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Abstract

The explosive rise of wireless services necessitates a network connection with high bandwidth, high performance, low mistakes, and adequate channel capacity. Individual mobile users, as well as residential and business clusters are increasingly using the internet and multimedia services, resulting in massive increases in the internet traffic demand. Over the past decade, internet traffic has grown significantly faster than Moore’s law predicted. The current system is facing significant radio frequency spectrum congestion and is unable to successfully transmit growing amounts of (available) data to end users while keeping acceptable delay values in mind. Free space optics is a viable alternative to the current radio frequency technology. This technology has a few advantages, including fast data speeds, unrestricted bandwidth, and excellent security. Since free space optics is invisible to traffic type and data protocol, it may be quickly reliably and profitably integrated into an existing access network. Despite the undeniable benefits of free space optics technology under excellent channel conditions and its wide range of applications, its broad use is hampered by its low link dependability, especially over long distances, caused by atmospheric turbulence-induced decay and weather sensitivity. The best plausible solution is to establish a secondary channel link in the GHz frequency range that works in tandem with the primary free space optics link. A hybrid system that combines free space optics and millimeter wave technologies in this research is presented. The combined system offers a definitive backhaul maintenance, by drastically improving the link range and service availability.
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Bibliography

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  2. Liu, G. & Jiang, D. 5G : Vision and requirements for mobile communication system towards year 2020. Chinese J. Eng. 2016, 1–8 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5974586
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  13. Anandkumar, D. & Sangeetha, R. A survey on performance enhancement in free space optical communication system through channel models and modulation techniques. Opt. Quantum Electron. 53, 5 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02629-6
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Authors and Affiliations

Isanaka Lakshmi Priya
1
ORCID: ORCID
Murugappa Meenakshi
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Electronics and Communication, Anna University, Guindy, Chennai 600025, India
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Abstract

Post-Versailles Europe saw the emergence of new, quasi-state territorial corporations (enjoying a great deal of autonomy, but not sovereignty). These included the Free State of Fiume/Rijeka (1919- 1924), Free City of Danzig/Gdańsk (1920-1939), Free State of Memel/ Klaipeda (which emerged between 1920 and 1923, before being incorporated into Lithuania with partial autonomy still remaining), as well as, slightly later, the autonomous Åland Islands (1922), and the Republic of Hatay (1938-1939). In theory, those international law constructs were supposed to resolve tensions (including those erupting on the grounds of nationality) between neighbours vying for control over strategic territories (and cities). However, they proved to primarily spark new conflicts of varying length. The article constitutes an attempt at comparing the geneses and development of the first three of the abovementioned “free cities”, as well as identifying their role in the newly-formed League of Nations. In addition, the article attempts to determine the degree to which the principle of national self-determination played a role in the establishment of these entities, as well as the methods used to ensure that the national minorities which found themselves within the borders of these “free cities” were protected.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Daniluk
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Abstract

In the article I discuss the modal version of the so‑called ‘consequence argument’ for incompatibilism. I quote and review critical remarks that predominate in the literature, and try to answer them. I show that the main strategy employed with the view to undermining the consequence argument revolves on the meanings of expressions used in it. The premises are allegedly false, the conclusion is not strong enough, and the rules are incorrect. I object to this kind of strategy and claim that the consequence argument should be assessed on its merits and declared as correct. It is a strong reason in favor of the truth of incompatibilism.
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Bibliography

Beebee H. (2013), Free Will. An Introduction, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Beebee H., Mele A. (2002), Humean Compatibilism, „Mind” 111, s. 201–223.
Campbell J.K. (2007), Free Will and the Necessity of the Past, „Analysis” 67, s. 105– 111.
Campbell J.K. (2010), Compatibilism and Fatalism: Reply to Loss, „Analysis” 70, s. 71–76.
Ginet C. (1966), Might We Have No Choice?, w: K. Lehrer (red.), Freedom and Determinism, New York: Random House, s. 87–104.
Grobler A. (2006), Metodologia nauk, Kraków: Aureus – Znak.
Huemer M. (2000), Van Inwagen’s Consequence Argument, „The Philosophical Review” 109, s. 525–544.
Kane R. (2007), Libertarianism, w: J.M. Fischer, R. Kane, D. Pereboom, M. Vargas, Four Views on Free Will, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, s. 5–43.
Lewis D. (1979), Counterfactual Dependence and Time’s Arrow, „Nous” 13, s. 455– 476.
Lewis D. (1981), Are We Free to Break the Laws?, „Theoria” 3, s. 113–121.
McKay T.J., Johnson D. (1996), A Reconsideration of An Argument Against Compatibilism, „Philosophical Topics” 24, s. 113–122.
Speak D. (2012), The Consequence Argument Revisited, w: R. Kane (red.), The Oxford Handbook of Free Will, Oxford Handbooks Online, www.oxfordhandbooks.com.
Van Inwagen P. (1975), The Incompatibility of Free Will and Determinism, „Philosophical Studies” 27, s. 185–199.
Van Inwagen P. (1983), An Essay on Free Will, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Van Inwagen P. (2000), Free Will Remains a Mystery, „Philosophical Perspectives” 14, s. 1–19.
Vihvelin K. (2000), Libertarian Compatibilism, „Philosophical Perspectives” 14, s. 139–166.
Warfield T.A. (2000), Causal Determinism and Human Freedom are Incompatible: A New Argument for Incompatibilism, „Philosophical Perspectives” 14, s. 167–180.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Nowakowski
1

  1. Uniwersytet Marii Curie‑Skłodowskiej w Lublinie, Wydział Filozofii i Socjologii, Pl. M. Curie‑Skłodowskiej 4, 20‑031 Lublin
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Abstract

A comparative analysis of brasses alloys, namely lead-free CuZn (CB771) and lead containing CuZn (CB770), was conducted in this article. The results of the comparative analysis and experimental investigations aimed to provide comprehensive knowledge about the thermophysical properties and solidification characteristics of these alloys. Thermodynamic simulations using Thermo-Calc software and modifications in the chemical composition of the CB771 alloy were employed to approximate its characteristics to those of the lead containing CuZn alloy. Thermal-derivative analysis of the alloys and a technological trial were carried out to determine their solidification characteristics, fluidity, and reproducibility. The casting trials were conducted under identical conditions, and the results were compared for a comprehensive analysis. Additionally, a solidification process simulation was performed using MagmaSoft software to match the thermophysical properties. The aim of this research was to achieve maximum consistency between the simulation results and experimental investigations.
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Bibliography

[1] Zoghipour, N., Tascioglu, E., Celik, F. & Kaynak, Y. (2022) - The influence of edge radius and lead content on machining performance of brass alloys. Procedia CIRP. 112, 274-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2022.09.084 .
[2] Hansen, A. (2019). Bleifreier rotguss als armaturen-undinstallationswerkstoff in der trinkwasserinstallation. METALL Forschung. 73(11), 452-455.
[3] Stavroulakis, P., Toulfatzis, A., Pantazopoulos, G. & Paipetis, A. (2022). Machinable leaded and eco-friendly brass alloys for high performance manufacturing processes: a critical review. Metals. 12(2), 246, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12020246.
[4] Schultheiss, F., Johansson, D., Bushlya, V., Zhou, J., Nilsson, K. & Ståhl, J-E. (2017). Comparative study on the machinability of lead-free brass. Journal of Cleaner Production. 149, 366-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jclepro.2017.02.098.
[5] Johansson, J., Alm, P., M’Saoubi, R., Malmberg, P., Ståhl, J-E. & Bushlya, V. (2022). On the function of lead (Pb) in machining brass alloys. Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 120, 7263-7275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-09205-0.
[6] Acceptance of metallic materials used for products in contact with drinking water, 4MS Common Approach Part B “4MS Common Composition List” Retrieved July, 12, 2022 from http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/topics/water/drinking-water/distributing-drinking-water/guidelines-evaluation-criteria.
[7] Directive (EU) 2020/2184 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2020 on the quality of water intended for human consumption, Dz.U.L 435/1 of 23.12.2020.
[8] Podrzucki, C. (1991). Cast iron. STOP. (in Polish).
[9] Cholewa, M., Suchoń, J., Kondracki, M. & Jura, Z. (2009). Method of thermal derivative gradient analysis (TDGA). Archives of Foundry Engineering. 9(4), 241-245. ISSN (1897-3310).
[10] Bruna, M. & Sladek, A. (2011). Hydrogen analysis and effect of filtration on final quality of castings from aluminium alloy AlSi7Mg0,3. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 11(1), 5-10.
[11] Ignaszak, Z. (2007). Validation problems of virtual prototyping systems used in foundry for technology optimization of ductile iron castings. Advances in Integrated Design and Manufacturing in Mechanical Engineering II, Springer, 57-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6761-7_4.
[12] Fajkiel, A., Dudek, P., Walczak, W. & Zawadzki, P. (2007). Improvement of quality of a gravity die casting made from aluminum bronze be application of numerical simulation. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 7(2), 11-14. ISSN (1897-3310).
[13] Persson, P-E., Ignaszak, Z., Fransson, H., Kropotkin, V., Andersson, R. & Kump, A. (2019). increasing precision and yield in casting production by simulation of the solidification process based on realistic material data evaluated from thermal analysis (Using the ATAS MetStar System). Archives of Foundry Engineering. 19(1), 117-126. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2019.127104.
[14] Ignaszak, Z. & Wojciechowski, J. (2020). Analysis and validation of database in computer aided design of jewellery casting. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(1), 9-16. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.131275.

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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Radzioch
1 2
Dariusz Bartocha
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Kondracki
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Foundry Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 7 Towarowa Str. 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, 2A Akademicka Str. 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to measure circulating TSH, T 4 and fT 4 concentrations in dogs submitted to a clinical visit for general symptoms (weight gain, polyuria and polydipsia, changes in hair coat). Twenty-eight dogs, 14 cross-breed and 14 purebreds (Golden Retriever, Labrador, Doberman), of both sexes (14 males and 14 females), aged 8 to 14 years, were assessed. No significant differences of circulating TSH, T 4, fT 4 concentrations between the baseline and after therapeutic treatment nor between intact and neutered females were observed. Compared to baseline values, intact males showed higher TSH concentrations (p0.01), and castrated males lower TSH concentrations (p0.01) after therapeutic treatment. Compared to intact males, castrated males showed baseline TSH concentrations higher (p0.01), but lower (p0.01) after therapeutic treatment. No significant differences of T 4 and fT 4 concentrations between baseline conditions and after therapeutic treatment, nor between intact and castrated males, were observed. The experimental sample considered in this study falls within that casuistry involving elevated TSH concentrations but low serum T 4 and fT 4 concentrations or close to the minimum physiological cut-off, in which the common clinical signs suggestive of hypothyroidism was, essentially, overweight and neglected appearance of the hair.
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Authors and Affiliations

O. Bucalo
1
K. Satué
2
P. Medica
3
C. Cravana
3
E. Fazio
3

  1. Pomezia Veterinary Hospital, Via dei Castelli romani 54, 00071 Roma, Italy
  2. Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
  3. Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Messina University, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Viale Palatucci 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Abstract

In this study, we have developed Sn-Ag alloy by a simple high energy ball milling technique. We have ball-milled the eutectic mixture of Sn and Ag powders for a period of 45 h. The milled powder for 45 h was characterized for particle size and morphology. Microstructural investigations were carried out by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies. The melting behavior of 45 h milled powder was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The resultant crystallite size of the Sn(Ag) solid solution was found to be 85 nm. The melting point of the powder was 213.6oC after 45 h of milling showing depression of ≈6oC in melting point as compared to the existing Sn-3.5Ag alloys. It was also reported that the wettability of the Sn-3.5Ag powder was significantly improved with an increase in milling time up to 45 h due to the nanocrystalline structure of the milled powder.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ashutosh Sharma
ORCID: ORCID
Byungmin Ahn
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

For long time, Sn-Pb solder alloys have been used extensively as the main interconnection materials in the soldering. It is no doubt that Sn-Pb offers many advantages including good electrical conductivity, mechanical properties as well as low melting temperature. However, Pb is very toxic and Pb usage poses risk to human health and environments. Owing to this, the usage of Pb in the electronic industry was banned and restricted by the legislation. These factors accelerate the efforts in finding suitable replacement for solder alloy and thus lead-free solder was introduced. The major problems associated with lead-free solder is the formation of large and brittle intermetallic compound which have given a rise to the reliability issues. Micro alloying with Sb seems to be advantageous in improving the properties of existing lead-free solder alloy. Thus, this paper reviews the influence of Sb addition to the lead-free solder alloy in terms of microstructure formations and thermal properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nur Syahirah Mohamad Zaimi
1
Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Izrul Izwan Ramli
1

  1. Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CeGeoGTech), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Taman Muhibbah, 02600 Jejawi, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
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Abstract

The characteristics of the free gas jet, during its interaction with an upstream moving shock, were investigated experimentally. The initial strength of the shock remained constant and equal to M, = 1.34 whereas the Mach number of the free gas jet M, varied in a wide range of sub- and transonic values from M, = O up to M, = 1.4. It is shown that in the presence of the moving shock the jet characteristic becomes strongly modified. Outside the jet originates a cluster of pressure waves which moves upstream in jet surrounding. Spatial and frequency characteristics, as well as the number of pressure waves in the cluster, depend on the shock amplitude and the exit velocity of the free gas jet.
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Authors and Affiliations

Witold S. Selerowicz
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Abstract

The article presents tests on a new lead-free bronze CuSn4Zn2PS, intended for fittings for contact with drinking water, in which the addition of lead was replaced with sulphur. The subject of the experimental work was the production of semi-finished products from this alloy based on the charge coming entirely from waste generated after machining. A specialized pilot line was used for the tests, and after cleaning, the waste was melted and then were continuously cast in the form of rods and hollow rods. The cleaning efficiency was assessed, and the manufactured semi-finished products were subjected to tests, including the assessment of the chemical and mechanical homogeneity and the structure of the test batch of the semi-finished casting products in terms of the possibility of manufacturing products meeting the requirements of technical specifications. The obtained results, both in terms of a stable chemical composition, homogeneous and reproducible mechanical properties, fully compliant with the specifications for fittings bronzes (CC499K), as well as the lack of faults of the obtained semi-finished products, despite a very large share of waste material, indicate the possibility of using the tested recycling method for the production of semi-products of sulphur bronze, which is an alloy that is relatively difficult to manufacture.
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Bibliography

[1] Directive (EU) 2020/2184 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2020 on the quality of water intended for human consumption, Dz.U.L 435/1 of 23.12.2020.
[2] Acceptance of metallic materials used for products in contact with drinking water, 4MS Common Approach Part B “4MS Common Composition List” Retrieved July, 12, 2022 from http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/topics/water/drinking-water/distributing-drinking-water/guidelines-evaluation-criteria.
[3] DIN SPEC 2701:2018.
[4] Haake, M., Hansen, A., Leistritz, F. (2019). EP Patent No. EP 3436615. Germany. The German Patent and Trade Mark Office.
[5] PN-EN 1982:2017 Copper and copper alloys - Ingots and castings
[6] Wieland G05, GD1, GS1, SW3 material specification. Retrieved 12, July, 2022 from https://www.wieland.com/en/content/download/.
[7] Marek, W., Kopańska, D., Bieniek, J., Wróbel, D., Stolorz, K., Filipowicz, A., Malec, W., Cwolek, B., Brudny, A., Juszczyk B., Kulasa, J. (2022). PL Patent application No. PL 436188. Poland. The Patent Office of the Republic of Poland.
[8] Cwolek, B., Malec, W., Brudny, A., Kulasa, J., Marek, W., Stolorz, K., Wróbel, D. & Filipowicz, A. (2022). Development of process conditions for the preparation of copper alloys post-production chips for the continuous casting process. Archives of Foundry Engineering. (in publication).
[9] PN-EN 12861:2018-07 Copper and copper alloys – Scrap.
[10] Hansen, A. (2019). Bleifreier rotguss als armaturen-und installationswerkstoff in der trinkwasserinstallation. METALL – Forschung. 73(11), 452-455.

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Authors and Affiliations

W. Malec
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Cwolek
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Brudny
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Juszczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Kulasa
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Hury
1
ORCID: ORCID
W. Marek
2
K. Stolorz
2
D. Wróbel
2
A. Filipowicz
2

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network — Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, Poland
  2. COGNOR S.A. Oddział OM Szopienice w Katowicach, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of research on the DiSTFA method (Displacements and Strains using Transformation and Free Adjustment) for the determination of displacement and strains of a surface determined in unstable reference systems. Additionally, covariance matrices were introduced to assess the accuracy of estimation results. The theoretical discussion includes an example of its application in a simulated, three-dimensional geodetic network. The obtained results encourage further, more detailed analysis of real geodetic networks.
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Authors and Affiliations

Waldemar Kamiński
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

In model predictive control (MPC), methods of linear offset free MPC are well established such as the disturbance model, the observer method and the state disturbance observer method. However, the observer gain in those methods is difficult to define. Based on the drawbacks observed in those methods, a novel algorithm is proposed to guarantee offset-free MPC under model-plant mismatches and disturbances by combining the two proposed methods which are the proposed Recursive Kalman estimated state method and the proposed Disturbance-Kalman state method. A comparison is made from existing methods to assess the ability of providing offset-free MPC onWood-Berry distillation column. Results shows that the proposed offset free MPC algorithm has better disturbance rejection performance than the existing algorithms.
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Authors and Affiliations

Truong Thanh Tuan
1
Haslinda Zabiri
2
Mohammad Ibrahim Abdul Mutalib
2
Dai-Viet N. No
3

  1. Petrovietnam University, 762 Cach Mang Thang Tam Street, Long Toan Ward, Ba Ria City 78109, Ba Ria Vung Tau Province, Vietnam
  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610 Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia
  3. Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City755414, Viet Nam
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Abstract

This paper investigates left-dislocated free relatives in Old English. On the theoretical level, it contributes to the ongoing discussion on the syntax of free relatives. It confirms a sharp distinction between wh- free relatives and demonstrative free relatives. The former type favours the Comp analysis, whereas the latter class is amenable to both the Comp and Head analyses. On the empirical level, it provides evidence that the Comp analysis with wh- pronouns is selected mainly on the basis of pied piping/stranding facts, while case marking regulates the choice of an appropriate analysis with demonstrative free relatives with þe. This corpus-based study also offers some quantitative information on the frequent patterns and cases commonly found in them.
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Authors and Affiliations

Artur Bartnik
1

  1. John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
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Abstract

The last decade has witnessed the development of a growing phenomenon, the expulsion of European Union (EU) citizens from a host Member State. While the EU encourages its citizens to use their fun-damental right of freedom of movement, citizens moving to other Member States continue to encounter legal obstacles, in some cases leading to expulsion. Recently, there has even been strong political pressure in some Member States to reconsider the benefits of the principle of free movement, which has been built progressively since the foundation of the European Community. This restrictive ap-proach has arisen against the background of the global economic crisis, which occurred just after the enlargement of the EU to economically poorer countries of Central and Eastern Europe, leading to more nationalistic and protectionist measures, which have legal consequences for EU citizens on the move. This article analyses the legal grounds for expulsion under EU law and the safeguards that pro-tect EU citizens residing in host Member States. Examples of expulsions from Member States in recent years are noted, and possible ways of overcoming current issues are proposed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Solange Maslowski
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Abstract

This contribution examines the legal powers that Dutch authorities have to restrict the right to free move-ment of mobile but ‘unwanted’ EU citizens, including measures that seek to expel and ban EU citizens from re-entering the Netherlands. The article defines ‘unwanted’ EU citizens as mobile EU citizens in re-spect of whom national authorities seek to take measures to restrict their right of residence, either on the grounds of their being an unreasonable burden on the Dutch social assistance system or in respect of public policy and public security. We analyse the relevant EU legal rules, their interpretation by the Court of Justice of the EU and their national implementation and application in order to show the legal con-straints faced by national authorities when seeking to restrict EU mobility. This legal study is supple-mented by a discussion of existing data on the number of EU citizens expelled or removed from the Netherlands. Our analysis suggests that, due to the legal protection enjoyed by mobile EU citizens against measures restricting their residence rights, the Dutch authorities encourage voluntary departure as a pragmatic solution to the presence of ‘unwanted’ EU citizens.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sandra Mantu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paul Minderhoud
1
ORCID: ORCID
Carolus Grütters
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Centre for Migration Law, Radboud University, the Netherlands
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Abstract

The article deals with the linguocultural potential of associative fields of stimuli divchyna, divchynka, divcha, divulya, divaha, that are important ethnocultural signs for Ukrainians. As a result of the free‑association experiment, it has been established that the reactions obtained can be distributed to three groups: universal (available in each stimulus), frequency reaction (occur as answers to three or more stimuli) and unique (are relevant for one or two stimuli). It was discovered that among the universal and frequency reactions there predominates the stereotypical characteristics of the object that reflect the positive, idealized qualities of a young woman and that these are basic components of the Ukrainian language picture of the world. It has been found that unique reactions arise as a result of the actualization of the nucleus of the objective‑conceptual semantics of the word, behind which stands a denotation, and that this may also be the result of stylistic stimulus colour. The linguistic‑cultural analysis of reactions confirmed the statement on the multidimensionality of human memory, which certifies the existence of words‑stimuli simultaneously in three planes – verbal, subject, and actional. The study has demonstrated that the word in this man‑centric dimension has a marked information potential, and constitutes a sign of folk culture, which retains its own linguistic, linguocultural, and encyclopaedic information.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sofiya Butko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Oksana Hurova
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University
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Abstract

All plants contain varying levels of phenolic acids (metabolites) thus playing an important role in resistance mechanisms as constituents of cell walls, as constitutive antimicrobial compounds of plants or induced in response to infection against many diseases, in particular fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium species. To this end, the objective of this research was to study the variation in phenolic acid composition during the kinetics of filling wheat grains, in order to determine the best variety resistant to fusarium head blight. For this purpose, free and bound phenolic analyses were carried out by HPLC-DAD on five durum wheat varieties at the stage 5 to 8 days after the flowering stage (early grains). We showed that at the level of the samples analyzed, several phenolic acids were present at different concentrations, but others were absent [ cis-ferulic acid (free phenolic acid), and sinapic acid (bound phenolic acid)]. The results also showed that the content of bound phenolic acids was much higher than that of free phenolic acids in all varieties. In addition, these phenolic acids existed in free soluble form or were mostly present in insoluble form bound to cell walls. For free acids, the results showed that significant amounts of transferulic acid were detected in comparison to all free phenolic acids (56.72 μg · g –1 DM for G10). For bound acids, ferulic acid is the main bound phenolic acid which has much higher levels (4913.92 μg · g –1 DM for G1), followed by p-coumaric acid (3098.99 μg · g–1 DM for G1). Moreover, the sum of monomers (bound acids) was much higher than that of dehydrodiferulic acids (DiFA).
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Authors and Affiliations

Salah Hadjout
1 2
Mohamed Zouidi
1
Saïfi Merdas
1

  1. Centre de Recherche en Aménagement du Territoire, CRAT, Campus Universitaire Zouaghi Slimane, Constantine, Algérie
  2. Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, ENSA, El-Harrach, Alger, Algérie
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Abstract

Two highly sensitive optical sensor topologies are proposed and simulated in this paper. The proposed structures are optimized to provide better performance characteristics such as sensitivity, detection limit, and quality factor. They are based on two-dimensional photonic crystals consisting of rectangular arrays of GaAs rods in SiO2 substrates. Such lattices have bandgaps for transverse magnetic modes. Two-dimensional finite difference time domain and plane wave expansion methods are used for the simulation and analysis of the refractive index sensors and particle swarm optimization method is used to optimize the structural parameters. The designed structures show a high sensitivity to refractive index variations. They are able to detect refractive indices from 1.33 to 1.5. An excellent figure of merit equal to 737 RIU−1 is observed for the proposed structure and a significant improvement is observed compared to the structures reported in the literature.

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Authors and Affiliations

F. Rahman-Zadeh
M. Danaie
H. Kaatuzian
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Abstract

The concept of the existence of the absolute being can be characterized by four criteria which correspond to four existential aspects of the ultimate reality. In volume one of the Controversy over the Existence of the World Roman Ingarden argues that the absolute being is to be characterized as self-sustained, primary, self‑activated and independent. When some general remarks are put aside, the article focuses on arguments that have been adduced by the author in support of three claims. (1) Ingarden accepts the existence of the absolute being and flanks it by additional seven kinds of relative beings. The author finds the abundance supernumerary in the material world. (2) No material (or physical) object possesses properties (or existential moments) that belong to the absolute being. (3) There are fundamental reasons which exclude the possibility that the physical world (the manifold of all material objects) can be identified with the absolute being (absolute existence).
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Łagosz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Instytut Filozofii, ul. Koszarowa 3, 51-149 Wrocław
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Abstract

The article presents Peter F. Strawson’s remarks on the free will debate, which he has presented in the essay ‘Freedom and Resentment’. Strawson avoids taking a stance on the question whether the thesis of determinism is correct. Instead he shows the essential difficulties and far reaching consequences of acknowledging this thesis. He recognizes the inseparable connection between freedom and responsibility in the philosophy after Kant. He consequently questions whether we really understand what it would mean to claim that determinism is true. He focuses on what he calls ‘reactiv attitudes’ triggered by the way in which other people behave toward us. Their behavior evokes emotional reaction in us – gratitude, respect, curiosity, but also distrust, resentment, disappointment. Those emotional responses are not purely subjective and they underlie moral judgments and complicated interpersonal relations. We suspend our reactive attitudes towards animals, very small children or people that we think are mentally ill. Instead we adopt objective (psychiatric, scientific) attitudes towards them. But to acknowledge the thesis of determinism implicates that we should treat all people this way. The paper is not so much concerned with an analysis of advantages and weak points of Strawson’s version of compatibilism, but focuses instead on the originality of his contribution to the debate on free will and on his brilliant treatment of reactive attitudes.

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Authors and Affiliations

Karolina Rychter
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of research aimed at developing assumptions for the preparation of a charge in the form of fine scrap copper alloys (chips/shells) guaranteeing effective removal of impurities and obtaining a metal bath of the required metallurgical quality. The tests were conducted for tin-zinc-lead bronze of the CC499K grade. As part of the work, the characteristics of this type of waste available on the market were made in terms of quality and the possibility of their use for the production of both alloys and finished products, taking into account the elimination of harmful impurities that may ultimately affect the production process adversely.
The subject of the work was the selection of appropriate waste cleaning methods in the form of an oily shell in the CC499K (CuZn5Sn5Pb2) grade and its drying in terms of increasing the use of impure waste from machining as scrap for direct melting. The waste was assessed in relation to individual parametres. The research was carried out on 3 groups of waste, with varying degrees of moisture.
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Authors and Affiliations

W. Malec
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Cwolek
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Brudny
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Kulasa
1
ORCID: ORCID
W. Marek
2
K. Stolorz
2
D. Wróbel
2
A. Filipowicz
2

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, Poland
  2. COGNOR S.A. Oddział OM Szopienice w Katowicach, Poland
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Abstract

In this work the conical Ni structures were obtained from an electrolyte containing NH4Cl as a crystal modifier. This process is called one-step method and allows to cover large areas with micro- and nanostructures during a single electrodeposition. Presence of NH4Cl promotes a vertical direction of structure growth in order to block a horizontal one. Additionally, this method does not require using chromic acid solution, which is dangerous for the environment. Due to the ferromagnetic properties of Ni, obtained coatings could be applied as magnetic devices. The influence of the parameters such as a preparation of copper substrate, a composition of electrolyte and electrodeposition conditions (time, the electrolyte temperature and current density) was investigated in this work.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Skibińska
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Semeniuk
1
D. Kutyła
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Kołczyk-Siedlecka
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Jędraczka
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Żabiński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of investigations concerning the influence of gray cast iron modification on free vibration frequency of the disc casting. Three different chemical composition melts of gray cast iron were prepared in induction furnace. During gravity casting 0.05% and 0.3% mass of the Inolate modifier was added on stream of metal for changing graphite flakes in castings. Sound signal vibration of cast iron sample was registered by means on microphone for free vibration frequency measurements. Decreasing of free vibration frequency of modified cast iron in comparison with non modified castings was observed. Higher contents of modifier causes more decreasing of free vibration frequency. Cast iron with smaller contents of carbon and silicon have higher free vibration frequency in comparison with eutectic composition cast iron. Hardness of examined cast iron is lower when the more modifier is added during modification process. Free frequency is smaller with smaller Brinell hardness of disc casting. It was concluded that control of free vibration frequency of disc castings by means of chemical composition and modification process can improved comfort and safety of working parts.

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Authors and Affiliations

Z. Konopka
Małgorzata Łągiewka
ORCID: ORCID
A. Zyska
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Abstract

The article reviews the results of experimental tests assessing the impact of process parameters of additive manufacturing technologies on the geometric structure of free-form surfaces. The tests covered surfaces manufactured with the Selective Laser Melting additive technology, using titanium-powder-based material (Ti6Al4V) and Selective Laser Sintering from polyamide PA2200. The evaluation of the resulting surfaces was conducted employing modern multiscale analysis, i.e., wavelet transformation. Comparative studies using selected forms of the mother wavelet enabled determining the character of irregularities, size of morphological features and the indications of manufacturing process errors. The tests provide guidelines and allow to better understand the potential in manufacturing elements with complex, irregular shapes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Damian Gogolewski
1

  1. Kielce University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Metrology, al. Tysiaclecia Panstwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Abstract

In this paper, study the preparation of Y-Fe alloy by reduction-diffusion process, which is novel technique for producing an alloy from its ores directly at different temperatures. From this work, investigates the particles size and morphology structure of alloy by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive-X-ray analyzer (EDAX) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) respectively. Here study the thermodynamics of property of system such as Gibbs free energy and reaction kinetics of system respectively. The Vibrating Sample magnetometer (VSM) is used to study the magnetic properties of alloy such as cocerviety, saturation magnetization and retentivity.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marimuthu Ilayaraja
L. John Berchmans
Sankara Raman Sankaranarayan

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