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Abstract

An analysis of the effect of feed foaming on the efficiency of sunflower oil encapsulation on selected product properties is presented in the paper. Experiments were carried out in a pilot-plant concurrent spray dryer using the gas-admixing technique. The analysis of the product properties showed that the application of foaming makes it possible to control final product properties, e.g. apparent density, bulk density, distribution of particle diameters, etc. at a high efficiency of sunflower oil encapsulation.

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Authors and Affiliations

Artur Lewandowski
Marcin Czyżewski
Ireneusz Zbiciński
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Abstract

The results of experimental investigations into foaming process of poly(ε-caprolactone) using supercritical CO2 are presented. The objective of the study was to explore the aspects of fabrication of biodegradable and biocompatible scaffolds that can be applied as a temporary three-dimensional extracellular matrix analog for cells to grow into a new tissue. The influence of foaming process parameters, which have been proven previously to affect significantly scaffold bioactivity, such as pressure (8-18 MPa), temperature (323-373 K) and time of saturation (1-6 h) on microstructure and mechanical properties of produced polymer porous structures is presented. The morphology and mechanical properties of considered materials were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), x-ray microtomography (μ-CT) and a static compression test. A precise control over porosity and morphology of obtained polymer porous structures by adjusting the foaming process parameters has been proved. The obtained poly(ε-caprolactone) solid foams prepared using scCO2 have demonstrated sufficient mechanical strength to be applied as scaffolds in tissue engineering.

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Kosowska
Marek Henczka
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Abstract

The article describes the design of a proven technology for the production of metal foam and porous metal by the foundry. Porous metal formed by infiltrating liquid metal into a mould cavity appears to be the fastest and most economical method. However, even here we cannot do without the right production parameters. Based on the research, the production process was optimised and subsequently a functional sample of metal foam with an irregular internal structure - a filter - was produced. The copper alloy filter was cast into a gypsum mould using an evaporable model.
Furthermore, a functional sample of porous metal with a regular internal structure was produced - a heat exchanger. The aluminium alloy heat exchanger was cast into a green sand mould using preforms. Also, a porous metal casting with a regular internal structure was formed for use as an element in deformation zones. This aluminium alloy casting was made by the Lost Foam method. The aim is therefore to ensure the production of healthy castings, which would find use in the field of filtration of liquid metal or flue gases, in vehicles in the field of shock energy absorption and also in energy as a heat exchanger.
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Bibliography

[1] Lefebvre, L.P., Banhart, J. & Dunand, D. (2008). Porous metals and metallic foams: current status and recent developments. Advanced Engineering Materials. 10(9), 775-787.
[2] Banhart, J. (2001). Manufacture, characterisation and application of cellular metals and metal foams. Progress in Materials Science. 46(6), 559-632.
[3] Banhart, J. (2007). Metal Foams - from Fundamental Research to Applications [online], URL: < https://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/media/media/spezial/people/banhart/html/B-Conferences/b097_banhart2007.pdf>.
[4] Gaillard, Y., Dairon, J., & Fleuriot, M. (2011). Porous materials: innovations with many uses. Slévárenství. 11-12, roč. LIX, 374-378. (in Czech).
[5] Banhart, J. (2005). Aluminium foams for lighter vehicles. International Journal of Vehicle Design. 37, Nos. 2/3, 114-125. [online]. URL: < http://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/media/media/spezial/people/banhart/html/A-Journals/open/article/a082_banhart2005.pdf>.
[6] García-Moreno, F. Commercial Applications of Metal Foams: Their Properties and Production. [online]. URL: < http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/9/2/85/html>.
[7] Banhart, J. Metallic Foams II: properties and application [online]. URL: < http://materialsknowledge.org/docs/ Banhart-talk2.pdf>.
[8] Landolsi, M.W. (2016). Metal foam - an innovative material. [online]. URL: < https://conceptec.net/actualites/innovations/ 111-mousse-metallique-un-materiau-innovant>. (in Czech).
[9] Lulusoso. Composite cladding panel manufacturers [online]. URL: < http://www.lulusoso.com/products/ Composite-Cladding-Panel-Manufacturers.html>.
[10] Erg Materials and Aerospace; Duocel® Foam Cells. [online]. URL: < http://www.ergaerospace.com/products/ fuel-cells.html>.
[11] Kroupová, I., Lichý, P., Ličev, L., Hendrych, J. & Souček, K. (2018). Evaluation of properties of cast metal foams with irregular inner structure. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 63(4), 1845-1849. ISSN 1733-3490.
[12] Kroupova, I., Bednarova, V., Elbel, T. & Radkovsky, F. (2014). Proposal of method of removal of mould material from the fine structure of metallic foams used as filters. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 59(2), 727-730. ISSN 1733-3490.
[13] Yamada. Y., Shimojima, K., Sakaguchi, Y., Mabuchi, M., Nakamura, M., Asahina, T., Mukai, T., Kanahashi, H. & Higashi, K. (2000). Effects of heat treatment on compressive properties of AZ91 Mg and SG91A Al foams with open-cell structure. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 280(1), 225-228. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00671-1.
[14] Gawdzinska, K., Chybowski, L. & Przetakiewicz, W. (2017). Study of thermal properties of cast metal-ceramic composite foams. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 17(4), 47-50. ISSN 1897-3310.
[15] Haack, P.D., Butcher, R.P., Kim, T. & Lu, J.T. (2001). Novel lightweight metal foam heat exchangers. porvair fuel cell technology, Inc., Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge. January, [online]. URL: < https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267721239_Novel_Lightweight_Metal_Foam_Heat_Exchangers>.
[16] Radkovský, F., Merta, V. (2020). Use of numerical simulation in production of porous metal casting. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 54(2), 259-261. ISSN 1580-2949. DOI: 10.17222/mit.2019.145.
[17] Radkovský, F., Gebauer, M., Kroupová, I., Lichý, P. (2017). Metal foam as a heat exchanger. In METAL 2017, Conference proceedings, 26th Anniversary International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, Tanger Ltd., Ostrava, 24. - 26. 5. 2017, Hotel Voroněž I, Brno.
[18] Lu, T.J., Stone, H.A. & Ashby, M.F. (1998). Heat transfer in open-cell metal foams. Acta Materialia. 46(10, 12) June, 3619-3635. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(98) 00031-7
[19] Boomsma, K., Poulikakos, D. & Zwick, F. (2003). Metal foams as compact high performance heat exchangers. Mechanics of Materials, 35(12), 1161-1176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2003.02.001.
[20] Hutter, C., Büchi, D., Zuber, V. & Rohr, R. (2011). Heat transfer in metal foams and designed porous media. Chemical Engineering Science. 66(17), 1 September 2011, 3806-3814. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2011.05.005
[21] Lichý, P., Elbel, T., Kroupová, I. & Radkovský, F. (2017). Preparation and evaluation of properties of cast metallic foams with regular inner structure. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 62(3), 1643-1646. ISSN 1733-3490. DOI: 10.1515/amm-2017-0251.
[22] Romanek, T. (2017). Manufacturing and Properties of Cast Metallic Foams with Regular Structure, Ostrava, Diploma thesis, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, [online]. URL: http://www.ergaerospace.com/products/fuel-cells.htm>.
[23] Radkovský, F., Gebauer, M. & Merta, V. (2018). Optimizing of metal foam design for the use as a heat exchanger. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 63(4), 1875-1881. ISSN 1733-3490.

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Authors and Affiliations

F. Radkovský
1
ORCID: ORCID
V. Merta
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Obzina
1

  1. VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Abstract

For the decreasing of too high air volume in SCC, application of anti-foaming admixture (AFA) is proposed. In effect, AFA is increasing mix flow diameter and decreasing the flow time. Moreover, the workability loss is lower. In case of mix incorporating AFA, their high fluidity do not generate segregation of the mix, which is possible in case of SCC incorporating only SP. The effect of AFA application on the compressive strength depends on the proportions between SP and AFA. AFA has not a negative influence on the freeze-proof properties of the tested concrete. The advisable influence of AFA on porosity characteristic of SCC is proved by research results according to EN 480-11 code.

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Authors and Affiliations

B. Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk
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Abstract

In this work, the influence of plastic injection molding conditions, mainly plasticizing conditions: plasticizing pressure (back pressure) and decompression (suck-back) after dosing on weight, thickness, mechanical properties and structure of HDPE parts obtained by injection molding with the addition of chemical blowing agent was done. In order to enable the manufacturing of correctly made molded parts under given plasticizing conditions, other parameters (hold time and hold pressure, injection velocity and injection time) were also changed. It was found that making correct molded parts using decompression requires increased hold pressure and hold time. The share of the porous structure in the parts is inversely proportional to the decompression as well as the hold pressure and hold time, while the plasticizing pressure has little effect on thickness, mass, tensile strength and elongation at maximum force, however, it affects the structure of the molded parts to some extent.
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Authors and Affiliations

P. Palutkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Postawa
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Wawrzyniak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Technology and Automation, 21 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

The paper concerns the utilization of hydrated lime and zeolites as additives in warm mix asphalt produced with foamed bitumen. The mentioned additives were added to the mixtures in exchange for specific quantities of mineral filler, which amounted to 0.4% and 1.2% of hydrated lime or 0.4% of water-modified and 1.0% of air-dry zeolites in mineral mix. The study investigated warm-produced mixtures with 4.5% and 4.8% binder content and production and compaction temperatures set at 120⁰C and 100⁰C respectively. Additionally, reference hot and warm mixtures were evaluated. The testing included: air void content, indirect tensile strength in dry state and after one freeze-thaw cycle as well as the resulting resistance to moisture and frost damage index. The mixtures incorporating hydrated lime and lower bitumen content of 4.5% exhibited increased air voids and mostly unchanged mechanical performance when compared to the reference warm mix. Increased bitumen content has resulted in significantly improved performance in moisture resistance and compactability which could be compared to that of the reference hot-produced mixture. On the other hand, the incorporation of zeolites in the foamed bitumen mixtures resulted in all cases in increased air void content in the samples. This has apparently led to decreased indirect tensile strength, in both the dry state and after the freeze-thaw cycle. Based on the results it was concluded that the production temperature of the zeolite-bearing mixtures was too low for the zeolite water to significantly improve the mix’ workability and therefore positively affect its mechanical parameters.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Chomicz-Kowalska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Maciejewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Marek Iwański
1
ORCID: ORCID
Karolina Janus
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Abstract

The results of a study on axial dispersion in commercially available open cell metal (Nickelchromium) and ceramic (Vukopor A) foams with different pore density are presented. Residence time distributions were determined using tracer pulse experiments applying the convolution method to post process the recorded tracer concentration signals. The influence of liquid viscosity (water and 45 wt.% glycerol solution) and bed length (from 0.1 to 0.9 m) on axial dispersion was tested. It was found that fluid velocity, viscosity and foam morphology affected axial dispersion. Moreover, the axial dispersion coefficient for solid foams is lower than that of packed beds.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Gancarczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Rotkegel
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bałtycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

The use of foam fractionation followed by aqueous two-phase extraction has emerged as a potential alternative to traditional liquid chromatography, hitherto irreplaceable in the purification of phycobiliproteins. The crude extracts of C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin were obtained after Thermosynechococcus PCC 6715 biomass disintegration. The FF process with air flow of 2.4 L·h -1 resulted in purification factors up to 1.47 and partitioning coefficients of about 39, and did not require the addition of surfactants. A temperature of 35˚C allowed for the highest partitioning coefficient of 67.6 and yield of 76%; however, the purity of C-PC in condensate at this temperature was lower than at 25˚C. ATPE was tested in 20 different systems consisting of polyethylene glycol and phosphate or citrate salts, of which PEG1500-citrate gave the highest purification factor value of 2.31. Conversely, a partitioning coefficient of 2416 and 1094 were obtained for the PEG1500-phosphate and PEG3000-phosphate systems, respectively. Interestingly, the use of FF condensate in subsequent ATPE step resulted, for the first time, in the separation of the polymer phase into two fractions, one contained C-phycocyanin and the other allophycocyanin. It can be concluded that the use of a two-step system of FF and ATPE is a viable way to separate phycobiliproteins.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Antecka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Szeląg
1
Stanisław Ledakowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Wolczanska 213, 93-005 Lodz, Poland
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Abstract

In many wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) inconveniences resulting from foam formation on the surface of activated sludge wastewater treatment devices appear. Foaming phenomenon is related to the characteristics of raw sewage and applied technological parameters of activated sludge process which promote the development of specific foam-forming filamentous microorganisms. In bulking activated sludges there are about 30 species of filamentous microorganisms and in the foam not more than about 1 O species. Basic method of identification of filamentous microorganisms present in foam are microscopic investigations which can be performed both in vivo by direct observation of no stained, so called living smears, with contrast - phase device and in stained smears alter different stain methods in direct light or dark field.
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Authors and Affiliations

Liliana Kalisz
Marcin Każrnierczuk
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Abstract

Geometry of plate heat exchangers (PHE) is characterized by a complex net of narrow channels. It enhances turbulence and results in better heat transfer performance. Theoretically, larger number of channels (plates) should proportionally increase the PHE heat power capacity. In practice a nonuniform massflow distribution in consecutive flow channels can significantly deteriorate the overall heat exchange performance. The flow maldistribution is one of the most commonly reported exploitation problems and is present in PHE with and without phase-change flows. The presented paper investigates numerically a flow pattern in PHE with evaporation of R410A refrigerant. Various sizes of PHE are considered. The paper introduces a robust methodology to transform the complicated geometry of a real 3D PHE to its 2D representation. It results in orders of magnitude faster calculations and allows for fast evaluation of different geometrical changes of PHE and their effect on flow maldistribution.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Pluszka
Arkadiusz Patryk Brenk
Ziemowit Miłosz Malecha
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Abstract

Hydrodynamic disintegration of the activated sludge and foam results in organic matter transfer from the solid phase to the liquid phase. Hydrodynamic disintegration caused an increase of COD value in activated sludge and foam of 220 mgdm3 and 609 mgdm3 - respectively, besides the degree of disintegration increases to 38% and 47%- respectively- alter 30 minutes of disintegration. Hydrodynamic cavitation affects positively the degree of disintegration and rate of biogas production. Also addition of a part of digested sludge containing adapted microorganisms resulted in acceleration of the anaerobic process. Addition of disintegrated foam (20% and 40% of volume) to the fermentation processes resulted in an improvement in biogas production by about 173% and 195% respectively - in comparison to activated sludge without disintegration (raw sludge) and 142% and 161 % respectively - in comparison to activated sludge with a part of digested sludge (80% raw sludge + 20% digested sludge).
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Authors and Affiliations

Alicja Machnicka
Klaudiusz Grubel
Jan Suschka
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Abstract

Most often sewage treatment and sludge disposal are handled as two separate technological parts of treatment plants. Attempts are made to change the practice. Keeping the standards of treated sewage is the primary objective, and sewage sludge is a by-product which has to he get rid of. The environmental consequences of various procedures of sludge disposal are rarely considered. On the other hand, incorporation of sludge handling procedures in the processes of sewage treatment can result in cost savings and be environmentally friendly. In the presented paper, suggestions arc given on possibilities of closer integration of sewage and sludge treatment, based on experiments. Research aimed at sewage sludge quantity minimization and quality upgrading, recovery of phosphorous and efficient nitrogen removal. Appearing occasionally scum floating over biological sewage treatment units was shown to be considered as an integrated part or sewage treatment and sludge handling at EBNRP's.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Suschka
Eligiusz Kowalski
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Abstract

The study discusses an experimental method for treatment of high strength domestic sewage on biofilters filled with polyurethane (PUR) waste in the form of trims of upholstery foam. We determined effectiveness of two biological preparations containing effective microorganisms in elimination of organic and biogenic compounds, indicator bacteria and total suspended solids from the sewage pretreated in a septic tank. After four months of work under a hydraulic loading of 76.4 mm∙d -1 we found the filter with 60 cm foam layer to be the most efficient in the elimination of BOD 5, COD Cr, NH 4 +-N and coliform bacteria. An average reduction in these pollutants reached 79.4%, 67.8%, 58.0% and 88.0%, respectively. Vertical filters filled with trims of upholstery foam and supplied with effective microorganisms ensured favorable conditions for development of heterotrophic and nitrifying bacteria without any need for additional aeration.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Chmielowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jan Pawełek
1
Ewa Dacewicz
1

  1. University of Agriculture in Kraków, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying
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Abstract

The electrostatic impulse method is an established method for producing microbeads or capsules. Such particles have found application in biomedical engineering and biotechnology. The geometric properties of the droplets – constituting precursors of microbeads and capsules – can be precisely controlled by adjusting the geometry of the nozzle system, the physical properties and the flow rate of the fluids involved, as well as the parameters of the electrostatic impulse. In this work, a method of mathematical modeling of the droplet generation process using the electrostatic impulse method in a single nozzle system is presented. The developed mathematical model is an extension of the standard Volume of Fluid (VOF) model by addition of the effect of the electric field on the fluid flow. The model was implemented into the OpenFOAM toolkit for computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The performed CFD simulation results showed good agreement with experimental data. As a result, the influence of all process parameters on the droplet generation process was studied. The most significant change in droplet generation was caused by changing the electrostatic impulse strength. The presented modeling method can be used for optimization of process design and for studying the mechanisms of droplet generation. It can be extended to describe multi nozzle systems used for one-step microcapsule production.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Cendrowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Kramek-Romanowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dorota Lewińska
2
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Grzeczkowicz
2
ORCID: ORCID
Paulina Korycka
3
ORCID: ORCID
Jan Krzysztoforski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, ul. Ludwika Warynskiego 1, Warsaw, Poland
  2. Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Ks. Trojdena 4, Warsaw, Poland
  3. Foundation of Research and Science Development, Rydygiera 8, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Biocomposite foam scaffolds of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with different porogenes were produced with batch foaming technique using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a blowing agent. In performed experiments composites were prepared from graphene-oxide (nGO), nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) and nano-cellulose (nC), with various concentrations. The objective of the study was to explore the effects of porogen concentration and foaming process parameters on the morphology and mechanical properties of three-dimensional porous structures that can be used as temporary scaffolds in tissue engineering. The structures were manufactured using scCO2 as a blowing agent, at two various foaming pressures (9 MPa and 18 MPa), at three different temperatures (323 K, 343 K and 373 K) for different saturation times (0.5 h, 1 h and 4 h). In order to examine the utility of porogenes, a number of tests, such as static compression tests, thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy, have been performed. Analysis of experimental results showed that the investigated materials demonstrated high mechanical strength and a wide range of pore sizes. The obtained results suggest that PCL porous structures are useful as biodegradable and biocompatible scaffolds for tissue engineering.

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Sawicka
Katarzyna Kosowska
Marek Henczka
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Abstract

Disposable foundry models constitute an increasingly important role in a unitary large-size foundry. These models have many benefits, but technologies using such materials require an understanding of degradation kinetics at the time of filling. The studies presented in the article determine the size of the polystyrene combustion products used for disposable foundry models. The results were obtained by carrying out the combustion process of the polystyrene model in a special combustion chamber, in different configurations. The pressures generated during thermal degradation vary depending on process parameters such as model density or the use of an additional adhesive binder. The results of laboratory tests may suggest what values of pressure are generated when filling in full-mold and lost foam technologies. The studies provide a prelude to further analysis of materials used for disposable foundry models and quantitative evaluation of their thermal degradation products for computer simulation.
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Bibliography

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[6] Żmudzińska, M., Faber, J., Perszewska, K., Żółkiewicz, Z., Maniowski, Z. (2011). Studying the emission of products formed during evaporation of polystyrene patterns in the lost foam process in terms of the work environment. The Transactions of the Foundry Research Institute. 50(1), 23-33.
[7] Żółkiewicz, Z., Baliński, A., Żółkiewicz M. (2017). Characteristics of the thermal process of polystyrene model gasification. The Transactions of the Foundry Research Institute. 17(3), 201 - 210.
[8] Mocek, J. & Chojecki, A. (2014). Gas atmosphere formed in casting by full mold process. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 59(3), 1045-1049.
[9] Żółkiewicz, Z. & Żółkiewicz, M. (2010). Characteristic properties of materials for evaporative patterns. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 10(spec. 3), 289-292.
[10] Pielichowski, J., Sobczak, J.J., Żółkiewicz, Z., Hebda, E., Karwiński, A. (2011). The thermal analysis of polystyrene foundry model. The Transactions of the Foundry Research Institute. 11(1), 15-21.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Jureczko
1 2
Dariusz Bartocha
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Foundry Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 7 Towarowa Str. 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, 2A Akademicka Str. 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents the application of the casting method for the production of porous composites, called syntactic foams, of the casting alloy - solid particles type. This method was used to produce composites based on Al alloys reinforced with particles of clinoptilolite, a natural mineral from the zeolite group. Before the casting process, tests were carried out on the morphology, physicochemical properties and chemical composition of the zeolite, which was obtained from a rock called zeolite tuff, mined in a quarry in Kucin, (VSK PRO-ZEO s.r.o., Slovakia). Observations of the microstructure of the produced composites were also carried out using a scanning electron microscope. Diffractometric tests of zeolite rock as delivered for research and of the produced samples reinforced with zeolite particles were also carried out. Initial studies of the density and porosity of the produced composites were performed. The usefulness of the presented method of composite production was assessed on the basis of the conducted structural tests, with particular emphasis on the particle distribution in the alloy matrix.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

J.M. Borowiecka-Jamrozek
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Kargul
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. The Kielce University of Technology, Poland
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Abstract

The process of investment casting of AZ91 magnesium alloy open-cell porosity foams was analysed. A basic investment casting technique was modified to enable the manufacturing of magnesium foams of chosen porosities in a safe and effective way. Various casting parameters (mould temperature, metal pouring temperature, pressure during metal pouring and solidifying) were calculated and analysed to assure complete mould filling and to minimize surface reactions with mould material. The foams manufactured with this method have been tested for their mechanical strength and collapsing behaviour. The AZ91 foams acquired in this research turned out to have very high open porosity level (>80%) and performed with Young’s modulus of ~30 MPa on average. Their collapsing mechanism has turned out to be mostly brittle. Magnesium alloy foams of such morphology may find their application in fields requiring lightweight materials of high strength to density ratio or of high energy absorption properties, as well as in biomedical implants due to magnesium’s high biocompatibility and its mechanical properties similar to bone tissue.
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Bibliography

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[15] Wong, P., Song, S., Tsai, P., Maqnun, M.J., Wang, W., Wu, J. & Jang, S.J. (2022). Using Cu as a spacer to fabricate and control the porosity of titanium zirconium based bulk metallic glass foams for orthopedic implant applications. Materials. 15(5), 1887, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051887.
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Authors and Affiliations

H. Kapłon
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Dmitruk
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Naplocha
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
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Abstract

The article presents investigation results of the effect of sand fluidization on the structure and mechanical properties of AlSi9 aluminum alloy. Castings were made by lost foam casting process with sand fluidization in mold at the stages of their solidification and cooling. Sand fluidization was achieved by blowing sand bed with compressed air in a foundry container. The metallographic study was carrying out on samples cut from different sections of the castings. Mechanical properties were determined on specimens made from cast samples. Microstructural analysis showed that sand fluidization increases the cooling rate, as a result, the main microstructural components of the alloy – SDAS, eutectic silicon and needles of the rich-iron phase – decrease. Moreover, in different sections of the casting structure is more uniform. With an increasing the air flow rate, a greater refinement of the structure is observed. Through the use of sand fluidization, the mechanical properties of LFC aluminum alloys increase to the level of gravity die castings.

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Authors and Affiliations

Pavlo Kaliuzhnyi
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Abstract

The purpose of the work was to determine the infuence of the bulk density ρz of granules, processing parameters and the density of ski inserts ρw made of expanded polystyrene (EPS) on their damping properties. For this aim liners for ski helmets with 3 different bulk densities were made. Sintering time and sintering pressure were also changed. The percentage damping factor η was determined on the basis of the results obtained in the rebound resilience test. Based on the analysis of the obtained data, it was found that increasing the density of EPS pads ρw increases their damping properties and at the same time contributes to a decrease in elasticity, increase in hardness and brittleness of EPS products.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Trzaskalska
ORCID: ORCID
R. Chwastek
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Abstract

In this research, the quality of manufactured cast metal-ceramic foams (manufactured using blowing gas) was tested. The causes responsible for defect formation in the composite foams and their consequences were analyzed using the FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) method, which is a useful tool for minimizing losses caused by low product quality. This method involves analytically determining correlations between the cause and consequences of potential product defects, and it takes into account the criticality factor (risk). The FMEA analysis showed that pore breaks were the most "critical defect" (with the highest number of effects on the product, the Risk Priority Number, affecting the quality of the composite foam). The second most critical defect was discontinuities in the foam frame structure. Destruction or damage to the foam structure (although very rare) deprived the composite foam of its primary function, which is to reinforce the product. The third most critical defect was non-uniform foam pore size.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Popielarski
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Sika
1
D. Czarnecka-Komorowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Szymański
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Rogalewicz
1
K. Gawdzińska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland
  2. Faculty of Marine Engineering, Maritime University of Szczecin, Willowa 2-4, 71-650 Szczecin, Poland
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Abstract

The paper discusses the application possibilities of ceramic foam in a thermal combustion process of a lean methane-air mixture. The experiments were done in a ceramic foam bed. The foam (Vukopor ® A) was made mainly of Al 2O 3. The foam samples were packed in a tubular reactor symmetrically placed in a laboratory furnace. It was assumed that the tested foam should have a surface close to the monolith surface area which was tested in a previous work (Pawlaczyk and Gosiewski, 2015). Pore density of the tested foam was 10 PPI. The tested air mixture contained 0.51 - 0.76 vol. % of methane. The results show that thermal methane oxidation in foam is possible in the acceptable range of temperatures. The combustion process in foam is characterized by similar ignition temperature to tests carried out in monolith, a more intense course, and better methane conversion at lower temperatures.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Pawlaczyk-Kurek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aleksandra Janusz-Cygan
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Baltycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

Following paper is focused on experimental and numerical studies of the behavior and energy absorption for both: quasi-static and dynamic axial crushing of thin-walled cylindrical tubes filled with foam. The experiments were conducted on single walled and double walled tubes. Unfilled profiles were compared with tubes filled with various density polyurethane foam. All experiments were done in order to possibility of the safety of the elements absorbing collision energy which can applied in car body. The dynamic nonlinear simulations were carried out by means of PAM-CRASH™ explicit code, which is dedicated calculation package to modelling of crush. Computational crushing force, plastic hinges locations and specimens post-crushed geometry found to be convergent with the real experiments results. Conducted experiments allowed to draw conclusion, that crashworthiness ability is directly proportional to foam density. The investigation of the experimental data revealed, that double walled tubes have greater energy absorbing ability. A proposed investigation enable to analyze and chosen of optimal parameters of these elements, which can use in automotive industry as an absorption energy components.

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Kaczyński
J. Karliński
M. Hawryluk
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Abstract

The article considers the method of obtaining reinforced castings from gray cast iron by lost foam casting. The aim of this study was to determine the microstructure formation of gray cast iron reinforced with inserts of carbon and stainless steel in this casting method. The results of the research have shown that the products of destruction of expanded polystyrene have a positive effect on the bonding formation of cast iron with reinforcing inserts. When steel wire is used as reinforcement, a decarbonized layer of cast iron is being formed around it, in which the inclusions of graphite are smaller and their quantity is less than in the main metal. Due to carburization, the surface structure of the reinforcement changes from ferrite to pearlite with cementite. Steel wire reinforcement can be effective in increasing strength and toughness of gray cast iron. The usage of stainless steel reinforcement leads to the formation of a transition layer on the part of the matrix metal. It contains ledeburite with dissolved chromium, which increase the wear resistance of cast iron.
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Authors and Affiliations

Pavlo Kaliuzhnyi
1
Inna Shalevska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Vadym Sliusarev
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Physical Chemistry of Foundry Processes, Physico-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys of the National Academy of Sciencesof Ukraine, Ukraine

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