As a kind of mass transfer process as well as the basis of separating and purifying mixtures, interfacial adsorption has been widely applied to fields like chemical industry, medical industry and purification engineering in recent years. Influencing factors of interfacial adsorption, in addition to the traditional temperature, intensity of pressure, amount of substance and concentration, also include external fields, such as magnetic field, electric field and electromagnetic field, etc. Starting from the point of thermodynamics and taking the Gibbs adsorption as the model, the combination of energy axiom and the first law of thermodynamics was applied to boundary phase, and thus the theoretical expression for the volume of interface absorption under electric field as well as the mathematical relationship between surface tension and electric field intensity was obtained. In addition, according to the obtained theoretical expression, the volume of interface absorption of ethanol solution under different electric field intensities and concentrations was calculated. Moreover, the mechanism of interfacial adsorption was described from the perspective of thermodynamics and the influence of electric field on interfacial adsorption was explained reasonably, aiming to further discuss the influence of thermodynamic mechanism of interfacial adsorption on purifying air-conditioning engineering under intensification of electric field.

The development of a distributed generation will influence the structure of the power transmission and distribution network. Distributed sources have lower power and therefore the lines of lower voltage are used. Therefore, the electric field intensity near such lines is lower. On the other hand magnetic field intensity may prove essential. The main aim of the paper is to present a method estimating the “ballast” of the natural environment at 50 Hz electric and magnetic fields in the power system, with distributed and centralized generation in real operating conditions.

The instability characteristics of a dielectric fluid layer heated from below under the influence of a uniform vertical alternating current (AC) electric field is analyzed for different types of electric potential (constant electric potential/ electric current), velocity (rigid/free) and temperature boundary conditions (constant temperature/heat flux or a mixed condition at the upper boundary). The resulting eigenvalue problem is solved numerically using the shooting method for various boundary conditions and the solution is also found in a simple closed form when the perturbation heat flux is zero at the boundaries. The possibility of a more precise control of electrothermal convection (ETC) through various boundary conditions is emphasized. The effect of increasing AC electric Rayleigh number is to hasten while that of Biot number is to delay the onset of ETC. The system is more stable for rigid-rigid boundaries when compared to rigid-free and least stable for free-free boundaries. The change of electric potential boundary condition at the upper boundary from constant electric potential to constant electric current is found to instill more stability on the system. Besides, increase in the AC electric Rayleigh number and the Biot number is to reduce the size of convection cells.

Analytical relations, describing the electrical fields of cylindrical piezoceramic radiators with circular polarization as a member of the cylindrical systems with the baffle in the inner cavity, using the related fields method in multiply connected regions were obtained. Comparative analysis of the results of numerical experiments performed on the frequency characteristics of the electric field of the radiating systems for different modes of radiation allow to establish a number of subtle effects of the formation of the electric field of radiators.

In this work, an electrically tunable long-period fiber grating (LPFG) coated with liquid crystal layer (LC) is presented. As a LC layer, a prototype low-birefringence 1550A LC mixture was chosen. As a LPFG host, two types of gratings were studied: the LPFGs based on a standard telecommunication fiber, produced by an electric arc technique with a period of 222 μm, and the LPFGs based on a boron co-doped fiber written by a UV technique with a period of 226.8 μm. The relatively short period of these gratings allowed exploiting unique sensing properties of the attenuation bands associated with modes close to the turn-around point. Experiments carried out showed that for the UV-induced LPFG with a LC layer, on the powered state the attenuation band could be offset from the attenuation band measured in the unpowered state by almost 130 nm. When the arc-induced LPFG was coated with the LC, the depth of the attenuation band could be efficiently controlled by applying an external E-field. Additionally, all experimental results obtained in this work were supported by the theoretical analysis based on a model developed with Optigrating v.4.2 software.

The paper presents optimization of power line geometrical parameters aimed to reduce the intensity of the electric field and magnetic field intensity under an overhead power line with the use of a genetic algorithm (AG) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The variation of charge distribution along the conductors as well as the sag of the overhead line and induced currents in earth wires were taken into account. The conductor sag was approximated by a chain curve. The charge simulation method (CSM) and the method of images were used in the simulations of an electric field, while a magnetic field were calculated using the Biot–Savart law. Sample calculations in a three-dimensional system were made for a 220 kV single – circuit power line. A comparison of the used optimization algorithms was made.

The purpose of the presented research is to analyse possible methods of thickening of the Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing cyanobacteria using the obtained concentrate as a biomass for the production of energy carriers and bio-logically valuable substances. Method of cyanobacteria thickening under the action of electric current and in the electric field, as well as the method of coagulation–flocculation and gravity thickening, was experimentally investigated in lab-scale conditions. Electrical methods didn't show positive results for the Microcystis aeruginosa thickening, despite the re-ports of their potential efficiency in a number of previous studies. The high efficiency of the method of coagulation–flocculation and gravity thickening of Microcystis aeruginosa suspensions was obtained. The optimum concentrations of industrial polymeric coagulants and flocculants for the thickening of Microcystis aeruginosa suspensions were defined in the range of about 10 ppm for the coagulants and about 1 ppm for the flocculants. Negative effect of the previous cavitational treatment of the diluted suspensions of Microcystis aeruginosa on the effectiveness of the coagulation–flocculation and gravitational thickening was confirmed experimentally. Hydrodynamic cavitation should be recommended to use after the thickening as the next step of processing of concentrated suspensions of Microcystis aeruginosa to achieve maximum extraction of energy carriers and biologically valuable substances.

Due to rapid development of wireless systems and future implementation of the 5G system, it is necessary to increase number of the stations and/or number of radio emissions in current and new mobile service frequency bands. For each of the new or modified radio installation in Poland the Electromagnetic Field (EMF) strength levels has to be evaluated and measured/validated in accordance with allowable limits. In the paper the model of estimation of total EMF levels coming from mobile base stations radio emissions to be used for estimation of the whole country territory EMF levels is proposed. Results of preliminary analysis were also shown on practical examples. The model presented in the paper can be used for initial finding of possible places where exist the risk of exceedance of the maximum exposure limits and for analysis of potential radio network development taking into account current regulatory limits. The model will be used in computerized system SI2PEM which is developing in Poland for EMF levels controlling and validation purposes.

A comparative analysis of filtration performance of tangential and axial inlet reverse-flow cyclone separators and vortex tube separators is presented. The study showed that vortex tube separators are characterized by a quality factor q several time higher than tangential inlet reverse-flow cyclone separators. The cyclone separators yield low separation efficiency and low filtration performance at low air flow rates at low air volumes aspired by the engine at low speed. One of the well-known and not commonly used methods to improve separation efficiency is to apply electric field. An original design of a vortex tube separator with insulators generating electric field in the area of aerosol flow is presented. High voltage was applied to the cyclone separator housing and its swirl vane. A special method and test conditions were developed for cyclone separators with electric field. Separation efficiency, filtration performance and pressure drop across the cyclone separator in two different variants were determined. The tests were carried out at five inlet velocity of cyclones υ₀  = 1.75; 3.5; 7.0; 10.5; 14 m/s at an extraction rate of m₀  = 10%, and at an average dust concentration in the inlet air of
s = 1 g/m³. Using the electric field in the area of a swirling aerosol stream resulted in an increase (over 12% – φ_c  = 96.3%) in separation efficiency at inlet velocity of cyclone ranging from 1.75 to 3.5 m/s. An increase in separation efficiency at other inlet velocity of cyclone is minor and does not exceed 3‒4%.