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Abstract

Objective: The goal of this contribution is to present and familiarize the medical community with the method for the assessment of trace and essentials elements in prostate tissue sections. Materials and methods: X-ray fl uorescence based technique (namely Synchrotron Induced X-ray Emission (SRIXE)) is described in terms of methodology, sample preparation and the evaluation of the recorded results (spectral data sets). Materials for the samples were collected from the patients underwent radical prostatectomy due to Adenocarcinoma prostatae. Specimens were freeze-dried, cut by microtome (to the thickness of 15 μm), one slice was placed on Mylar foil (for SRIXE measurements) and adjacent one on microscopic glass (for histopathological assessment). Results: Results presented here show the usability of SRIXE method for the evaluation of concentration of trace and essential elements in prostate tissue sections with the spatial resolution better than 15 microns. Discussion: Histopathological analysis of samples, which is only focused on morphological features, is unable to reveal information about changes in biochemical signature of tissues aff ected by the illness. SRIXE is a powerful and promising technique to analyse even very low concentrations of selected elements at the cellular level without any labelling or separating procedures. Obtained results may be correlated with classic histopathological assessment allowing for drawing conclusions on the changes in certain elements concentrations with the progression of disease. Moreover, mentioned in this work analysis, can be performed for any type of biological tissues.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bohdan Pawlicki
Aleksandra Pawlicka
Agnieszka Banas
Krzysztof Banas
Mariusz Gajda
Grzegorz Dyduch
Wojciech M. Kwiatek
Mark B.H. Breese
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Abstract

Structural vibration damping via piezoelectric shunt circuits has received a great deal of attention recently as they are light, easy to use and provide for good vibration damping performance. This study investigates vibration damping of a clamped-free beam under harmonic excitations in the steady state. The damping control strategy utilises the piezoelectric properties of PZT materials and a shunt circuit consisting of series RLC elements in parallel configuration. The analysis was made for the first mode frequency and, at the same time, for the four resonance frequencies.
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Authors and Affiliations

Roman Filipek
Jerzy Wiciak
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Abstract

This paper presents a 3D finite element analysis of the effect caused by a blast inside a reinforced concrete tunnel. The simulated explosion was caused by the crash of a heavy vehicle transporting inflammable material (LPG). The finite element technique was used to analyze the structural problems on the tunnel reinforced concrete structure considering the fire action and the subsequent explosion (blast) effect, incorporating appropriate material models.
Through FEM software the tunnel behavior was described with regard to structural safety. Indeed, tunnels must be designed to withstand damage factors, so it is desirable that if such an explosion did occur, the tunnel should be able to return to service in safety as soon as possible with minor repairs. Therefore, following the presented analysis, the most important factors influencing the dynamic response and the damage of the structure could be identified. The simulation involved aspects of thermal analysis and structural problems and the tensions in the structure generated by the effect of temperature caused by the fire and by the blast overpressure were analyzed. Following this approach, the most important factors influencing the dynamic response and damage of structure can be identified and appropriate preventive measures can be designated.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Giovanni Leonardi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rocco Palamara
1
ORCID: ORCID
Federica Suraci
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Civil, Energy, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Reggio Calabria, Via Graziella, Reggio Calabria, Italy
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Abstract

This paper deals with the modelling of traction linear induction motors (LIMs) for public transportation. The magnetic end effect inherent to these motors causes an asymmetry of their phase impedances. Thus, if the LIM is supplied from the three-phase symmetrical voltage, its phase currents become asymmetric. This effect must be taken into consideration when simulating the LIMs’ performance. Otherwise, when the motor phase currents are assumed to be symmetric in the simulation, the simulation results are in error. This paper investigates the LIM performance, considering the end-effect induced asymmetry of the phase currents, and presents a comparative study of the LIM performance characteristics in both the voltage and the current mode.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard Pałka
Konrad Woronowicz
Jan Kotwas
Wang Xing
Hao Chen
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Abstract

The paper aims was assessing risks of mandible fractures consequent to impacts or sport accidents. The role of the structural stiffness of mandible, related to disocclusion state, was evaluated using the finite element method. It has been assumed, that the quasi-static stress field, due to distributed forces developed during accidents, could explain the common types of mandibular fractures. Mandibular condyles were supposed jammed in the maxillary fossae. The force of 700 N, simulating an impact on mandible, has been sequentially applied in three distinct areas: centrally, at canine zone and at the mandibular angle. Clinically most frequent fractures of mandible were recognized through the analysis of maximal principal stress/strain fields. It has been shown that mandibular fracture during accidents can be analyzed at satisfactory level using linear quasi-static models for designing protections.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Żmudzki
G. Chladek
K. Panek
P. Lipiński
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Abstract

Titanium alloys are difficult-to-machine materials due to their complex mechanical and thermophysical properties. An essential factor in ensuring the quality of the machined surface is the analysis and recommendation of vibration processes accompanying cutting. The analytical description of these processes for machining titanium alloys is very complicated due to the complex adiabatic shear phenomena and the specific thermodynamic state of the chip-forming zone. Simulation modeling chip formation rheology in Computer-Aided Forming systems is a practical method for studying these phenomena. However, dynamic research of the cutting process using such techniques is limited because the initial state of the workpiece and tool is a priori assumed to be "rigid", and the damping properties of the fixture and machine elements are not taken into account at all. Therefore, combining the results of analytical modeling of the cutting process dynamics with the results of simulation modeling was the basis for the proposed research methodology. Such symbiosis of different techniques will consider both mechanical and thermodynamic aspects of machining (specific dynamics of cutting forces) and actual conditions of stiffness and damping properties of the “Machine-Fixture-Tool-Workpiece” system.
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Bibliography

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[10] V. Stupnytskyy, I. Hrytsay, and Xianning She. Finite element analysis of thermal and stress-strain state during titanium alloys machining. In: Advanced Manufacturing Processes II. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 629–639, Springer, 2021. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-68014-5_61.
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Authors and Affiliations

Vadym Stupnytskyy
1
ORCID: ORCID
She Xianning
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yurii Novitskyi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yaroslav Novitskyi
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
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Abstract

Several modelling techniques are currently available to analyse the efficiency of inter-digital transducers (IDTs) fabricated on piezoelectric substrates for producing surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. Impulse response method, equivalent circuit method, coupling of modes, transmission matrix method, and numerical techniques are some of the popular ones for this. Numerical techniques permit modelling to be carried out with any number of finger electrode pairs with required boundary conditions on any material of interest. In this work, we describe numerical modelling of SAW devices using ANSYS to analyse the effect of mass loading, a major secondary effect of IDTs on the performance of SAW devices. The electrode thickness of the IDT influences the resonance frequency of the SAW delay line. The analysis has been carried out for different electrode materials, aluminium, copper, and gold, for different substrate materials, barium titanate (BaTiO3), X-Y lithium niobate (LiNbO3), lithium tantalate (LiTaO3), and the naturally available quartz. The results are presented and discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sheeja P. George
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Johney Issac
2
Jacob Philip
3

  1. Department of Electronics, College of Engineering, Chengannur, Kerala, India
  2. Department of Instrumentation, CUSAT, Kochi, Kerala, India
  3. Amaljyothi College of Engineering, Kanjirappally, Kottayam, Kerala, India
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Abstract

Featured with a higher velocity, increased power handling capability, and better aging behavior, surface transverse wave (STW) shows more promising prospects than Rayleigh wave nowadays in various sensing applications. The need to design, optimize, and fabricate the related devices motivates the development of modeling and simulation. For this reason, a three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) simulation of STW on quartz, considering the crystal cut angle and the electrode effects, is presented in this study. Firstly, we investigated the effects of quartz’s cut angle on the generated waves. Here, the polarized displacements were analyzed to distinguish the wave modes. Secondly, the investigations of the electrode effects on the polarized displacement, phase velocity, and electromechanical coupling factor ( K2) were carried out, for which different material and thickness configurations for the electrodes were considered. Thirdly, to examine the excitation conditions of the generated waves, the admittance responses were inspected. The results showed that not only the crystal cut angle but also the density and the acoustic impedance of the interdigital transducer (IDT) material have a strong influence on the excited waves. This article is the first to analyze STWs considering quartz’s cut angle and electrode effect through a 3D FE model. It could provide a helpful and easy way to design, optimize, and fabricate the related surface acoustic wave devices.
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Authors and Affiliations

Chao Jiang
1 2 3
Xiaoli Cao
1 2
Feng Yang
1 2 3
Zejun Liu
1

  1. School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
  2. Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Blockchain Technology, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
  3. Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Detection, Control and Integrated System, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
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Abstract

This paper presents an algorithm and optimization procedure for the optimization of the outer rotor structure of the brushless DC (BLDC) motor. The optimization software was developed in the Delphi Tiburón development environment. The optimization procedure is based on the salp swarm algorithm. The effectiveness of the developed optimization procedurewas compared with genetic algorithm and particle swarmoptimization algorithm. The mathematical model of the device includes the electromagnetic field equations taking into account the non-linearity of the ferromagnetic material, equations of external supply circuits and equations of mechanical motion. The external penalty function was introduced into the optimization algorithm to take into account the non-linear constraint function.
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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Knypiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ramesh Devarapalli
2
ORCID: ORCID
Yvonnick Le Menach
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Poland
  2. Department of EEE, Lendi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vizianagaram, India
  3. Lille University, France
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Abstract

The following work gives the details of the modelling, simulation, and testing of a small portable gravitational water vortex (GWV) based power plant. The gravitation water vortex is an ideal source of renewable energy for rural areas that have a small body of flowing water. For this purpose, we have selected a small size for the vortex chamber that enables it to form a vortex with limited amounts of water. The paper gives the details of the simulation of the GWV in COMSOL FEA software and the parameters that were chosen for optimization. These parameters were the height of the vortex chamber, the number of blades, the length of the blades, and the tilt angle of the blades. These parameters were systematically varied step by step, to observe their effect on the speed of the rotor. The results of the parametric sweep that was performed on all the parameters are also presented. Based on the simulation results an optimal set of parameters was chosen for the physical implementation of the GWV. The paper also goes into the details of the construction of the physical GWV, the experimental setup that was devised for the testing and verification of the simulation results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Vinayakumar B.
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rahul Antonyo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Binson V.A.
1
ORCID: ORCID
Youhan Sunnyo
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Saintgits College of Engineering, Pathamuttom P.O Kottayam, Kerala, India Pincode: 686532
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Abstract

The paper evaluates the causes related to the fatigue damage in a conveyor slide plate, exposed to high-frequency cyclic loads. The plate was made of 1.4301 acid-resistant steel. The fractography showed that the plate failure was caused by fatigue crack. A nonlinear analysis of plate deformation was conducted using the finite element method (FEA) in LS-Dyna software. The maximum normal stresses in the plate fracture were used in further analysis. A “fatigue limit” calculated initially using a FITNET procedure was above the maximum stress calculated using FEA. It indicates that the structural features of the plate were selected correctly. The experimental test results for 1.4301 acid-resistant steel were described using a probabilistic Weibull distribution model. Reliability was determined for the obtained S-N curve at 50% and 5% failure probability allowing for the selected coefficients (cycle asymmetry, roughness, variable load) and the history of cyclic loading. Cumulative damage was determined using the Palmgren-Miner hypothesis. The estimated fatigue life was similar to the actual value determined in the operating conditions for the S-N curve at 5% failure probability. For engineering calculations, the S-N curve at max. 5% failure probability is recommended.

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Tomaszewski
P. Strzelecki
M. Wachowski
ORCID: ORCID
M. Stopel
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Abstract

This paper details a finite element analysis of the behaviour of Si-Al geopolymer concrete beam reinforced steel bar under an impulsive load and hyper velocity speed up to 1 km/s created by an air blast explosion. The initial torsion stiffness and ultimate torsion strength of the beam increased with increasing compressive strength and decreasing stirrup ratio. The study involves building a finite element model to detail the stress distribution and compute the level of damage, displacement, and cracks development on the geopolymer concrete reinforcement beam. This was done in ABAQUS, where a computational model of the finite element was used to determine the elasticity, plasticity, concrete tension damages, concrete damage plasticity, and the viability of the Johnson-Cook Damage method on the Si-Al geopolymer concrete. The results from the numerical simulation show that an increase in the load magnitude at the midspan of the beam leads to a percentage increase in the ultimate damage of the reinforced geopolymer beams failing in shear plastic deformation. The correlation between the numerical and experimental blasting results confirmed that the damage pattern accurately predicts the response of the steel reinforcement Si-Al geopolymer concrete beams, concluded that decreasing the scaled distance from 0.298 kg/m3 to 0.149 kg/m3 increased the deformation percentage.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nurul Aida Mohd Mortar
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Kamarudin Hussin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafiza Abdul Razak
3
ORCID: ORCID
Sanusi Hamat
4
ORCID: ORCID
Ahmad Humaizi Hilmi
4
Noorfifi Natasha Shahedan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Long Yuan Li
5
ORCID: ORCID
Ikmal Hakem A. Aziz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Malaysia
  5. University of Plymouth, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
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Abstract

The non-linear analysis of hollow-core concrete slabs requires the use of advanced numerical techniques, proper constitutive models both for concrete and steel as well as particular computational skills. If prestressing, cracking, crack opening, material softening, etc. are also to be taken into account, then the computational task can far exceed the capabilities of an ordinary engineer. In order for the calculations to be carried out in a traditional design office, simplified calculation methods are needed. They should be based on the linear finite element (FE) method with a simple approach that takes into account material nonlinearities. In this paper the simplified analysis of hollow-core slabs based on the generalized nonlinear constitutive law is presented. In the proposed method a simple decomposition of the traditional iterative linear finite element analysis and the non-linear algebraic analysis of the plate cross-section is used. Through independent analysis of the plate cross-section in different deformation states, a degraded plate stiffness can be obtained, which allows for iterative update of displacements and rotations in the nodes of the FE model. Which in turn allows to update the deformation state and then correct translations and rotations in the nodes again. The results obtained from the full detailed 3D nonlinear FEM model and from the proposed approach are compared for different slab cross-sections. The obtained results from both models are consistent.
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Authors and Affiliations

Natalia Staszak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Garbowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Barbara Ksit
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Life Sciences, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Wojska Polskiego 50, 60-627 Poznań
  2. Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Building Engineering, Piotrowo 5, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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Abstract

Computer simulation of involute spur gears generation was used to determine tooth profiles mapped by tools during gear machining. These profiles were computed for different combinations of geometric parameters of machined gears and tools as well as for different combinations of pretreatment and finishing processes. Results of simulations were used for generation of very precise finite element models of representative gear segments. For these models, distributions of stresses were computed for assumed load in the ADINA finite element system. The results were compared with related results of computations made in accordance with the ISO/DIS and AGMA standards. Special attention was paid to gears, in which additional notch appears at tooth root after machining. This notch causes concentration of stresses. On the basis of the above named computations an analysis of influence of technological parameters and methods of machining gears on form and bending strength properties of spur gear tooth root was performed. General conclusions were formulated. They can be useful in both gear design and gear manufacturing for proper selection of structural parameters, association of pretreatment and finishing, selection of suitable method of gear generation and parameters of applied tool. Approach suggested in this paper: setting initial structural and technological parameters, computer simulation of gear generation, computer assisted strength analysis leading to suitable modification of the design and manufacturing presumptions - establishes proper basis for optimization of gears with consideration to the maximum possible bending strength properties of spur gear tooth root.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Kawalec
Jerzy Wiktor
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Abstract

Two different principles of TMF-testing were investigated for the wrought aluminium alloy AlCuBiPb (201 I). In the first testing method the specimens are clamped in a stiff load frame. A cyclic temperature load is applied, which leads to an out-of-phase (OP) TMF loading. The local strain is measured within the parallel cross section of the specimen. The second series of OP-TMF tests are conducted using closed loop strain control on a servo-hydraulic TMF testing system, which guarantees a rigid restraint condition within the parallel section of the specimen. To compare these two principles of TMF-testing, additional experiments were conducted with different mechanical strain amplitudes. The two experiments can be compared well, when the local strains are taken into account. Therefore, the method of the rigid clamped specimen can be used to get experimental data in a wide range of strain amplitudes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Minichmayr
Martin Riedler
Wilfried Eichlseder
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Abstract

In order to study the mechanical behavior of concrete-filled steel tube(CFST) short column with different void ratios under a certain eccentricity. A fiber model of concrete-filled steel tube section with different void heights was established. Compared with existing model test data, the axial force and flexural moment strength models of concrete-filled steel tube columns with different void ratios were established. The results show that, in the case of different void ratios, the cross-section strength envelope shows an overall contraction tendency with the increase of void ratio, and each line is basically parallel. A model for calculating the coefficient of axial load degradation was established. The Han’s flexural moment strength model of the flexural component was revised, and the strength model of concrete-filled steel tube column under eccentric compression considering void ratio was established, which provides a theoretical basis and method for the safety assessment during the operation of concrete-filled steel tube arch bridges.
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Authors and Affiliations

Junxi Song
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zhuowei Han
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dawei Wang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Xiaorui Lu
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. CCCC Fourth Highway Engineering Co.Ltd, Beijing 100176, China
  2. Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
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Abstract

Several months after August 4, 2020, Lebanon is still recovering from the enormous explosion at the port of Beirut that killed more than 200 people and injured more than 7500. This explosion ripped the city to shreds and significantly damaged the Beirut port silos. Saint Joseph University of Beirut “the school of engineering ESIB” in collaboration with “Amann” Engineering performed a 3D scan of the Beirut port silos to assess the silos’ level of damage. The obtained data was then compared to the numerical modelling results, obtained from Abaqus explicit, in order to estimate the blast magnitude and to check if the pile foundation can be reused in building new silos at the same place due to the limited space available at the port of Beirut while considering the soil-foundation-structure interaction effect. In addition, the silos’ structural response against the filling of the silos at the time of explosion was investigated. The displacement of the silos and the amount of silos’ damage obtained from the fixed and flexible numerical models indicate that a blast magnitude of 0.44 kt TNT (approximately 1100 tons of Ammonium Nitrate) best estimates the 20 to 30 cm silos’ tilting in the direction of the blast. In addition, the soil and the foundation played a positive role by absorbing part while dissipating less amount of the blast energy. Also, the grains at the time of the event did not affect the silos’ deformation and damage amount. Noting that the displacement of the pile foundation exceeded all limits set by design codes, indicating that the pile foundation cannot be reused to build new silos at the same place.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sahar Ali Ismail
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wassim Raphael
1
Emmanuel Durand
2
ORCID: ORCID
Fouad Kaddah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Fadi Geara
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Civil Engineering Department, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut 17-5208, Lebanon
  2. Amann Engineering, Geneva 1212, Switzerland
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Abstract

The paper presents a modified finite element method for nonlinear analysis of 2D beam structures. To take into account the influence of the shear flexibility, a Timoshenko beam element was adopted. The algorithm proposed enables using complex material laws without the need of implementing advanced constitutive models in finite element routines. The method is easy to implement in commonly available CAE software for linear analysis of beam structures. It allows to extend the functionality of these programs with material nonlinearities. By using the structure deformations, computed from the nodal displacements, and the presented here generalized nonlinear constitutive law, it is possible to iteratively reduce the bending, tensile and shear stiffnesses of the structures. By applying a beam model with a multi layered cross-section and generalized stresses and strains to obtain a representative constitutive law, it is easy to model not only the complex multi-material cross-sections, but also the advanced nonlinear constitutive laws (e.g. material softening in tension). The proposed method was implemented in the MATLAB environment, its performance was shown on the several numerical examples. The cross-sections such us a steel I-beam and a steel I-beam with a concrete encasement for different slenderness ratios were considered here. To verify the accuracy of the computations, all results are compared with the ones received from a commercial CAE software. The comparison reveals a good correlation between the reference model and the method proposed.
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Bibliography


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Authors and Affiliations

Damian Mrówczyński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Gajewski
2
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Garbowski
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Research and Development Division, FEMAT Sp. z o.o., Romana Maya 1, 61-371, Poznan, Poland
  2. Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Structural Analysis, Piotrowo 5, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
  3. Poznan University of Life Sciences, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Wojska Polskiego 50, 60-627 Poznan, Poland
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Abstract

This paper presents a study of laminated veneer lumber panels subjected to bending. Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is a sustainable building material manufactured by laminating 3-4-mm-thick wood veneers, using adhesives. The authors of this article studied the behaviour of type R laminated veneer lumber (LVL R), in which all veneers are glued together longitudinally – along the grain. Tensile, compressive and bending tests of LVL R were conducted. The short-term behaviour, load carrying-capacity, mode of failure and load-deflection of the LVL R panels were investigated. The authors observed failure modes at the collapse load, associated with the delamination and cracking of veneer layers in the tensile zone. What is more, two non-linear finite element models of the tested LVL R panel were developed and verified against the experimental results. In the 3D finite element model, LVL R was described as an elastic-perfectly plastic material. In the 2D finite element model, on the other hand, it was described as an orthotropic material and its failure was captured using the Hashin damage model. The comparison of the numerical and experimental analyses demonstrated that the adopted numerical models yielded the results similar to the experimental results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Chybiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Polus
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Piotrowo 5 Street, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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Abstract

A quantitative study is performed to determine the performance degradation of Y-shaped reinforced concrete bridge piers owing to long-term freeze-thaw damage. The piers are discretized into spatial solid elements using the ANSYS Workbench finite element analysis software, and a spatial model is established. The analysis addresses the mechanical performance of the piers under monotonic loading, and their seismic performance under low-cycle repeated loading. The influence of the number of freeze-thaw cycles, axial compression ratio, and loading direction on the pier bearing capacity index and seismic performance index is investigated. The results show that freeze-thaw damage has an adverse effect on the ultimate bearing capacity and seismic performance of Y-shaped bridge piers in the transverse and longitudinal directions. The pier peak load and displacement ductility coefficient decrease with increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles. The axial compression ratio is an important factor that affects the pier ultimate bearing capacity and seismic performance. Upon increasing the axial compression ratio, the pier peak load increases and the displacement ductility coefficient decreases, the effects of which are more significant in the longitudinal direction.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yanfeng Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jialong Li
1
Tianyu Guo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tongfeng Zhao
2
Longsheng Bao
3
ORCID: ORCID
Xinglong Sun
1

  1. School of Transportation and Geomatics Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
  2. Liaoning Provincial College of Communications, Liaoning Bridge Safety Engineering Research Center, Shenyang 110168, China
  3. School of Transportation Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
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Abstract

The shear lag effect of the steel box girder section in a self-anchored suspension bridge was investigated in this study. Finite element analysis software Midas Civil was used to discretize the girder under analysis into space plate elements and establish a plate element model. The law of shear lag in the longitudinal direction of the girder in the construction and completion stages was determined accordingly. The shear lag coefficient appears to change suddenly near the side support, middle support, side cable anchorage area, and near the bridge tower support of the steel box girder under the imposed load. The most severe shear lag effect is located near the side support and near the side cable anchorage area. Steel box girder sections are simulated before and after system conversion to analyze the shear lag coefficient in the bridge construction stage. The results show that the shear lag coefficient markedly differs before versus after system conversion due to the different stress mechanisms. The finite element analysis results were validated by comparison with the results of an analysis via analogous rod method.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yanfeng Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ying He
2
Longsheng Bao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Baoyun Sun
1
ORCID: ORCID
Qinghe Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Prof., PhD., School of Transportation Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
  2. DSc., School of Transportation Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
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Abstract

Steel-wood-steel connection is widely seen in many applications, such as timber structures. The stiffness of steel-wood-steel connection loaded parallel to grain for softwoods originated from Malaysia was investigated in this study. Numerical models have been developed in ABAQUS to study the stiffness connection. Softwoods of Damar Minyak and Podo have been selected in this analysis. The comprehensive study focused on the effect of bolt configurations on stiffness. Numerical analysis is carried out and the developed model has been validated with the previous study. Further investigations have been made by using the validated model. From this model, numerical analysis of the stiffness values have been made for various bolt configurations, including bolt diameter, end distance, bolt spacing, number of rows and bolts and edge distance. The result shows that the stiffness of bolted timber connections for softwood depends on the bolt diameter, number of rows and bolts, end distance and edge distance. Based on the result, stiffness increased as the diameter of the bolt, end distance, number of rows and bolts and edge distance increased. It is also discovered that the stiffness equation in Eurocode 5 (EC5) is inadequate as the equation only considered parameters which are wood density and bolt diameter. Other connection parameters such as geometry are not considered in the EC5 equation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nur Liza Rahim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Francis Ting Shyue Sheng
1
ORCID: ORCID
Abdul Razak Abdul Karim
3
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Nabialek
4
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
5 6
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Sroka
7
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, 02600 Arau Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Sustainable Environment Research Group (SERG), Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaysia, Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
  4. Department of Physics, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
  5. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, 02600 Arau Perlis, Malaysia
  6. Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar Perlis, Malaysia
  7. Division of Materials Processing Technology and Computer Techniques in Materials Science, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

This paper presents a numerical investigation into the high strength steel (HSS) welded Isection overall buckling performance with respect to the major axis under combined axial compression and bending. The validation of FE models compared with the existing test data to verify the appropriateness of the element division and boundary condition was firstly conducted. In line with the FE arrangement verified, separate 890 numerical models, covering a broader range of eight steel grades (460 MPa, 500 MPa, 550 MPa, 620 MPa, 690 MPa, 800 MPa, 890 MPa and 960 MPa), different overall slenderness and various eccentricities were designated. Subsequently, the comparison of the resistance prediction codified design rules in EN1993-1-1, ANSI/AISC 360-10 and GB50017-2017 was preferentially operated, by the instrumentality of the normalized axial compression-bending moment curves. The results graphically revealed that, the provision given in ANSI/AISC 360-10 concerned in the present work was the most loose, whereas, the corresponding content set out in EN1993-1-1 and GB50017-2017 was relatively on the safe side. Taking account of the FE results, the conservative shortcomings of the considered rules in EN1993-1-1 and GB50017-2017 were further highlighted. Especially, the disparity of EN1993-1-1 and numerical results was higher to 27%, from the perspective of a definition given in the present work. In contrast, the provision in ANSI/AISC 360-10 yielded a relatively accurate prediction, on average. Based on the numerical program, an alternative formula for the HSS welded I-section beam-columns with a general expression form was sought, which intimately reflected the effect of overall slenderness.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bin Huang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wen-Fu Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanjing Institute of Technology, 211167 Nanjing, China
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Abstract

The fracture reason of steel wire cable is complex, and the corrosion and local bending effect of anchorage end of steel wire cable under tension are one of the main factors. Taking the steel wire of an arch bridge cable as the research object, the notch method was used to simulate the corrosion pits on the surface of the steel wire, and the tension and bending mechanical properties of the high strength notched steel wire were tested. The bending finite element model of the high strength steel wire was established by ANSYS WORKBENCH, and the tension and bending mechanical properties of the notched steel wire under different vertical loads and pretension were studied. The test and calculation results show that the test data are close to the finite element calculation results and the variation law is consistent. Under the same vertical load, the deformation of steel wire notch decreases with the increase of pretension; The stress at the bottom of the notch is the largest at 180˚ direction and the smallest at 90˚ direction of the vertical load.Under the same vertical load and pretension, the stress of spherical shape at the notch is the largest, followed by ellipsoid shape, and groove shape is the smallest, and there is a high stress zone at the edge of groove shape. When the pretension is applied, the initial stress increases with the increase of pretension, while the stress at the notch caused by bending decreases with the increase of pretension.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hongyu Fei
1
ORCID: ORCID
Quansheng Sun
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jianxi Yang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, 150040 Harbin, China

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