Studies were carried out in the region of southern. Drake Passage and Bransfield Strait in February and March 1981. The relation occurring between the alimentary tract filling (ATF) and the quantity of chlorophyll α integrated within the range of 0-150 m water-layer may be described by Ivlev's equation expressing the amount of the food ration in relation to food concentration. The ATF value increases in large individuals and is proportional to their body weight. The daily rythm of krill feeding, expressed by ATF, depends on the quantities of food in the environment.
The aim of this study was to determine to what extent the ions present in hard water (125 mg/L of MgCl2 and 500 mg/L of CaCl2) may intensify the feed-induced decrease in oxytetracycline (OTC) absorption rate in broiler chickens after single oral administration at a dose of 15 mg/kg. Drug concentrations in plasma were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and combined, compartmental and non-compartmental approach was used to assess OTC pharmacokinetics.
The administration of feed decreased the absolute bioavailability (F) of OTC from 12.70%±4.01 to 6.40%±1.08, and this effect was more pronounced after the combined administration of OTC with feed and hard water (5.31%±0.90). A decrease in the area under the concentration- time curve (AUC0-t), (from 10.18±3.24 μg·h/ml in control to 5.13 μg·h/ml±1.26 for feed and 4.26 μg·h/ml±1.10 for feed and hard water) and the maximum plasma concentration of OTC (Cmax) (from 1.22±0.18 μg/ml in control, to 1.01 μg/ml ±0.10 for hard water, 0.68 μg/ml±0.10 for feed and 0.61 μg/ml±0.10 for feed and hard water) was observed. The results of this study indicate that feed strongly decreases F, AUC0-t and Cmax of orally administered OTC. The ions present in hard water increase this inhibitory effect, which suggests that, therapy with OTC may require taking into account local water quality and dose modification, particularly when dealing with outbreaks caused by less sensitive microorganisms.
In this paper, a conventional mushroom-type EBG unit cell is made compact by etching a C-slot at its conducting surface. Further, the C-slotted mushroom-type EBG unit cell is coupled with a microstrip line using a novel groove-coupling technique to design a notch filter. The arrangement has achieved in the reduction of the electrical size of the mushroom type EBG unit cell by 46:15% and create a stop band suppression of -12 dB. The proposed EBG is applied to notch a narrow band centered at 5:2 GHz along with an ultra-wideband antenna. The far field gain of the antenna is suppressed by -5:8 dBi along the direction of its major lobe at 5:2 GHz. The overall size of the antenna system is 19x27x1:6mm3 which is compact. The performance of the antenna is validated from the simulation and measured results.
ll was proved that the activity of basic proteinases (pH 8.3) and acid proteinases (pH 4.0) of the Antarctic krill increases exponentially in spring-summer season (September-December); the activity of the first ones is 6 times higher and increases more rapidly. The positive relation between the proteolytic activity and the degree of gut filling of krill was also evidenced. The lack of high activity of acid proteinases in early spring does not support the suggestions of Ikeda and Dixon (1982) that during Antarctic winter krill takes energy from the autoproteolysis of own body proteins.
Observations indicate a constantly decreasing mean age of shoal. In consecutive years of investigations a loss of older individuals was recorded. At present the catches consist of 3—14 years old fishes; 9—10 years old dominate. During the austral summer the fish most probably do not migrate. The shoal of the shelf maintains approximately constant frequency and dominance in classes of length.
Evaluation offruits and leaves ofseventeen apple cultivars in respect of their attraction as food for caterpillars of leafroller species occurring in an experimental apple orchard was carried out over 1995 to 1998 in the Institute of Pomology and Floriculture at Skierniewice. The highest levels ofinjuries were observed on two cultivars: ‘Ligol’ and ‘Elstar’. High number ofinjured fruits was noted on the following cultivars: ‘Gala’, ‘Jonagold’, ‘Cortland’, ‘Idared’, ‘Lodel’ and ‘Szampion’. By far the number of injured fruits was lower on ‘Lobo’ and ‘Jonathan’, and the least on ‘Rubinette’, ‘Starkrimson’ and ‘Gloster’. Significant differences in the number of caterpillars settled down in leaf/flower clusters ofparticular cultivars during the vernal period were also confirmed. In each season the highest number ofcaterpillars of Pandemis heparana and Archips rosana were observed on leaves of‘Alwa’. To cultivars whose leaves were also readily settled down by the two aforementioned species were: ‘Jonathan’, ‘Cortland’, ‘Ligol’, ‘Lobo’, ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Elstar’. Relatively less caterpillars were observed on leaves of‘Arlet’, ‘Gloster’, ‘Szampion’, ‘Starkrimson’, ‘Pilot’, ‘Pinowa’ and ‘Rubinette’.
The subject of this study was Rhizopertha dominica F. population. The primary question referred to was the process of the lesser grain borer population spread depending on nutritional preferences of this species. The aim of performed laboratory experiments was to examine the adults’ ability to choose preferred kinds of food i conditions of free migration among them and to analyze the dynamics of population size. Sex ratio and the migration rate were also analyzed. Four types of food were used during the experiments: wheat, oat flakes, pearl barley and semolina. The experiments were conducted at 28°C and 60 ± 5% of relative humidity. Results of the study revealed that oat flakes were the most favourable nutriment for adult R. dominica whereas wheat grain was the most favourable for the population size since larvae were protected by grains and thus their increased number could survive. No population development in semolina was observed. It was the result of too small granulation of this food.
Permanent magnet (PM) excited synchronous machines used in modern drives for electro-mobiles suffer in high speed regions from the limited battery-voltage. The field weakening requires designing machines with reduced power conversion properties or increasing the size of the power converter. A new concept of such a machine features PM excitation, single-tooth winding and an additional circumferential excitation coil fixed on the stator in the axial center of the machine. By the appropriate feeding of this coil, the amplitude of the voltage effective excitation field can be varied from zero to values above those of the conventional PM-machines. The capability of reducing the excitation field to zero is an important safety aspect in case of failing of the feeding convertor.
Simulation software dedicated for design of casting processes is usually tested and calibrated by comparisons of shrinkage defects
distribution predicted by the modelling with that observed in real castings produced in a given foundry. However, a large amount of
expertise obtained from different foundries, including especially made experiments, is available from literature, in the form of
recommendations for design of the rigging systems. This kind of information can be also used for assessment of the simulation predictions.
In the present work two parameters used in the design of feeding systems are considered: feeding ranges in horizontal and vertical plates as
well as efficiency (yield) of feeders of various shapes. The simulation tests were conducted using especially designed steel and aluminium
castings with risers and a commercial FDM based software. It was found that the simulations cannot predict appearance of shrinkage
porosity in horizontal and vertical plates of even cross-sections which would mean, that the feeding ranges are practically unlimited. The
yield of all types of feeders obtained from the simulations appeared to be much higher than that reported in the literature. It can be
concluded that the feeding flow modelling included in the tested software does not reflect phenomena responsible for the feeding processes
in real castings properly. Further tests, with different types of software and more fundamental studies on the feeding process modelling
would be desirable.
Energy conservation is an important step to overcome the energy crisis and prevent environmental pollution. Casting industry is a major consumer of energy among all the industries. The distribution of electrical energy consumed in all the departments of the foundry is presented. Nearly 70% of the energy is consumed especially in the melting department alone. Production of casting involves number of process variables. Even though lot of efforts has been taken to prevent defects, it occurs in the casting due to variables present in the process. This paper focuses the energy saving by improving the casting yield and by reducing the rejections. Furthermore an analysis is made on power consumption for melting in the induction furnace to produce defective castings and improvement in the casting yield. The energy consumed to produce defective castings in all other departments is also presented. This analysis reveals that without any further investment in the foundry, it is possible to save 3248.15 kWh of energy by reducing the rejections as well as by improving the casting yield. The redesign of the feeding system and the reduced major rejection shrinkage in the body casting improved the casting yield from 56% to 72% and also the effective yield from 12.89% to 66.80%.
Characterisation of two-spotted spider mite ( Tetranychus urticae Koch , Acari: Tetranychidae) response to aqueous extracts from selected plant species. Aqueous extracts from four plant species of known insecticidal activity on arthropods were tested against two-spotted spider mite females to describe their mode of action on the spider mite. The extracts effects on: (a) the mite establishment on host plant; (b) initiation of feeding (probing behaviour); (c) initiation of permanent feeding and (d) the mite mortality (a toxic effect) was measured using various experimental techniques. The highest toxic action was shown by NeemAzal-T/S (an extract from Azadirachta indica; production of Trifolio-M GmbH company) and repellent by water extract from Allium sativum and Urtica dioica. NeemAzal T/S also shown a strong activity as a feeding suppresant for T. urticae.
The coal fed to gravity enrichment consists of coals coming from different deposits and exploitation fronts. These coals differ in quality parameters, especially the amount of gangue (stone) changing over time. This results in the instability of work, especially jiggers, which have a relatively low accuracy assessed by probable scattering or imperfection rates. This deteriorates the quality of the concentrate obtained, the quality parameters of which change over time. The improvement of jiggers work would be possible by averaging the feed. This process is practically impossible due to the failure to design such a node during plant construction, which are, in most cases, directly related to the shaft. In the article, the authors propose to solve the process of averaging the feed before directing it to the enrichment process in jiggers by introducing its deshaling in vibratory- air separators of the FGX type.
The paper presents a simulation analysis of four control systems of the raw coal feed to a jig: stabilization of the volumetric flow of the feed, stabilization of the feed tonnage, stabilization of the feed flow with the additional measurement of the feed bulk density or the additional measurement of ash content in the feed. Analysis has been performed for the first and second compartments of a jig. The aim of the feed control was to stabilize the mass of the bed in the zone where the material stratifies; the mass may change due to changes in the washability characteristics of the feed. Such control should result in stable conditions in which material loosens during subsequent media pulsation cycles; stabilizing conditions minimizes the dispersion of coal particles in the bed. The best results have been achieved for the system of feed control where the ash content was measured in the first compartment, and for feed tonnage control in the second compartment.
An HPLC-DAD method was developed for the determination of formaldehyde in animal feed and silage. The method is based on the determination of the product of chemical reaction between formaldehyde and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. A 3 g of feed or silage were extracted with Milli-Q water with phosphoric acid and next formaldehyde was derivative with the use 2,4-dinitrophenyl- hydrazine in acetronitrile solution. The extract was purified with 0.45 µm syringe filters and separeted on Zorbax Eclipse XDB C18 column and detection was carried out at 360 nm. Formal- dehyde was eluted with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile/water in isocratic elution. This method provided average recoveries of 90.6% to 102.2%, with CVs of 2.6% to 6.4% for feed and from 91.3% to 108.7% with CVs of 1.1% to 4.1% for silage in the ranged of 50 to 1000 mg/kg feeds and silage. The LOD and LOQ for formaldehyde in feed and silage ranged from 1.6 to 2.6 and 2.7 to 5.7 mg/kg, respectively. The methodology was applied for the analysis of feed and silage samples collected from poultry, pigs and cows farms.
The study was conducted on 26 male, 30 days-old goats, separated from their mothers, divided into two equal groups: I - control and II - experimental, consisting of 13 animals each. All animals were fed with milk replacer, experimental group received additionally 50 g/kg body weight, additive of HMB, for 60 days. The following features were analyzed: body weight, daily increases of body weight, as well as hematological and biochemical blood features. Differences in body weight were found, between experimental and control group, after 60 days of experiment 0.57 kg (p≤0.01). The daily weight gain of experimental animals was higher in comparison with control group. Significant differences were also noted in results of hematological and biochemical blood parameters. Experimental animals showed a higher level of red blood cells as well as number of lymphocytes in comparison with the control group, (p≤0.01).Significant changes were also observed in the level of triglycerides, inorganic phosphorus and protein between both groups. The acid-base balance parameters and ionogram, showed a higher pH level (p≤0.05) HCO – act., HCO – std., BE, ctCO , O sat, K+, Cl– (p≤0.01), while the anion gap (AG) and Na+ were significantly lower in control group (p≤0.01).