object. It consists of a simple rectangular plinth made of brown marble. On its top there is a figure of an eagle with a crown of white marble. On the west wall of the plinth there is an inscription “Wanda” and a drawing showing a sword crossed with a distaff. The following features supported the choice of the monument: interesting shape of the object, which includes both simple geometric forms with large and flat surfaces (plinth), and more detailed surfaces (figure of an eagle); detailed texture of the object (complicated marble veins, wing details). The second object under study was The Helena Modrzejewska National Stary Theatre. The building was rebuilt in the style of Viennese Art Nouveau, so that it fully incorporates into the rest of buildings. Measurements included data obtained from a non-metric camera, Leica ScanStation scanner and DJI S 1000 multi-rotor.
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Authors and Affiliations

Izabela Piech
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Adam
2
Paulina Dudas
2

  1. Krakow University of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Graduate of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, Al.Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

Range-gated-imaging system, which can be used to eliminate backscatter in strong scattering environments, is based on two high speed technologies. It uses high power, ultra-short pulse laser as the light source. And it opens the optical gate of an ICCD camera with a micro-channel-plate image intensifier in a very short time while the laser pulses reflected by the object is coming back to the ICCD camera. Using this range-gated-imaging technology, the effect of scattered light can be reduced and a clear image is obtained.

In this paper, the test results of the range-gated-imaging system under dense aerosol environments, which simulates environments in the reactor containment building when the severe accident of the nuclear power plant occurred, are described. To evaluate the observation performance of the range-gated-imaging system under such dense fog environment, we made a test facility. Fog particles are sprayed into the test facility until fog concentration is reached to the postulated concentration level of the severe accident of the nuclear power plant. At such dense fog concentration conditions, we compared and evaluated the observation performances of the range-gated-imaging system and the CCD camera.

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Authors and Affiliations

J.W. Cho
Y.S. Choi
K.M. Jeong
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Abstract

The use of technology in sports has increased in recent years. One of the most influential of these technologies is referee support systems. Team sports such as volleyball require accurate and robust tracking systems that do not affect either the players or the court. This paper introduces the application of intrinsic and extrinsic camera calibration in a 12-camera volleyball referee system. Intrinsic parameters are calculated by using the classic pinhole model and Zhang’s method. To perform extrinsic calibration in real time, the volleyball court is treated as a global calibration artifact. Calibration keypoints are defined as court-line intersections. In addition, a new keypoint detection algorithm is proposed. It enables achievement of an accurate camera pose in regard to the court. With all 12 cameras calibrated in a common coordinate system, a dynamic camera stereo pair creation is possible. Therefore, with known ball 2D image coordinates, the 3D real ball coordinates can be reconstructed and the ball trajectory can be estimated. The performance of the proposed method is tested on a synthetic data set, including 3Ds Max rendering and real data scenarios. The mean camera pose error calculated for data biased with keypoint detection errors is approximately equal to 0.013% of the measurement volume. For the real data experiment with a human hand phantom, it is possible to determine the presence of the human phantom on the basis of the ball reflection attitude.

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Authors and Affiliations

K. Szelag
P. Kurowski
P. Bolewicki
R. Sitnik
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Abstract

The present review is mainly focused on the extended analysis of the results obtained from coupled measurement techniques of a thermal imaging camera and chronoamperometry for imines in undoped and doped states. This coupled technique allows to identify the current-voltage characteristics of thin films based on imine, as well as to assess layer defects in thermal images. Additional analysis of results provides further information regarding sample parameters, such as resistance, conductivity, thermal resistance, and Joule power heat correlated with increasing temperature. As can be concluded from this review, it is possible not only to study material properties at the supramolecular level, but also to tune macroscopic properties of -conjugated systems. A detailed study of the structure-thermoelectrical properties in a series of eight unsymmetrical and symmetrical imines for the field of optoelectronics and photovoltaics has been undertaken. Apart from this molecular engineering, the imines properties were also tuned by supramolecular engineering via protonation with camphorsulfonic acid and by creation of bulk-heterojunction compositions based on poly(4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-4,6-diyl) and/or [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) towards the analysed donor or acceptor ability of imines in the active layer. The use of coupled measurement techniques of a thermal imaging camera and chronoamperometry allows obtaining comprehensive data on thermoelectric properties and defects indicating possible molecule rearrangement within the layer.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof. A. Bogdanowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Agnieszka Iwan
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Military Institute of Engineer Technology, 136 Obornicka St., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract

Solar-blind ultraviolet cameras as part of high-voltage electrical inspections until recently have mostly been used for pure observations. These observations only imply the presence of corona discharges and not the severity thereof. A radiometric algorithm together with a calibration algorithm to perform an optical energy measurement were presented earlier. This is a guide on how to apply the algorithm to determine the total optical measurement from corona discharges, plus additional processing. This guide and additions are used to compare the electrical and optical domains with actual examples. The main objective is to illustrate how to determine the electrical and optical relation for the IEC 60720 high-voltage electrical test configurations using a standard open procedure.
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Authors and Affiliations

Casper J. Coetzer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hermanus C. Myburgh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nicholas West
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jerry Walker
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
  2. Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Wits 2050, South Africa
  3. Walmet Consultancy (Pty) Ltd, Powerville, Vereeniging 1939, South Africa

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