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Anomalous flashovers of silicone rubber insulators under the artificial rain test

Krystian Leonard Chrzan Henryk Marek Brzeziński

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 835-844 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2021.138264

Keywords flashover leakage distance porcelain insulator silicone rubber insulator

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Abstract

The wet flashover voltage of medium voltage insulators made of a silicone rubber is 8% lower than the wet flashover voltage of a porcelain insulator with an identical profile. These surprising results, obtained in 2012, were confirmed again in 2019. The flashover development on the composite insulator is very short (less than 30 ms). On the other hand, on the porcelain insulator, the flashover develops longer (1–3 seconds). The Koppelmann equation was modified, and the Obenaus model to calculate the flashover voltage of insulators under the artificial rain was presented. Attention was paid to the importance of insulator diameters and the phenomenon of water cascades.

Bibliography

[1] Kuhlman K., Hochspannungsisolatoren, Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (in German), vol. 31, iss. 3, pp. 51–55 (1910).
[2] Lustgarten J., High-tension porcelain line insulators, Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, vol. 49, pp. 235–279 (1912).
[3] IEC 60060-1:2010, High-voltage test techniques – Part 1: General definitions and test requirements, edition 3 (2010).
[4] Gallet G., How to design a rain apparatus for the dielectric tests, IEEE PES Summer Meeting, San Francisco, paper A 75 490-3 (1975).
[5] Huc J., Rowe S.W., Wet testing installation design, 5th Int. Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Athens, paper 52.03 (1983).
[6] Chrzan K.L., Streubel H., Artificial rain test of outdoor long rod insulators, Int. Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, ISH, Cap Town, paper E-31 (2009).
[7] Rizk F.A.M., Kamel S.I., Modelling of HVDC wall bushing flashover in nonuniform rain, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1650–1662 (1991).
[8] Matsuoka M., Naito K., Irie T., Kondo K., Evaluation methods of polymer insulators under contaminated conditions, IEEE Transmission and Distribution Asia Pacific Conference, pp. 2197–2202 (2002).
[9] Chrzan K.L., Swierzyna Z., Artificial rain test of insulators, Przegl˛ad Elektrotechniczny (in Polish), no. 11b, pp. 218–221 (2012).
[10] Szpor S., Dzierzek H.,WiniarskiW., High voltage engineering, WNT (in Polish),Warsaw, vol. 1, p. 88 (1978).
[11] Estorff W., Cron H., High Voltage insulator as pollution problem, ETZ (in German), vol. 73, iss. 3, pp. 57–62 (1952).
[12] Chrzan K.L., Leakage currents on naturally contaminated porcelain and silicone insulators, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 904–910 (2010), DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2009.2034665.
[13] Streubel H., Calculation of AC Flashover voltage under rain, Hermsdorfer Technische Mitteilungen (in German), iss. 31, pp. 974–980 (1971).
[14] Lan L., Gorur R.S., Computation of ac wet flashover voltage of ceramic and composite insulators, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 1346–1352 (2008), DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2008.4656243.
[15] Erler F., About AC pollution flashover on thick insulators, Elektrie (in German), iss. 3, pp. 100–102 (1969).
[16] Hao Y., Liao Y., Kuang Z., Sun Y., Shang G., Zhang W., Mao G., Yang L., Zhang F., Li L., Experimental investigation on influence of shed parameters on surface rainwater characteristics of largediameter composite post insulators under rain conditions, Energies, vol. 13, no. 19, 5011 (2020), DOI: 10.3390/en13195011.
[17] Ely C.H.A., Lambeth P.J., Looms J.S.T., The booster shed: prevention of flashover of polluted substation insulators in heavy wetting, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-97, no. 6, pp. 2187–2197 (1978).
[18] Yang L., Kuang Z., Sun Y., Liao Y., Hao Y., Li L., Zhang F., Study on Surface Rainwater and Arc Characteristics of High-Voltage Bushing with Booster Sheds under Heavy Rainfall, IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 146865–146875 (2020), DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3012978.
[19] Okada N., Ikeda K., Kondo K., Ito S., Contamination withstand voltage characteristics of hydrophobic polymers insulators under simulated rain conditions, IEEE Int. Symposium on Electrical Insulation, Boston, USA, pp. 228–231 (2002).
[20] Gorur R.S., de la O A., El-Kishky A., Chowdhary M., Mukherjee H., Sundaram R., Burnham J.T., Sudden flashovers of nonceramic insulators in artificial contamination tests, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 79–86 (1997), DOI: 10.1109/94.590870.
[21] Hartings R., The AC-Behavior of a Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Post Insulator during Rain, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1584–1592 (1994).
[22] Wang S., Liang X., Huang L., Experimental study on the pollution flashover mechanism of polymer insulators, IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, Singapore, pp. 2830–2833 (2000), DOI: 10.1109/PESW.2000.847332.
[23] de la O A., Gorur R.S., Flashover of contaminated nonceramic outdoor insulators in a wet atmosphere, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 814–823 (1998), DOI: 10.1109/94.740762.

Authors and Affiliations

Krystian Leonard Chrzan

1

Henryk Marek Brzeziński

2

Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Electrical Engineering, Poland

Effect of Diffusing Elements in a Reverberation Room on the Results of Airborne Sound Insulation Laboratory Measurements

Dominik Mleczko Tadeusz Wszołek

Archives of Acoustics | 2019 | vol. 44 | No 4 | 739-746 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2019.129729

Keywords reverberation room airborne sound insulation diffuseness

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Abstract

The main problem in the measurement of airborne sound insulation is the measurement of the sound power radiated by the barrier, in practice performed by measuring the sound pressure level and the acoustic absorption in the receiving room. Large variations of the sound pressure level in a reverberation room indicate the presence of dominating strong standing waves, so that it becomes necessary to install diffusing elements. In ISO 10140, the limits have been defined in which the reverberation time at frequencies at and above 100 Hz should be included. Sometimes, however, in the case of rooms with a large volume, obtaining the required parameters is difficult and sometimes even impossible. It should then be checked whether the measured sound insulation depends on the reverberation time.

The paper presents the results of sound insulation measurements at various reverberation time lengths in subsequent stages of diffusing elements installation in the receiving room. An analysis of diffusing materials amount and arrangement influence on the uniformity of the sound pressure level distribution and reverberation time in the room as well as the value of the measured sound insulation was carried out. Uncertainty of sound insulation measurement with partial uncertainties was adopted as a criterion supporting the assessment of the obtained results.

Authors and Affiliations

Dominik Mleczko

Tadeusz Wszołek

Monitoring of Partial Discharges in Cable Insulation and Cable Head Using Acoustic Method

Zbigniew Ranachowski Krzysztof Wieczorek Przemysław Ranachowski Tomasz Dębowski

Archives of Acoustics | 2022 | vol. 47 | No 2 | 259-265 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2022.141654

Keywords partial discharges medium voltage insulation acoustic emission

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Abstract

The article presents the application of Acoustic Emission (AE) method for detection and registration of partial discharges (PD) generated in medium voltage (MV) cable isolation and MV cable head. The insulation of the high voltage cable is made of a flexible material whose properties are characterised by a high coefficient of attenuation of the acoustic signals. For this reason, the AE method has not been used so far to detect PD in energetic cables. The subjects of the research were the MV cable and the standard T-type cable head. The cable contained defects which were the source of partial discharges. In case of cable head the PD were provoked by thin grounded electrode which was introduced into connector opening. The results of AE measurements are presented in the form of spectrograms. Acoustic Emission was evoked when the applied voltage level reached the value of 7.5 kV for the cable and 4 kV for the cable head. The authors used the acoustic instrumentation of their own design intended for future field use. Obtaining successful results of partial discharges measurements using the acoustic method in the cable insulation makes an original contribution of the presented work.

Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Ranachowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Krzysztof Wieczorek

2

Przemysław Ranachowski

1

Tomasz Dębowski

1

Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Department of Electrical Engineering Fundamentals, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland

Streaming electrification of insulating liquid mixtures

Maciej Zdanowski Marcin Maleska

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2019 | vol. 68 | No 2 | 387-397 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2019.128275

Keywords dielectric liquids streaming electrification transformer insulation

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Abstract

Extensive efforts have been made for many years by the power generating industry to replace conventional solid and liquid insulation with synthetic materials. Those measures are aimed at increasing the load capacity, improved fire safety and extending transformer life during exploitation. Modern insulating materials include aramid fibre-based paper and insulating fluids made of synthetic and natural esters. The paper presents research results of the electrostatic charging tendency (ECT) of mixtures of fresh and aged mineral oil Trafo En with synthetic ester Midel 7131 and natural ester Midel 1204. The measurements were taken in a flow-through system using the pipes made of metal, cellulose and aramid paper. The influence of the liquid flow velocity, the type of material of the measuring pipe and the mixture content on the level of the streaming electrification current generation was determined.

Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Zdanowski

Marcin Maleska

Influence of thermal-mechanical stress on the insulation system of a low voltage electrical machine

Liguo Yang Florian Pauli Kay Hameyer

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 233-244 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2021.136064

Keywords hotspot insulation system material fatigue thermal-mechanical stress

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Abstract

Varying ohmic loss in the winding of electrical machines, which are operated at various operating points, results in temperature changes during operation. Particularly, when the temperature is varying dynamically, the insulation system suffers from repeated thermalmechanical stress, since the thermal expansion coefficients of the insulating materials and copper conductors are different. For the appropriate design of an insulation system, the effect of thermal-mechanical stress must be known. In the present work, motorettes are subjected to repeated thermal cycles. The expected lifetime is estimated and compared to the lifetime which is achieved by applying a lifetime-model which only considers thermal aging while ignoring thermal-mechanical stress effects. In addition, the hotspot temperature is simulated, the lifetime at the hotspot is estimated as theworst case. As expected, the results indicate that the thermal-mechanical stress plays a significant role during dynamic thermal aging of the winding insulation system. To better understand the thermal-mechanical stress effect, the resulting thermal-mechanical stress in a single wire is analyzed by the finite element method. A preliminary analysis of the aging mechanism of materials due to cyclic thermal-mechanical stress is performed with the theory of material fatigue.

Bibliography

[1] Stone G.C., Boulter E.A., Culbert I., Dhirani H., Electrical insulation for rotating machines: design, evaluation, aging, testing, and repair, John Wiley & Sons (2004).
[2] Rothe R., Hameyer K., Life expectancy calculation for electric vehicle traction motors regarding dynamic temperature and driving cycles, 2011 IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference (IEMDC), Niagara Falls, ON, Canada, pp. 1306–1309 (2011).
[3] Huang Z., Modeling and testing of insulation degradation due to dynamic thermal loading of electrical machines, Licentiate Thesis, Lund University, Lund (2017).
[4] Chen W., Nelson C., Thermal stress in bonded joints, IBM Journal of Research and Development, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 179–188 (1979).
[5] Arrhenius S., On the heat of dissociation and the influence of temperature on the degree of dissociation of the electrolytes, Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie (in German, Über die Dissociationswärme und den Einfluss der Temperatur auf den Dissociationsgrad der Elektrolyte), vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 96–116 (1889).
[6] Dakin T.W., Electrical insulation deterioration treated as a chemical rate phenomenon, Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 113–122 (1948).
[7] Ruf A., Pauli F., Schröder M., Hameyer K., Lifetime modelling of non-partial discharge resistant insulation systems of electrical machines in dynamic load collectives, e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik (in German, Lebensdauermodellierung von nicht-teilentladungsresistenten isoliersystemen elektrischer maschinen in dynamischen lastkollektiven), vol. 135, no. 2, pp. 131–144 (2018).
[8] Pauli F., Schröder M., Hameyer K., Design and evaluation methodology for insulation systems of low voltage drives with preformed coils, 2019 9th International Electric Drives Production Conference (EDPC), Esslingen, Germany, pp. 1–7 (2019).
[9] Madonna V., Giangrande P., Lusuardi L., Cavallini A., Gerada C., Galea M., Thermal overload and insulation aging of short duty cycle, aerospace motors, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 2618–2629 (2019).
[10] Sciascera C., Galea M., Giangrande P., Gerada C., Lifetime consumption and degradation analysis of the winding insulation of electrical machines, 2016 8th IET International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD), Glasgow, UK, pp. 1–5 (2016).
[11] IEC 60505, Evaluation and qualification of electrical insulation systems (2011).
[12] Ruf A., Paustenbach J., Franck D., Hameyer K., A methodology to identify electrical ageing of winding insulation systems, 2017 IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference (IEMDC), Miami, FL, USA, pp. 1–7 (2017).
[13] Pauli F., Ruf A., Hameyer K., Low voltage winding insulation systems under the influence of high du/dt slew rate inverter voltage, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 187–202 (2020).
[14] IEC 60034–18–41, Rotating electrical machines – Part 18–41: Partial discharge free electrical insulation system (Type I) used in rotating electrical machines fed from voltage converters – Qualification and quality control tests (2014).
[15] Nikolova G., Ivanova J., Interfacial shear and peeling stresses in a two-plate structure subjected to monotonically increasing thermal loading, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, vol. 51 (2013).

Authors and Affiliations

Liguo Yang

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Florian Pauli

1

Kay Hameyer

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Electrical Machines (IEM), RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstraße 4, 52062 Aachen, Germany

Thermal Insulation and Mechanical Properties in the Presence of Glas Bubble in Fly Ash Geopolymer Paste

Noor Fifinatasha Shahedan Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Norsuria Mahmed Liew Yun Ming Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim Ikmal Hakem A Aziz Aeslina Abdul Kadir Andrei Victor Sandu Mohd Fathullah Ghazali

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 221-226 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137493

Keywords glass bubble thermal insulation geopolymers fly ash

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Abstract

The density, compressive strength, and thermal insulation properties of fly ash geopolymer paste are reported. Novel insulation material of glass bubble was used as a replacement of fly ash binder to significantly enhance the mechanical and thermal properties compared to the geopolymer paste. The results showed that the density and compressive strength of 50% glass bubble was 1.45 g/cm3 and 42.5 MPa, respectively, meeting the standard requirement for structural concrete. Meanwhile, the compatibility of 50% glass bubbles tested showed that the thermal conductivity (0.898 W/mK), specific heat (2.141 MJ/m3K), and thermal diffusivity (0.572 mm2/s) in meeting the same requirement. The improvement of thermal insulation properties revealed the potential use of glass bubbles as an insulation material in construction material.

Authors and Affiliations

Noor Fifinatasha Shahedan

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Norsuria Mahmed

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Liew Yun Ming

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ikmal Hakem A Aziz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Aeslina Abdul Kadir

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Andrei Victor Sandu

4

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mohd Fathullah Ghazali

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Center of Excellence Geopolyme & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Johor, Malaysia
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania

The Materials Resistant to High Temperatures Obtained from Post-Production Fibrous Waste

K. Kogut K. Kasprzyk R. Kłoś

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2020 | vol. 65 | No 2 | 845-850 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2020.132830

Keywords waste thermal insulation ceramic porosity fibers

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Abstract

This paper describes preparation methodology and research results of newly developed materials from post-production fibrous waste that are resistant to high temperatures. Widely available raw materials were used for this purpose. Such approach has significant impact on the technological feasibility and preparation costs. Obtained materials were verified via applying of various tests including characterization of shrinkage, porosity, density and water absorption as well as X-ray analysis (XRD), followed by mechanical bending and compressive strength determination.

Based on the research results, the possible applications of materials as thermal insulators were indicated.

Authors and Affiliations

K. Kogut

K. Kasprzyk

R. Kłoś

Load-bearing capacity analyses of a new insulated fastener type

Tomasz Janiak

Archives of Civil Engineering | 2022 | vol. 68 | No 2 | 171-184 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2022.140635

Keywords thermal insulated fasteners load capacity calculation algorithm

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Abstract

Balconies are elements of some multi-storey buildings. Thermo-insulated fasteners are components that connect balcony slabs with the building structure. Their main task is the transfer of loads in connections of balcony slabs with the building while also minimizing thermal bridges. The article presents analytical calculations performed to develop the new type of thermal insulated fasteners and to determine their load-bearing capacity. The aim of this article is to demonstrate that analytical calculations based on commonly utilized principles of reinforced concrete and steel structure operation along enable the development of the effective design algorithm of insulated fasteners and allow for a quick analysis of various geometric variants of these fasteners. The article presents the adaptation of typical algorithms for calculation of steel and reinforced concrete structures for the analysis of non-typical load-bearing capacity states that occur during the calculation of insulated fasteners. The load-bearing capacities of individual fasteners are shown in M-V interaction diagrams (bending moment – shearing force).

Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Janiak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Al. prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland

Preparation and Performance Optimization of Organosilicon Slag Exothermic Insulating Riser

Jijun Lu Jiangbing Qian Lei Yang Huafang Wang

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 1 | 75-82 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.144283

Keywords Exothermic insulating riser Organosilicon slag Orthogonal optimization

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Abstract

The exothermic insulating riser played an important role in the solidification process of metal liquid for the improvement of casting quality. This paper focused on the use of organosilicon slag to replace part of the aluminum powder as an exothermic agent for the riser, to reduce production costs and turn waste into treasure. The experiments firstly studied the effect of organosilicon slag content on the combustion temperature and holding time and determined the components of the riser exothermic agent and organosilicon slag. On this basis, the effects of the content of Na3AlF6 flux and alkali phenolic resin binder on the combustion heating time and strength properties of the riser were studied. And the ratio of mixed oxidants was determined by single-factor orthogonal experiments to optimize the addition of three oxidants, Fe3O4, MnO2, and KNO3. Finally, the performance of the riser prepared after optimization was compared with that of the riser prepared with general aluminum powder. The results showed that with the mixture of 21% organosilicon slag and 14% aluminum powder as the exothermic agent, the highest combustion temperature of the prepared exothermic insulating riser was 1451℃ and the holding time was 193 s; the optimal content of Na3AlF6 flux was 4%, and the best addition alkali phenolic resin binder was 12%; the optimized mixing ratio of three oxidants was 12% for Fe3O4, 6% for MnO2, and 6% for KNO3. Under the optimized ratio, the maximum combustion temperature of the homemade riser was 52℃ and the heat preservation time was 14% longer compared with the conventional exothermic insulating riser with 25-35% aluminum powder.

Authors and Affiliations

Jijun Lu

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jiangbing Qian

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Lei Yang

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Huafang Wang

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan Textile University, China

Durability forecast of long rod composite insulators operating under variable mechanical loading conditions

Jerzy Bielecki Jacek Wańkowicz

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2022 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 701-715 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2022.141680

Keywords composite insulator cyclic loads fatigue strength insulator testing life estimation mechanical strength

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Abstract

Suspension line insulators are during their operation subject to static forces and variable loads, usually of a cyclic character. These variable loads have a significant impact on the mechanical durability of composite insulators. A method of providing durability forecast for composite line insulators based on fatigue characteristics has been proposed. The method allows providing durability forecast of insulators in a wide range of variable loadings, i.e. from quasi-static to high amplitude loadings.

Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy Bielecki

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jacek Wańkowicz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Power Engineering – Research Institute, 8 Mory Str., 01-330 Warsaw, Poland

Impact of increased temperature of lower end-fitting of a composite long rod insulator on its mechanical strength under variable loads

Jerzy Bielecki Piotr Kotowski Jacek Wańkowicz

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2023 | vol. 72 | No 2 | 391-405 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2023.145415

Keywords composite suspension line insulators high temperature low sag (HTLS) conductor mechanical insulator strength material fatigue insulator tests cyclic load changing load

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Abstract

This paper describes results of tensile mechanical strength testing of two types of composite suspension line insulators from two manufacturers. In order to take into account the operation of composite insulators in overhead transmission lines with high-temperature low-sag (HTLS) conductors, the testing of their static and fatigue strength was performed at both ambient and elevated temperatures. The results showed that the static mechanical strength of composite insulators decreased with an increase in the temperature of the lower end fitting of the insulator, and proved that it followed a third-degree polynomial function. Calculations performed demonstrated that a significant cause of reduction in strength was the increase in the radial stress following the temperature increase in the crimped glassepoxy resin core of the insulator. The results of the fatigue strength testing demonstrated that the increase in the temperature of the lower end fitting of the insulator up to 85°C degree had a little effect on the fatigue strength of the tested composite insulators.

Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy Bielecki

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Piotr Kotowski

2

Jacek Wańkowicz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Power Engineering, ul. Mory 8, 01-330 Warsaw, Poland
2Wroclaw University of Technology, ul. Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland

Analysis on Acoustic Disturbance Signals Expected During Partial Discharge Measurements in Power Transformers

Michał Kunicki

Archives of Acoustics | 2020 | vol. 45 | No 4 | 733-746 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2020.135279

Keywords acoustic emission partial discharge insulation system measurements power transformers

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Abstract

This paper presents comparative analysis of various acoustic signals expected during partial discharge (PD) measurements in operating power transformer. Main purpose of the paper is to yield relevant and reliable method to distinguish between various acoustic emission (AE) signals emitted by PD and other sources, with particular consideration of real-life results rather than laboratory simulations. Therefore, selected examples of real-life AE signals registered in seven different power transformers, under normal operation conditions, within few years are showed and analyzed. Five scenarios are investigated, which represent five types of AE sources: PD generated by artificial sources, and next four real-life sources (including PD in working transformer, oil flow, oil pumps and core). Several different signal processing methods are applied and compared in order to identify the PD signals. As a result, an energy patterns analysis based on the wavelet decomposition is found as the most reliable tool for identification of PD signals. The presented results may significantly support the process of interpretation of the PD measurement results, and may be used by field engineers as well as other researchers involved in PD analysis using AE method. Finally, observed properties also provide a solid basis for establishing or improving complete classification method based on the artificial intelligence algorithms.

Authors and Affiliations

Michał Kunicki

Improving Sound Transmission Through Triple-Panel Structure Using Porous Material and Sonic Crystal

Myong-Jin Kim

Archives of Acoustics | 2019 | vol. 44 | No 3 | 533-541 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2019.129268

Keywords sound transmission loss sonic crystal triple-panel structure sound insulation

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Abstract

Main aim of this study is to combine the characteristics of the sonic crystal (SC) with acoustic panels and porous materials to improve the sound transmission loss (STL) through the triple-panel structure. SCs cause a bandgap centered around a certain frequency (Bragg’s frequency) due to generation of destructive interference. Initially, an analytical method is developed that extends the previous theory of double-panel structure to predict STL through a triple-panel structure. Finite element (FE) simulations are performed to obtain the STL through the triple-panel, which are validated with the analytical predictions. Various configurations are analyzed using the FE method based on the method of inserting the porous material and SCs between the panels to address the combined effect. STL through the triple-panel structure is compared with that through the double-panel structure having the same total weight and total thickness. It is found that the combined structure of the triple panel and the SC with glass wool as filler gives the best soundproof performance for the same external dimensions. For narrow air gaps, filing with glass wool is more advantageous than inserting one row of SC. In addition, the triple panel combined with a SC has better soundproofing than the two-panel counterparts.

Authors and Affiliations

Myong-Jin Kim

Sound Insulation of Dwellings Façades – the Case of Santiago de Chile

Leonardo Meza Jaime Delannoy Antonio Marzzano Mauricio Fuentes

Archives of Acoustics | 2019 | vol. 44 | No 1 | 99-104 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2019.126356

Keywords sound reduction index construction quality acoustic insulation façade

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Abstract

The increment in the number of automobiles and the densification of the city has increased noise pollution rates. In addition, the lack of regulation in Chile regarding the acoustic insulation of façades is a problem of a growing concern. The main objective of the present study was to obtain a model of the Sound Insulation of housing, façades, stratified in Santiago, Chile, based on constructive variables. It is expected to serve as a basis for one future regulation for acoustic façades of houses. In the present study, tests based on the international ISO 140-5 standard were carried out in situ. An estimation model of the Standardized Level Difference Dls,2m,nT,w + C, was obtained based on the opening/façade proportion, and the type of glass used for the windows.

Authors and Affiliations

Leonardo Meza

Jaime Delannoy

Antonio Marzzano

Mauricio Fuentes

Improvement of Sound Insulation Through Double-Panel Structure by Using Hybrid Local Resonator Array

Kyong-Su Ri Myong-Jin Kim Se-Hyon Son-U

Archives of Acoustics | 2023 | vol. 48 | No 1 | 63-70 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2022.142907

Keywords sound insulation local resonance insertion loss sonic crystal

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Abstract

In this paper, we present one approach to improve the soundproofing performance of the double-panel structure (DPS) in the entire audible frequencies, in which two kinds of local resonances, the breathing-type resonance and the Helmholtz resonance, are combined. The thin ring resonator row and slit-type resonator (Helmholtz resonator) row are inserted between two panels of DPS together. Overlapping of the band gaps due to the individual resonances gives a wide and high band gap of sound transmission in the low frequency range. At the same time, the Bragg-type band gap is created by the structural periodicity of the scatterers in the high audible frequency range. In addition, the number of scatterer rows and the filling factor are investigated with regard to the sound insulation of DPS with sonic crystals (SCs). Consequently, the hybrid SC has the potential of increasing the soundproofing performance of DPS in the audible frequency range above 1 kHz by about 15 dB on average compared to DPS filled only with glass wool between two panels, while decreasing the total thickness and mass compared to the counterparts with the other type of local resonant sonic crystal.

Authors and Affiliations

Kyong-Su Ri

1

Myong-Jin Kim

1

Se-Hyon Son-U

1

Institute of Acoustics, Department of Physics, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

Variability of the Acoustic Emission Signals Generated by Partial Discharges in Mineral Oil

Michał Kunicki

Archives of Acoustics | 2019 | vol. 44 | No 2 | 339-345 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2019.128497

Keywords acoustic emission partial discharge insulation system measurements signal processing

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Abstract

The main purpose of the presented research is to investigate the partial discharge (PD) phenomenon variability under long-term AC voltage with particular consideration of the selected physical quantities changes while measured and registered by the acoustic emission method (AE). During the research a PD model source generating surface discharges is immersed in the brand new insulation mineral oil. Acoustic signals generated by the continuously occurred PDs within 168 hours are registered. Several qualitative and quantitative indicators are assigned to describe the PD variability in time. Furthermore, some longterm characteristics of the applied PD model source in mineral oil, are also presented according to acoustic signals emitted by the PD. Finally, various statistical tools are applied for the results analysis and presentation. Despite there are numerous contemporary research papers dealing with long-term PD analysis, such complementary and multiparametric approach has not been presented so far, regarding the presented research. According to the presented research from among all assigned indicators there are discriminated descriptors that could depend on PD long-term duration. On the grounds of the regression models analysis there are discovered trends that potentially allow to apply the results for modeling of the PD variability in time using the acoustic emission method. Subsequently such an approach may potentially support the development and extend the abilities of the diagnostic tools and maintenance policy in electrical power industry.

Authors and Affiliations

Michał Kunicki

Statistical Optimization of Underwater Lower-Frequency Sound Insulation for Locally Resonant Sonic Material Using Genetic Algorithm

Bo Yuan Yong Chen Bilian Tan Bo Li

Archives of Acoustics | 2019 | vol. 44 | No 2 | 365-374 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2019.128500

Keywords underwater acoustic sound insulation local resonance statistical optimization global optimum

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Abstract

The locally resonant sonic material (LRSM) is an artificial metamaterial that can block underwater sound. The low-frequency insulation performance of LRSM can be enhanced by coupling local resonance and Bragg scattering effects. However, such method is hard to be experimentally proven as the best optimizing method. Hence, this paper proposes a statistical optimization method, which first finds a group of optimal solutions of an object function by utilizing genetic algorithm multiple times, and then analyzes the distribution of the fitness and the Euclidean distance of the obtained solutions, in order to verify whether the result is the global optimum. By using this method, we obtain the global optimal solution of the low-frequency insulation of LRSM. By varying parameters of the optimum, it can be found that the optimized insulation performance of the LRSM is contributed by the coupling of local resonance with Bragg scattering effect, as well as a distinct impedance mismatch between the matrix of LRSM and the surrounding water. This indicates coupling different effects with impedance mismatches is the best method to enhance the low-frequency insulation performance of LRSM.

Authors and Affiliations

Bo Yuan

Yong Chen

Bilian Tan

Bo Li

Study on Sound Transmission across a Floating Floor in a Residential Building by Using SEA

Xianfeng Huang Yimin Lu Chen Qu Chenhui Zhu

Archives of Acoustics | 2021 | vol. 46 | No 1 | 183-194 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2021.136572

Keywords sound transmission floating floor impact noise sound insulation

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Abstract

For the purpose of reducing the impact noise transmission across floating floors in residential buildings, two main sound transmission paths in the floating floor structure are considered: the stud path and the cavity path. The sound transmission of each path is analysed separately: the sound transmission through the cavity and the stud are predicted by statistical energy analysis (SEA). Then, the sound insulation prediction model of the floating floor is established. There is reasonable agreement between the theoretical prediction and measurement, and the results show that a resilient layer with low stiffness can attenuate the sound bridge effect, resulting in higher impact noise insulation. Then, the influences of the floor covering, the resilient layer and the floor plate on the impact sound insulation are investigated to achieve the optimised structure of the floating floor based on the sound insulation.

Authors and Affiliations

Xianfeng Huang

1 2

Yimin Lu

3

Chen Qu

1

Chenhui Zhu

1

College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
Guangxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Engineering Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China

The Acoustic Effect of Windows Installed in a Wood Frame Façade

Jacek Nurzyński

Archives of Acoustics | 2023 | vol. 48 | No 2 | 183-190 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2023.145231

Keywords sound insulation lightweight frame building prefabricated façade windows protection against noise

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Abstract

The acoustic effect of windows installed in a prefabricated wood frame façade was considered. Windows inserted into a lightweight wall modify its structural scheme. The research aimed to investigate the possible interaction of the façade’s main components and their actual contribution to the total sound insulation. The principal research question involved the prediction of the acoustic performance of the complete prefabricated panel from the performance of its basic elements, an opaque part and windows. As the frequency-dependent characteristics of the elements differ substantially, the use of single number values for prediction and accuracy was of particular interest. The study is based on laboratory measurements. Initially, two full-scale samples of an opaque wall and four windows were tested separately. Then, several variants of the façade consisting of various combinations of these elements were examined. The results of measurements were juxtaposed and compared with calculated values. The frequency-dependent experimental results were fairly consistent with calculations. The estimations based on single number quantities were also in good agreement with measurements. Thus, it may be concluded that the façade elements did not interact significantly, and the single number calculations give reliable results that can be used in practice.

Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Nurzyński

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Building Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland

Comparison of concentrated winding topologies considering transient voltages in the winding system of inverter-driven low-voltage machines

Florian Pauli Niklas Driendl Sebastian Mönninghoff Kay Hameyer

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2022 | vol. 71 | No 4 | 865-880 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2022.142113

Keywords du/dt electrical machines insulation system inverters transient voltages

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Abstract

To reduce the losses of the power electronic inverter, the voltage slew rate (d u/d t) of the electric motors supplying voltage is increasing. As steep voltage slopes excite high frequencies in the megahertz range, transient phenomena in the winding of the electrical machine occur. To design the insulation system, the maximum electric potential difference between the conducting elements must be predicted. General design rules can lead to a significant overengineering of the interturn insulation, particularly when considering smaller stators with a known wire distribution. Therefore, two different winding topologies are studied comparing the voltage distribution in a round-wire winding and a winding with preformed coils.

Authors and Affiliations

Florian Pauli

1

Niklas Driendl

1

Sebastian Mönninghoff

1

Kay Hameyer

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Electrical Machines (IEM), RWTH Aachen University, Germany

Low voltage winding insulation systems under the influence of high du/dt slew rate inverter voltage

Florian Pauli Andreas Ruf Kay Hameyer

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2020 | vol. 69 | No 1 | 187-202 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2020.131767

Keywords life time partial discharge SiC semiconductors winding insulation system

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Abstract

Variable speed and low voltage electrical drives are commonly operated by frequency converters. According to recent developments, there is a trend in the area of semi-conductors, that switching frequency and voltage slew rate will increase significantly. The aim of these semiconductors is to reduce the switching losses and to increase the switching frequency, which enables to reduce the size of passive components in the power- electric circuit. This results in less material effort and lower cost, for the power electronic component. However, electric motors operated by high slew rate inverters show problems in the winding insulation, which have to be analyzed. Such problems are well known for high voltage machines. Due to the increasing slew rate, this problematic occurs in low voltage machines nowadays as well. Here, the influence of fast switching semiconductors on the winding insulation system is studied, using accelerated ageing tests with fast switching high-voltage generators.

Authors and Affiliations

Florian Pauli

Andreas Ruf

Kay Hameyer

e-mail:

ORCID:

Effect of selected parameters on the electrical strength of a high-voltage vacuum insulation system

Michał Lech Paweł Węgierek

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2023 | vol. 72 | No 3 | 597-611 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2023.146039

Keywords electrical breakdown electrical contacts electrical strength switchgear vacuum insulation

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Abstract

The article presents the results of laboratory measurements of U_d breakdown voltages in a high-voltage vacuum insulating system for different pressures, contact gaps, type of electrode contacts and type of residual gas inside the discharge chamber. First of all, the electrical strength of the discharge chamber with a contact system terminated with contact pads made of W ₇₀Cu ₃₀ and Cu ₇₅Cr ₂₅ material was compared for selected values of contact gaps. It was found that below a pressure of p = 3.0 x 10 ^-1 Pa the electrical strength reaches an approximately constant value for each of the set contact gaps d. Analytical relationships were determined to calculate this value for each of the contact pads used. Above a pressure of p = 3.0 x 10 ^-1 Pa, the measured values of U_d breakdown voltages decrease sharply. The values of breakdown voltages in the discharge chamber with residual gases in the form of air, argon, neon and helium were also determined for selected values of contact gaps d. Depending on the residual gases used, significant differences were noted in the values of pressure p at which the loss of insulating properties in the discharge chamber occurred. These values were 3.3 x 10 ^-1 Pa for argon, 4.1 x 10 ^-1 Pa for air, 6.4 x 10 ^-1 Pa for neon, and 2.55 x 10 ⁰ Pa for helium, respectively.

Authors and Affiliations

Michał Lech

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Paweł Węgierek

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38A str., 20-618 Lublin, Poland

Influence of conductive particle contaminationon the insulation system of rotating electrical machines with direct oil cooling

Liguo Yang Florian Pauli Shimin Zhang Fabian Hambrecht Kay Hameyer

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2022 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 789-804 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2022.141685

Keywords cooling insulation system particle contamination partial discharge surface resistance

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Abstract

An integration of the electrical machine and the gearbox is attracting particular attention for the design of modern electric and hybrid drive trains, since it saves overall space and subsequently increases the power density. Another benefit of a high level of integration is that it enables a combined application of oils as both cooling fluid for the electrical machine and as lubrication fluid for the transmission system. In this way, the power density of the integrated drive train can be further increased. During the oil cycling, conductive contaminations may be introduced and subsequently have an influence on the function of the insulation system of the electrical machine. In the present work, the influences of the cooling oil and its conductive contaminations, conductive particles as well as their combination with humidity, on the electrical and dielectric properties of the insulation system are studied. The results show that by application of the cooling oil, the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) of the winding insulation increases significantly so that an electrical breakdown is prone to happen before a partial discharge (PD) occurs. With increasing particle contamination, the PDIV of the insulation system decreases significantly, while the capacitance increases. Besides, conductive particles and humidity decrease the surface resistance and surface breakdown voltage of the insulation papers significantly. The results indicate that the conductive particle contaminations can play an important role for the electrical degradation of the insulation system.

Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Liguo Yang

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Florian Pauli

1

Shimin Zhang

2

Fabian Hambrecht

1

Kay Hameyer

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Electrical Machines (IEM), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Lubricant Division, TotalEnergies One Tech Solaize, France

Charge dynamics of partial discharges explored applying a chopped sequence

Marek Florkowski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 5 | e138817 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.138817

Keywords partial discharges chopped sequence high voltage insulation non-invasive diagnostics

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Abstract

Diagnostic methodologies are of fundamental importance for operational strategies of electrical devices, both in the power grid and in industrial applications. This paper reports about a novel approach based on partial discharge analysis applied to high voltage electrical insulation. Especially dynamics of charges deposited by partial discharges is explored applying a chopped sequence. The applications refer to microvoids occurring inside solid insulating systems or at the interfaces, such as delaminations at the electrodes. The experiments were carried out on embedded voids having distinctive wall dielectric materials. The underlying physical phenomena of post discharge charge transport are analyzed. The assessment is performed using phase-resolved partial discharge patterns acquired applying a chopped sequence. The chopped partial discharge (CPD) method provides quantitative insight into post discharge charge decay processes due to deposited and accumulated charges fluctuations. The assessment indicator is based on comparing partial discharge inception angle between chopped sequence and continuous run. The experiments have shown that materials with distinctive surface conductivity revealed adequately different charge decay time dynamics. The detailed analysis yields time constant of walls charge decay for insulating paper equal to 12 ms and cross-linked polyethylene 407 ms. The CPD method may be further used to investigate streamer physics inside bounded cavities in the form of voids. The presented method provides a quantitative approach for charge non-invasive decay assessment and offers high potential in future diagnostics applications.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Florkowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Electrical and Power Engineering, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

1
2

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