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Abstract

The article describes selected issues falling within the scope of the technical analysis of a detached building’s heating system with a direct evaporation ground source heat pump installation. This paper covers the characteristics of modernized facility as well as calculations to determine the heat demand. What is more, the article describes the manner in which heat pumps shall be selected, its installation components as well as the receiving installation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Tucki
Michał Sikora
Magdalena Karlikowska
Wojciech Będkowski
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Abstract

Design of a compressed air system is a complex issue, involving the design of structures formed by the air sources, air receptors and

installations connecting all structure components. Another major task is to ensure the required quality of compressed air. The paper briefly

outlines the methodology of integrated and network structure design, using an objective function to find the optimal solution. In terms of

quality assurance, the technological aspects of compressed air generation, treatment and distribution are defined.

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Authors and Affiliations

R. Wrona
E. Ziółkowski
M. Brzeziński
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Abstract

The purpose of this article is to investigate the problematic aspects of standardization of energy management systems in Russian enterprises. The main characteristics of energy management, existing standards in the field of energy management are given. To study the best practices and the effectiveness of the implementation of the energy management system in 2017, the Ministry of Energy of Russia, with the participation of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Russian Energy Agency” the Ministry of Energy of Russia, carried out the monitoring of energy efficiency management and the implementation of energy management systems in the practice of Russian companies. The peculiarity of the introduction of energy management systems in the practice of managing Russian enterprises has been identified, which consists in the fact that it occurs based on the already implemented quality management system, environmental management, labor protection, when a lot of work has been done (document management, internal audit system, corrective actions, training, provisions providing feedback and the possibility of submitting proposals, etc.). Like any quality management system, the successful implementation of this standard depends on the involvement of all levels and functions of the organization’s management in this process, and especially on top management.
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Bibliography

Antomoshkin, A.Yu. 2017. Experience in implementing an energy management system according to the UNIDO methodology in Russia. Cast and Metallurgy 4(89), pp. 143–147.
Babenko, K.Y. 2020. Management of territorial economic development: project approach. Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series “Economics” 1(13), pp. 135–139.
Federal Law No. 261-FZ “On energy saving and on increasing energy efficiency and on amending certain laws of the Russian Federation”. 2009. [Online] https://clck.ru/WGZc2 [Accessed: 2021-06-20].
Gorbunova, V.S. and Puzina, Ye.Yu. 2018. The effectiveness of the implementation of energy management systems in industrial companies in Russia. Transport Systems and Technologies 1, pp. 119–137.
GOST R 2008. GOST R 40.003-2008. Certification system GOST R. Register of quality systems. The procedure for certification of the quality management system for compliance with GOST R ISO 9001-2008 (ISO 9001: 2008). 2008. [Online] https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200068716 [Accessed: 2021-06-20].
GOST R ISO 2019. GOST R ISO 19011-2003. Guidelines for auditing quality management systems and/or environmental management system. 2019. [Online] http://base.consultant.ru/cons/CGI/online.cgi?req=doc;base=EXP;n=335887 [Accessed: 2021-06-20].
Gurevich, V. and Primakova, I. 2013. Integration of energy management into the practice of managing the organization. Science and Innovation 12(26), pp. 5–7.
Ihnatyshyn, M.V. and Demian, Y.Yu. 2019. Business-consulting as a tool for balancing business resources and management decisions at enterprises. Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series “Economics” 2(12), pp. 62–66.
ISO 2014. ISO 50001: 2011 Energy Management Systems. Requirements and guidance for use. 2014. [Online] https://iso-management.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ISO-50001-2011.pdf [Accessed: 2021-06-20].
ISO 2015. ISO 17021. Conformity assessment. Requirements for certification bodies of management systems. 2015. [Online] https://www.iso.org/obp/ui#iso:std:iso-iec:17021:-1:ed-1:v1:ru [Accessed: 2021- 06-20].
Kachynska et al. 2021 – Kachynska, N.F., Zemlyanska, O.V., Husiev, A.M., Demchuk, H.V. and Kovtun, A.I. 2021. Labour protection as a component of effective management of a modern enterprise. Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series “Economics” 8(1), pp. 77–85.
Kucher, L.R. and Zamrii, O.M. 2020. The role of the competitive personality of the manager in management. Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series “Economics” 1(13), pp. 32–37.
Li, F. and Strachan, N. 2019. Take me to your leader: using socio-technical energy transitions (STET) modelling to explore the role of actors in decarbonisation pathways. Energy Research & Social Science 51, pp. 67–81.
Lyalin, A.M. and Pfayfer, N.V. 2015. Energy management standardization in Russia. University Bulletin 9, pp. 197–202.
Pareschi et al. 2020 – Pareschi, G., Küng, L., Georges, G. and Boulouchos, K. 2020. Are travel surveys a good basis for EV models? Validation of simulated charging profiles against empirical data. Applied Energy 275, DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115318.
Pilipenko, N.V. and Gladskikh, D.A. 2014. Determination of the heat losses of buildings and structures by solving inverse heat conduction problems measurement techniques. Springer New York Consultants Bureau 2(57), pp. 181–186.
Redko, K.YU. and Furs, O.S. 2020. The current situation and world trends of green energy development. Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series “Economics” 1(13), pp. 55–60.
Somma et al. 2019 – Somma, M.D., Graditi, G. and Siano, P. 2019. Optimal bidding strategy for a DER aggregator in the day-ahead market in the presence of demand flexibility. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 66(2), pp. 1509–1519.
State information system in the field of energy conservation and energy efficiency. 2019. [Online] https://gisee.ru/law/international/47502/ [Accessed: 2021-06-20].
Weiss et al. 2019 – Weiss, O., Pareschi, G., Schwery, O., Bolla, M., Georges, G. and Boulouchos, K. 2019. Long-term scheduling model of Swiss hydropower. 16th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM) 1, DOI: 10.1109/EEM.2019.8916260.
Weiss et al. 2021 – Weiss, O., Pareschi, G., Georges, G. and Boulouchos, K. 2021. The Swiss energy transition: Policies to address the Energy Trilemma. Energy Policy 148, DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111926.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ramilya Savchuk
1
Alexandr Cherkasov
2
Pavel Kondratiev
1
Semen Matskepladze
1

  1. Department of Quality Management, Russian University of Transport, Russia
  2. Department of Transport Construction in Extreme Conditions, Russian University of Transport, Russia
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Abstract

The article presents a case study on the effectiveness of photovoltaic farm and battery energy storage in one of the Polish foundries. In the study, we consider two investment options: stand-alone PV farm of 1MWp and the farm together with battery energy storage with a maximum capacity of 4MWh. The Payback Period and Net Present Value were used as measures of investment profitability. The paper provides a detailed presentation of the assumptions made, as well as the PV electricity production model of the farm and the optimization model that determines the operation cycle of the energy storage. The case study presented in the article shows that the PV farm is economically sensible and profitable, but the battery energy storage is too costly to give a positive economic effect. Energy storage is an important element that provides flexibility in the energy supply system, so it is necessary to find a technical solution that gives this flexibility. Such a solution could be a virtual power plant, which could include a foundry energy system with a RES installation inside.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Stawowy
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Wrona
2
M. Sawczuk
2
D. Lasek
2

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Management, Poland
  2. Modus Sp. z o.o., Poland
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Abstract

The article deals with the subject of an important component of energy management, which is the performance of energy efficiency audits in companies. Using the case study analysis, the role of the energy audit was analyzed in the context of improvement of energy efficiency in selected production companies. The essence of legal requirements following from the implementation of the amended Energy Efficiency Act was presented. Specifically, problems and challenges, which refer to the method of implementation of the audit obligation in economic practice, were discussed. Furthermore, the issue of quality and usefulness (in the decision-making process) of prepared reports was raised. It was found that there were indications to claim that the obligatory energy audit of companies is not an instrument for the improvement of energy efficiency, which is always used optimally. The fault in this situation is partly attributable to the state, audit bodies and the company management. In this case, not only is the ineffective communication an issue here, but also the insufficient level of knowledge regarding energy management, as well as haste. The amendment of the Energy Efficiency Act (within just one year) imposed the necessity to conduct an energy audit on a specific group of companies. In principle, because all the entities, to which the obligation referred, had to take actions almost at the same time, numerous issues appeared. Some managers learned about the obligation to conduct the audit from companies who themselves had come out with a proposal to carry it out. This proves the lack of the proper information flow between the government administration authorities and the companies. Again, it turned out that practitioners did not keep pace with the implementation of actions, which were a consequence of numerous (and not always well thought-out) changes in the law. Haste in the fulfillment of the statutory obligation affected a high price spread of the bids sent during tenders, related to the performance of an energy audit. Bureaucratic regulations regarding tenders became another obstacle in the correct performance of the tasks. The entrepreneurs themselves, without clear guidelines on what to expect after the performed energy audit and what a report should look like, on many occasions, selected the “cheapest” bid – not always thinking too much about the qualitative consequences of such a decision. Some certifying bodies – taking advantage of an opportunity and the satisfactory combination of circumstances – offered unprofessional audit services of questionable quality. In the presented conditions, it is difficult to expect real, systemic and desirable results (economically, ecologically and socially) with regards to the energy efficiency both in the micro-, meso- and macr-economic scale. It is worth considering changes in the Energy Efficiency Act and spread the obligation to perform audits over different years according to clearly defined (in cooperation with business) criteria. If relevant actions are not taken, the situation of a temporary Eldorado on the market of energy audits will repeat in 4 years. Again, the consequence may be the poor quality and questionable usefulness of reports from energy audits of companies both at the business level and the ecological-political level. It is necessary to counteract all forms of unfair competition to interdisciplinary and specialist bodies which take actions to improve the energy efficiency of organisations. The creation of appropriate business conditions will have a positive impact on the improvement of energy efficiency. In this context, it is necessary to take actions, which enable the optimization of both the process of the implementation of obligatory legal regulations and voluntary (industry) norms and standards.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marzena Hajduk-Stelmachowicz
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Abstract

The paper presents a circuit structure that can be used for powering an IoT (Internet of Things) sensor node and that can use energy just from its surroundings. The main advantage of the presented solution is its very low cost that allows mass applicability e.g. in the IoT smart grids and ubiquitous sensors. It is intended for energy sources that can provide enough voltage but that can provide only low currents such as piezoelectric transducers or small photovoltaic panels (PV) under indoor light conditions. The circuit is able to accumulate energy in a capacitor until a certain level and then to pass it to the load. The presented circuit exhibits similar functionality to a commercially available EH300 energy harvester (EH). The paper compares electrical properties of the presented circuit and the EH300 device, their form factors and costs. The EH circuit’s performance is tested together with an LTC3531 buck-boost DC/DC converter which can provide constant voltage for the following electronics. The paper provides guidelines for selecting an optimal capacity of the storage capacitor. The functionality of the solution presented is demonstrated in a sensor node that periodically transmits measured data to the base station using just the power from the PV panel or the piezoelectric generator. The presented harvester and powering circuit are compact part of the sensor node’s electronics but they can be also realized as an external powering module to be added to existing solutions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Bouřa
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Abstract

Growing energy demands are expected to render existing energy resources insufficient. Solar energy faces challenges in terms of providing continuous and reliable power supply to consumers. However, it has become increasingly important to implement renewable energy (RE) and energy management (EM) systems to increase the supply of power, improve efficiency, and maintain the stability of energy systems. As such, this present study integrated energy storage (ES) devices; namely, batteries and direct current (DC) to DC converters; into energy systems that support battery operation and effectively manage power flow, especially during peak load demands. The proposed system also addresses low solar irradiation and sudden load change scenarios by enabling the battery to operate in a discharge state to supply power to the load. Conversely, when the demand matches or exceeds the available solar energy, the battery is charged using solar power. The proposed system highlights the significance of RE systems and EM strategies in meeting growing energy demands and ensuring a reliable supply of power during solar variability and fluctuating loads. A MATLAB® Simulink model was used to evaluate the integration of a 200 kW photovoltaic (PV) array with a 380 V grid and 150 kW battery. The loads, consisting of a 100 kW and a 150 kW unit, were parallel connected. The results indicated that boost and three-phase (3Ph) inverters can be used to successfully integrate PV systems to the power grid to supply alternating current (AC) power. The inclusion of a battery also addressed power shortages during periods of insufficient power generation and to store surplus power.
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Authors and Affiliations

Baqer Saleh Mahdi
1
Nasri Sulaiman
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohanad Abd Shehab
2
Siti Lailatul Mohd Hassan
3
Suhaidi Shafie
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hashim Hizam
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia
  2. Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
  3. School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Abstract

The optimal energy management (OEM) in a stand-alone microgrid (SMG) is a challenging job because of uncertain and intermittent behavior of clean energy sources (CESs) such as a photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT). This paper presents the effective role of battery energy storage (BES) in optimal scheduling of generation sources to fulfill the load demand in an SMG under the intermittency of theWT and PV power. The OEM is performed by minimizing the operational cost of the SMG for the chosen moderate weather profile using an artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC) in four different cases, i.e. without the BES and with the BES having a various level of initial capacity. The results show the efficient role of the BES in keeping the reliability of the SMG with the reduction in carbon-emissions and uncertainty of the CES power. Also, prove that the ABC provides better cost values compared to particle swarm optimization (PSO) and a genetic algorithm (GA). Further, the robustness of system reliability using the BES is tested for the mean data of the considered weather profile.

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Authors and Affiliations

Navin Kumar Paliwal
Asheesh Kumar Singh
Navneet Kumar Singh
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Abstract

In this paper, an energy coordination control method based on intelligent multi-agent systems (MAS) is proposed for energy management and voltage control of a DC microgrid. The structure of the DC microgrid is designed to realize the mathematical modeling of photovoltaic cells, fuel cells and batteries. A two-layer intelligent MAS is designed for energy coordination control: grid-connection and islanding of a DC microgrid is combined with energy management of PV cells, fuel cells, loads and batteries. In the hidden layer and the output layer of the proposed neural network there are 17 and 8 neurons, respectively, and the “logsig” activation function is used for the neurons in the network. Eight kinds of feature quantities and 13 different actions are taken as the input and output parameters of the neural network from the micro-source and the load, and the as the control center agent’s decision-makers. The feasibility of the proposed intelligent multi-agent energy coordination control strategy is verified by MATLAB/Simulink simulation, and three types of examples are analyzed after increasing the load. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme exhibits better performance than the traditional approaches.

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Qaderi-Baban
M.B. Menhaj
M. Dosaranian-Moghadam
A. Fakharian
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Abstract

This paper proposes an advanced Internet of Things (IoT) system for measuring, monitoring, and recording some power quality (PQ) parameters. The proposed system is designed and developed for both hardware and software. For the hardware unit, three PZEM-004T modules with non-invasive current transformer (CT) sensors are used to measure the PQ parameters and an Arduino WeMos D1 R1 ESP8266 microcontroller is used to receive data from the sensors and send this data to the server via the internet. For the software unit, an algorithm using Matlab software is developed to send measurement data to the ThingSpeak cloud. The proposed system can monitor and analyse the PQ parameters including frequency, root mean square (RMS) voltage, RMS current, active power, and the power factor of a low-voltage load in real-time. These PQ parameters can be stored on the ThingSpeak cloud during the monitoring period; hence the standard deviation in statistics of the voltage and frequency is applied to analyse and evaluate PQ at the monitoring point. The experimental tests are carried out on low-voltage networks 380/220 V. The obtained results show that the proposed system can be usefully applied for monitoring and analysing chosen PQ parameters in micro-grid solutions.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Ngo Minh Khoa
1
ORCID: ORCID
Le Van Dai
2
Doan Duc Tung
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nguyen An Toan
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Quy Nhon University, Vietnam
  2. Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Abstract

Due to the coexistence of continuity and discreteness, energy management of a multi-mode power split hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) can be considered a typical hybrid system. Therefore, the hybrid system theory is applied to investigate the optimum energy distribution strategy of a power split multi-mode HEV. In order to obtain a unified description of the continuous/discrete dynamics, including both the steady power distribution process and mode switching behaviors, mixed logical dynamical (MLD) modeling is adopted to build the control-oriented model. Moreover, linear piecewise affine (PWA) technology is applied to deal with nonlinear characteristics in MLD modeling. The MLD model is finally obtained through a high level modeling language, i.e. HYSDEL. Based on the MLD model, hybrid model predictive control (HMPC) strategy is proposed, where a mixed integer quadratic programming (MIQP) problem is constructed for optimum power distribution. Simulation studies under different driving cycles demonstrate that the proposed control strategy can have a superior control effect as compared with the rule-based control strategy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Shaohua Wang
1
Sheng Zhang
1
Dehua Shi
1 2 3
Xiaoqiang Sun
1
Tao Yang
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
  2. Vehicle Measurement, Control and Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
  3. Jiangsu Chunlan Clean Energy Research Institute Co., Ltd., Taizhou 225300, China
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Abstract

The consumption of various forms of primary and secondary energy is one of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Also, the increase in the prices of energy resources is an important factor affecting the economic profitability of running a business organization. Legal requirements in the European Union also affect the need to implement appropriate solutions aimed at increasing energy efficiency, which translates into the need of implementing Energy Management Systems, based the ISO 50001 standard, in many enterprises.. In the case study presented in the article, which is based on a company from the energy industry in Poland, the most important Energy Performance Indexes and the impact of the quality of their information on the results obtained were reviewed. In the analyzed example, the main process used only 28% of the total energy consumption in the organization. Insufficient attention to auxiliary processes led to an undercut of Energy Performance by nearly 11% in the first year of operation. It is partic-ularly important to properly collect data on auxiliary processes, which are very often omitted or treated in general in companies, and as shown may constitute a significant share in the total amount of energy consumed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Grudzień
1
ORCID: ORCID
Filip Osiński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents a theoretical analysis of thermal energy storage filled with phase change material (PCM) that is aimed at optimization of an adsorption chiller performance in an air-conditioning system. The equations describing a lumped parameter model were used to analyze internal heat transfer in the cooling installation. Those equations result from the energy balances of the chiller, PCM thermal storage unit and heat load. The influence of the control of the heat transfer fluid flow rate and heat capacity of the system components on the whole system operation was investigated. The model was used to validate the selection of Rubitherm RT62HC as a PCM for thermal storage. It also allowed us to assess the temperature levels that are likely to appear during the operation of the system before it will be constructed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Karwacki
1
Roman Kwidziński
1
Piotr Leputa
1 2

  1. The Szewalski Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Heat Transfer Department, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdansk, Poland
  2. ENERGA Ciepło Ostrołeka Sp. z o.o., Celna 13, 07-410 Ostrołeka, Poland

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