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Differential Electronic Nose in On-Line Dynamic Measurements

S. Osowski K. Siwek T. Grzywacz K. Brudzewski

Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2014 | No 4 | 649-662 | DOI: 10.2478/mms-2014-0053

Keywords electronic nose differential system volatile recognition

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Abstract

The paper presents application of differential electronic nose in the dynamic (on-line) volatile measurement. First we compare the classical nose employing only one sensor array and its extension in the differential form containing two sensor arrays working in differential mode. We show that differential nose performs better at changing environmental conditions, especially the temperature, and well performs in the dynamic mode of operation. We show its application in recognition of different brands of tobacco

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Authors and Affiliations

S. Osowski

K. Siwek

T. Grzywacz

K. Brudzewski

Mining Data of Noisy Signal Patterns in Recognition of Gasoline Bio-Based Additives using Electronic Nose

Stanisław Osowski Krzysztof Siwek

Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2017 | vol. 24 | No 1 | DOI: 10.1515/mms-2017-0015

Keywords Data Mining electronic nose gasoline blends random forest support vector machine wavelet denoising

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Abstract

The paper analyses the distorted data of an electronic nose in recognizing the gasoline bio-based additives. Different tools of data mining, such as the methods of data clustering, principal component analysis, wavelet transformation, support vector machine and random forest of decision trees are applied. A special stress is put on the robustness of signal processing systems to the noise distorting the registered sensor signals. A special denoising procedure based on application of discrete wavelet transformation has been proposed. This procedure enables to reduce the error rate of recognition in a significant way. The numerical results of experiments devoted to the recognition of different blends of gasoline have shown the superiority of support vector machine in a noisy environment of measurement.

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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Osowski

Krzysztof Siwek

Process control of air stream deodorization from vapors of VOCs using a gas sensor matrix conducted in the biotrickling filter (BTF)

Dominik Dobrzyniewski Bartosz Szulczyński Piotr Rybarczyk Jacek Gębicki

Archives of Environmental Protection | 2023 | vol. 49 | No 2 | 85-94 | DOI: 10.24425/aep.2023.145900

Keywords biofiltration electronic nose biotrickling filter chemical sensors sensor matrix odorous compounds

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Abstract

This article presents the validity, advisability and purposefulness of using a gas sensor matrix to monitor air deodorization processes carried out in a peat-perlite-polyurethane foam-packed biotrickling filter. The aim of the conducted research was to control the effectiveness of air stream purification from vapors of hydrophobic compounds, i.e., n-hexane and cyclohexane. The effectiveness of hydrophobic n-hexane and cyclohexane removal from air was evaluated using gas chromatography as the reference method and a custom-built gas sensor matrix consisting of seven commercially available sensors. The influence of inlet loading (IL) of n-hexane and cyclohexane on the biotrickling filtration performance was investigated. The prepared sensor matrix was calibrated with use of two statistical techniques: Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Principal Component Regression (PCR). The developed mathematical models allowed us to correlate the multidimensional signal from the sensor array with the concentration of the removed substances. The results based on gas chromatography analyses indicated that the elimination efficiencies of n-hexane and cyclohexane reached about 40 and 30 g m-3 h-1, respectively. The results obtained using a gas sensor matrix revealed that it was possible not only to determine concentration reliably of investigated hydrophobic volatile organic compounds in the gas samples, but also to obtain results of a similar high level of quality as the chromatographic ones. A gas-sensor matrix proposed in this work can be used for on-line real-time monitoring of biofiltration process performance of air polluted with n-hexane and cyclohexane.

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Bibliography

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Brattoli, M., De Gannero, G., De Pinto, V., Loiotile, A.D., Lovascio, S. & Penza, M. (2011). Odour detection methods: olfactometry and chemical sensors. Sensors, 11, 5, pp. 5290-5322. DOI:10.3390/s110505290
Buliner, E.A., Koziel, J.A., Cai, L. & Wright, D. (2012). Characterization of livestock odors using steel plates solid-phase microextraction, and multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 56, 10, pp. 1391-1403. DOI:10.1080/10473289.2006.10464547
Cabeza, I.O., Lopez, R., Giraldez, I., Stuetz, R.M. & Diaz, M.J. (2013). Biofiltration of α-piene vapours using municipal solid waste (MSW) – Pruning residues (P) composts as packing materials. Chemical Engineering Journal, 233, pp. 149-158. DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2013.08.032
Chen, Y., Wang, X., He, S., Zhu, S. & Shen, S. (2016). The performance of a two-layer biotrickling filter filled with new mixed packing materials for the removal of H_2 S from air. Journal of Environmental Management, 165, 1, pp. 11-16. DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.09.008
Cheng, Y., He, H., Yang, C., Yan, Z., Zeng, G. & Qian, H. (2016a). Effects of anionic surfactant on n-hexane removal in biofilters. Chemosphere, 150, pp. 248-253. DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.027
Cheng, Y., He, H., Yang, C., Zeng, G., Li, X., Chen, H. & Yu, G. (2016b). Challenges and solutions for biofiltration of hydrophobic volatile organic compounds. Biotechnology Advances, 34, 6, pp. 1091-1102. DOI:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.06.007
Cheng, Z., Sun, Z., Zhu, S., Lou, Z., Zhu, N. & Feng, L. (2019). The identification and health risk assessment of odor emissions from waste landfilling and composting. Science of The Total Environment, 649, pp. 1038-1044. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.230
Chou, M-S. & Shiu, W-Z. (2011). Bioconversion of Methylamine in Biofilters. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 47, 1, pp. 58-65. DOI:10.1080/10473289.1997.10464408
Fang, J-J., Yang, N., Cen, D-Y., Shao, L-M. & He, P-J. (2012). Odor compounds from different sources of landfill: Characterization and source identification. Waste Management, 32, 7, pp. 1401-1410. DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2012.02.013
Giungato, P., Gilo, A.D., Palmisani, J., Marzocca, A., Mazzone, A., Brattoli, M., Giua, R. & de Gennaro, G. (2018). Synergistic approaches for odor active compounds monitoring and identification: State of the art, integration, limits and potentialities of analytical and sensorial techniques. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 107, pp. 116-129. DOI:10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.019
Liang, Z., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Han, C., Ma, S., Chen, J., Li, G. & An, T. (2020). Removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from a textile dyeing wastewater treatment plant and the attenuation of respiratory health risks using a pilot-scale biofilter. Journal of Cleaner Production, 253, pp. 120019. DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120019
Lopez, R., Cabeza, I.O., Giraldez, I. & Diaz, M.J. (2011). Biofiltration of composting gases using different municipal solid waste-pruning residue composts: Monitoring by using an electronic nose. Bioresource Technology, 102, 17, pp. 7984-7993. DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2011.05.085
Marycz, M., Rodriguez, Y., Gębicki, J. & Munoz, R. (2022). Systematic comparison of a biotrickling filter and a conventional filter for the removal of a mixture of hydrophobic VOCs by Candida subhashii. Chemosphere, 306, pp. 135608. DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135608
Maurer, D., Bragdon, A., Short, B., Ahn, H. & Koziel, J.A. (2018). Improving environmental odor measurements: Comparison of lab-based standard method and portable odor measurement technology. Archives of Environmental Protection, 44, 2, pp. 100-107. DOI:10.24425/119699
Miller, U., Sówka, I. & Adamiak, W. (2020). The use of surfactant from the Tween group in toluene biofiltration. Archives of Environmental Protection, 46, 2, pp. 53-57. DOI:10.24425/aep.2020.133474
Munoz, R., Sivert, E., Parcsi, G., Lebrero, R., Wang, X., Suffet, I.H. & Stuetz, R.M. (2010). Monitoring techniques for odour abatement assessment. Water Research, 44, 18, pp. 5129-5149. DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.013
Nagata, E., Yoshio, Y. & Takeuchi, N. (2003). Measurement of Odor Threshold by Triangular Odor Bag Method. Odor measurement review, 118, pp. 118-127.
Pawnuk, M., Szulczyński, B., den Boer, E. & Sówka, I. (2022). Preliminary analysis of the state of municipal waste management technology in Poland along with the identification of waste treatment processes in terms of odor emissions. Archives of Environmental Protection, 48, 3, pp. 3-20. DOI:10.24425/aep.2022.142685
Rolewicz-Kalińska, A., Lelicińska-Serafin, K. & Manczarski, P. (2021). Volatile organic compounds, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide removal using a two-stage membrane biofiltration process. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 165, pp. 69-80. DOI:10.1016/j.cherd.2020.10.017
Rybarczyk, P. (2022). Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from Air: Focus on Biotrickling Filtration and Process Modeling. Processes, 10, 12, pp. 2531. DOI:10.3390/pr10122531
Rybarczyk, P., Marycz, M., Szulczyński, B., Brillowska-Dąbrowska, A., Rybarczyk, A. & Gębicki, J. (2021). Removal of cyclohexane and ethanol from air in biotrickling filters inoculated with Candida albicans and Candida subhashii. Archives of Environmental Protection, 47, 1, pp. 26-34. DOI. 10.24425/aep.2021.136445
Rybarczyk, P., Szulczyński, B. & Gębicki, J. (2020). Simultaneous removal of hexane and ethanol from air in biotrickling filter – process performance and monitoring using electronic-nose. Sustainability, 12, 1, pp. 387. DOI:10.3390/su12010387
Rybarczyk, P., Szulczyński, B., Gospodarek, M. & Gębicki, J. (2019). Effects of n-butanol presence, inlet loading, empty residence time and starvation periods on the performance of a biotrickling filter removing cyclohexane vapours from air. Chemical Papers, 74, pp. 1039-1047. DOI:10.1007/s11696-019-00943-2
Sabilla, S.I., Sarno, R. & Siswantoro, J. (2017). Estimating Gas Concentration using Artificial Neural Network for Electronic Nose. Procedia Computer Science, 124, pp. 181-188. DOI:10.1016/j.procs.2017.12.145
Salamanca, D., Dobslaw, D. & Engesser, K-H. (2017). Removal of cyclohexane gaseous emissions using a biotrickling filter system. Chemosphere, 176, pp. 97-107. DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.078
Schlegelmilch, M., Streese, J. & Stegmann, R. (2005). Odour management and treatment technologies: An overview. Waste Management, 25, 9, pp. 928-939. DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2005.07.006
Sohn, J.H., Dunlop, M., Hudson, N., Kim, T.I. & Yoo, Y.H. (2009). Non-specific conducting polimer-based array capable of monitoring odour emissions from a Biofiltration system in a piggery building. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 135, 2, pp. 455-464. DOI:10.1016/j.snb.2008.10.007
Szulczyński, B., Gębicki, J. & Namieśnik, J. (2018a). Monitoring and efficiency assessment of biofilter air deodorization using electronic nose prototype. Chemical Papers, 72, pp. 527-532. DOI:10.1007/s11696-017-0310-9
Szulczyński, B., Rybarczyk, P. & Gębicki, J. (2018b). Monitoring of n-butanol vapours biofiltration process using an electronic nose combined with calibration models. Monatshefte fur Chemie, 149, pp. 1693-1699. DOI:10.1007/s00706-018-2243-6
Szulczyński, B., Rybarczyk, P., Gospodarek, M. & Gębicki, J. (2019). Biotrickling filtration of n-butanol vapours: process monitoring using electronic nose and artificial neural network. Monatshefte fur Chemie, 150, pp. 1667-1673. DOI 10.1007/s00706-019-02456-w
Vergara-Fernandez, A., Revah, S., Moreno-Casas, P. & Scott, F. (2018). Biofiltration of volatile organic compounds using fungi and its conceptual and mathematical modeling. Biotechnology Advances, 36, 4, pp. 1079-1093. DOI:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.008
Wiśniewska, M., Kulig, A. & Lelecińska-Serafin, K. (2020). Olfactometric testing as a method for assessing odour nuisance of biogas plants processing municipal waste. Archives of Environmental Protection, 46, 3, pp. 60-68. DOI:10.24425/aep.2020.134536
Wu, X., Lin, Y., Wang, Y., Wu, S., Li, X. & Yang C. (2022). Enhanced Removal of Hydrophobic Short-Chain n-Alkanes from Gas Streams in Biotrickling Filters in Presence of Surfactant. Environmental Science & Technology, 56, 14, pp. 10349-10360. DOI:10.1021/acs.est.2c02022
Wysocka, I., Gębicki, J. & Namieśnik, J. (2019). Technologies for deodorization of malodorous gases. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, pp. 9409-9434, DOI:10.1007/s11356-019-04195-1
Yang, C., Chen, H., Zeng, G., Yu, G. & Luo, S. (2010). Biomass accumulation and control strategies in gas biofiltration. Biotechnology Advances, 28, 4, pp. 531-540, DOI:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.04.002
Yu, G., Wang, G., Wang, S., Yang, C., Chen, H., Zhu, Y., Yu, L., Li, J. & Kazemian, H. (2021). Performance promotion and its mechanism for n-hexane removal in a lab-scale biotrickling filter with reticular polyurethane sponge under intermittent spraying mode. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 152, pp. 654-662. DOI:10.1016/j.psep.2021.06.029
Zarra, T., Reiser, M., Naddeo, V., Belgiorno, V. & Kranert, M. (2014). Odor Emissions Characterization from Wastewater Treatment Plants by Different Measurement Methods. Chemical Engineering Transaction, 40, pp. 37-42. DOI:10.3303/CET1440007
Zhang, S., Cai. L., Koziel, J.A., Hoff, S.J., Schmidt, D.R., Clanton, C.J., Jacobson, L.D., Parker, D.B. & Heber, A.J. (2010). Field air sampling and simultaneous chemical and sensory analysis of livestock odorants with sorbent tubes and GC-MS/olfactometry. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 146, 2, pp. 427-432. DOI:10.1016/j.snb.2009.11.028
Zhang, Y., Ning, X., Li, Y., Wang, J., Cui, H., Meng, J., Teng, C., Wang, G. & Shang, X. (2021). Impact assessment of odor nuisance, health risk and variation originating from the landfill surface. Waste Management, 126, pp. 771-780. DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2021.03.055
Arnold, M., Reittu, A., von Wright, A., Martikainen, P.J. & Suihko, M-L. (1997). Bacterial degradation of styrene in waste gases using a peat filter. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 48, pp.738-744. DOI:10.1007/s002530051126
Brattoli, M., De Gannero, G., De Pinto, V., Loiotile, A.D., Lovascio, S. & Penza, M. (2011). Odour detection methods: olfactometry and chemical sensors. Sensors, 11, 5, pp. 5290-5322. DOI:10.3390/s110505290
Buliner, E.A., Koziel, J.A., Cai, L. & Wright, D. (2012). Characterization of livestock odors using steel plates solid-phase microextraction, and multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 56, 10, pp. 1391-1403. DOI:10.1080/10473289.2006.10464547
Cabeza, I.O., Lopez, R., Giraldez, I., Stuetz, R.M. & Diaz, M.J. (2013). Biofiltration of α-piene vapours using municipal solid waste (MSW) – Pruning residues (P) composts as packing materials. Chemical Engineering Journal, 233, pp. 149-158. DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2013.08.032
Chen, Y., Wang, X., He, S., Zhu, S. & Shen, S. (2016). The performance of a two-layer biotrickling filter filled with new mixed packing materials for the removal of H_2 S from air. Journal of Environmental Management, 165, 1, pp. 11-16. DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.09.008
Cheng, Y., He, H., Yang, C., Yan, Z., Zeng, G. & Qian, H. (2016a). Effects of anionic surfactant on n-hexane removal in biofilters. Chemosphere, 150, pp. 248-253. DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.027
Cheng, Y., He, H., Yang, C., Zeng, G., Li, X., Chen, H. & Yu, G. (2016b). Challenges and solutions for biofiltration of hydrophobic volatile organic compounds. Biotechnology Advances, 34, 6, pp. 1091-1102. DOI:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.06.007
Cheng, Z., Sun, Z., Zhu, S., Lou, Z., Zhu, N. & Feng, L. (2019). The identification and health risk assessment of odor emissions from waste landfilling and composting. Science of The Total Environment, 649, pp. 1038-1044. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.230
Chou, M-S. & Shiu, W-Z. (2011). Bioconversion of Methylamine in Biofilters. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 47, 1, pp. 58-65. DOI:10.1080/10473289.1997.10464408
Fang, J-J., Yang, N., Cen, D-Y., Shao, L-M. & He, P-J. (2012). Odor compounds from different sources of landfill: Characterization and source identification. Waste Management, 32, 7, pp. 1401-1410. DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2012.02.013
Giungato, P., Gilo, A.D., Palmisani, J., Marzocca, A., Mazzone, A., Brattoli, M., Giua, R. & de Gennaro, G. (2018). Synergistic approaches for odor active compounds monitoring and identification: State of the art, integration, limits and potentialities of analytical and sensorial techniques. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 107, pp. 116-129. DOI:10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.019
Liang, Z., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Han, C., Ma, S., Chen, J., Li, G. & An, T. (2020). Removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from a textile dyeing wastewater treatment plant and the attenuation of respiratory health risks using a pilot-scale biofilter. Journal of Cleaner Production, 253, pp. 120019. DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120019
Lopez, R., Cabeza, I.O., Giraldez, I. & Diaz, M.J. (2011). Biofiltration of composting gases using different municipal solid waste-pruning residue composts: Monitoring by using an electronic nose. Bioresource Technology, 102, 17, pp. 7984-7993. DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2011.05.085
Marycz, M., Rodriguez, Y., Gębicki, J. & Munoz, R. (2022). Systematic comparison of a biotrickling filter and a conventional filter for the removal of a mixture of hydrophobic VOCs by Candida subhashii. Chemosphere, 306, pp. 135608. DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135608
Maurer, D., Bragdon, A., Short, B., Ahn, H. & Koziel, J.A. (2018). Improving environmental odor measurements: Comparison of lab-based standard method and portable odor measurement technology. Archives of Environmental Protection, 44, 2, pp. 100-107. DOI:10.24425/119699
Miller, U., Sówka, I. & Adamiak, W. (2020). The use of surfactant from the Tween group in toluene biofiltration. Archives of Environmental Protection, 46, 2, pp. 53-57. DOI:10.24425/aep.2020.133474
Munoz, R., Sivert, E., Parcsi, G., Lebrero, R., Wang, X., Suffet, I.H. & Stuetz, R.M. (2010). Monitoring techniques for odour abatement assessment. Water Research, 44, 18, pp. 5129-5149. DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.013
Nagata, E., Yoshio, Y. & Takeuchi, N. (2003). Measurement of Odor Threshold by Triangular Odor Bag Method. Odor measurement review, 118, pp. 118-127.
Pawnuk, M., Szulczyński, B., den Boer, E. & Sówka, I. (2022). Preliminary analysis of the state of municipal waste management technology in Poland along with the identification of waste treatment processes in terms of odor emissions. Archives of Environmental Protection, 48, 3, pp. 3-20. DOI:10.24425/aep.2022.142685
Rolewicz-Kalińska, A., Lelicińska-Serafin, K. & Manczarski, P. (2021). Volatile organic compounds, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide removal using a two-stage membrane biofiltration process. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 165, pp. 69-80. DOI:10.1016/j.cherd.2020.10.017
Rybarczyk, P. (2022). Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from Air: Focus on Biotrickling Filtration and Process Modeling. Processes, 10, 12, pp. 2531. DOI:10.3390/pr10122531
Rybarczyk, P., Marycz, M., Szulczyński, B., Brillowska-Dąbrowska, A., Rybarczyk, A. & Gębicki, J. (2021). Removal of cyclohexane and ethanol from air in biotrickling filters inoculated with Candida albicans and Candida subhashii. Archives of Environmental Protection, 47, 1, pp. 26-34. DOI. 10.24425/aep.2021.136445
Rybarczyk, P., Szulczyński, B. & Gębicki, J. (2020). Simultaneous removal of hexane and ethanol from air in biotrickling filter – process performance and monitoring using electronic-nose. Sustainability, 12, 1, pp. 387. DOI:10.3390/su12010387
Rybarczyk, P., Szulczyński, B., Gospodarek, M. & Gębicki, J. (2019). Effects of n-butanol presence, inlet loading, empty residence time and starvation periods on the performance of a biotrickling filter removing cyclohexane vapours from air. Chemical Papers, 74, pp. 1039-1047. DOI:10.1007/s11696-019-00943-2
Sabilla, S.I., Sarno, R. & Siswantoro, J. (2017). Estimating Gas Concentration using Artificial Neural Network for Electronic Nose. Procedia Computer Science, 124, pp. 181-188. DOI:10.1016/j.procs.2017.12.145
Salamanca, D., Dobslaw, D. & Engesser, K-H. (2017). Removal of cyclohexane gaseous emissions using a biotrickling filter system. Chemosphere, 176, pp. 97-107. DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.078
Schlegelmilch, M., Streese, J. & Stegmann, R. (2005). Odour management and treatment technologies: An overview. Waste Management, 25, 9, pp. 928-939. DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2005.07.006
Sohn, J.H., Dunlop, M., Hudson, N., Kim, T.I. & Yoo, Y.H. (2009). Non-specific conducting polimer-based array capable of monitoring odour emissions from a Biofiltration system in a piggery building. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 135, 2, pp. 455-464. DOI:10.1016/j.snb.2008.10.007
Szulczyński, B., Gębicki, J. & Namieśnik, J. (2018a). Monitoring and efficiency assessment of biofilter air deodorization using electronic nose prototype. Chemical Papers, 72, pp. 527-532. DOI:10.1007/s11696-017-0310-9
Szulczyński, B., Rybarczyk, P. & Gębicki, J. (2018b). Monitoring of n-butanol vapours biofiltration process using an electronic nose combined with calibration models. Monatshefte fur Chemie, 149, pp. 1693-1699. DOI:10.1007/s00706-018-2243-6
Szulczyński, B., Rybarczyk, P., Gospodarek, M. & Gębicki, J. (2019). Biotrickling filtration of n-butanol vapours: process monitoring using electronic nose and artificial neural network. Monatshefte fur Chemie, 150, pp. 1667-1673. DOI 10.1007/s00706-019-02456-w
Vergara-Fernandez, A., Revah, S., Moreno-Casas, P. & Scott, F. (2018). Biofiltration of volatile organic compounds using fungi and its conceptual and mathematical modeling. Biotechnology Advances, 36, 4, pp. 1079-1093. DOI:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.008
Wiśniewska, M., Kulig, A. & Lelecińska-Serafin, K. (2020). Olfactometric testing as a method for assessing odour nuisance of biogas plants processing municipal waste. Archives of Environmental Protection, 46, 3, pp. 60-68. DOI:10.24425/aep.2020.134536
Wu, X., Lin, Y., Wang, Y., Wu, S., Li, X. & Yang C. (2022). Enhanced Removal of Hydrophobic Short-Chain n-Alkanes from Gas Streams in Biotrickling Filters in Presence of Surfactant. Environmental Science & Technology, 56, 14, pp. 10349-10360. DOI:10.1021/acs.est.2c02022
Wysocka, I., Gębicki, J. & Namieśnik, J. (2019). Technologies for deodorization of malodorous gases. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, pp. 9409-9434, DOI:10.1007/s11356-019-04195-1
Yang, C., Chen, H., Zeng, G., Yu, G. & Luo, S. (2010). Biomass accumulation and control strategies in gas biofiltration. Biotechnology Advances, 28, 4, pp. 531-540, DOI:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.04.002
Yu, G., Wang, G., Wang, S., Yang, C., Chen, H., Zhu, Y., Yu, L., Li, J. & Kazemian, H. (2021). Performance promotion and its mechanism for n-hexane removal in a lab-scale biotrickling filter with reticular polyurethane sponge under intermittent spraying mode. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 152, pp. 654-662. DOI:10.1016/j.psep.2021.06.029
Zarra, T., Reiser, M., Naddeo, V., Belgiorno, V. & Kranert, M. (2014). Odor Emissions Characterization from Wastewater Treatment Plants by Different Measurement Methods. Chemical Engineering Transaction, 40, pp. 37-42. DOI:10.3303/CET1440007
Zhang, S., Cai. L., Koziel, J.A., Hoff, S.J., Schmidt, D.R., Clanton, C.J., Jacobson, L.D., Parker, D.B. & Heber, A.J. (2010). Field air sampling and simultaneous chemical and sensory analysis of livestock odorants with sorbent tubes and GC-MS/olfactometry. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 146, 2, pp. 427-432. DOI:10.1016/j.snb.2009.11.028
Zhang, Y., Ning, X., Li, Y., Wang, J., Cui, H., Meng, J., Teng, C., Wang, G. & Shang, X. (2021). Impact assessment of odor nuisance, health risk and variation originating from the landfill surface. Waste Management, 126, pp. 771-780. DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2021.03.055