We built a logistic regression Early Warning Models (EWM) for banking crises in a panel of 47 countries based on data from 1970-2014 using candidate variables that cover macro and financial market indicators. We find that VIX, a proxy of global risk-premium, has a strong signalling properties and that low VIX (low price of risk) increases likelihood of crisis. It does not only mean that stability leads to instability, but that this tends to be a global rather than a domestic phenomenon. We also find that particularly high contribution of financial sector to GDP growth often precedes crises, suggesting that such instances are primarily driven by excessive risk taking by financial sector and may not necessarily be sustainable. Other variables that feature prominently include credit and residential prices. Models using multiple variable clearly outperform single variable models, with probability of correct signal extraction exceeding 0.9. Our setting includes country-specific information without using country-specific effects in a regression, which allows for direct application of EWM we obtain to any country, including these that have not experienced a banking crisis.

The phenomenon that occurs today is an increase in the use of electrical energy consumption every year and especially in Public Street Lighting (PSL) lamps. It can be noticed that almost every road is public, and the expressway has PSL lights. PSL lamps are installed on each median, left or right of the road with a distance between ± lights of 30meters. The object of research on this foreign cooperation is located in the PIK2 project located in the Dadap area, Indonesia. The PSL lamp installation location has a road length of ±1.8Km. PSL lamps used have a power of 250watts. While the specific purpose of this study is to design and analyze measurements of power, voltage and current in PSL lamps and also to control and monitor the condition of PSL lamps through the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) by applying a star topology for the efficiency of electrical energy consumption in PSL lamps, using microcontrollers, sensors, and LoRa. This research is expected to produce a best practice model for the application of WSN in the PSL system in Indonesia and become a recommendation for companies in improving WSN technology and global competitiveness. The proposed research methods are quantitative and objective, so this study is applied to acquire and distribute data at PSL light points. The data on the sensor will be sent through the end node which is then sent to the coordinator node or gateway. The sensor data on this tool can be displayed by accessing the ubidots.

Ecotoxicological biotests were applied in order to evaluate their suitability as early warning systems in the continuous monitoring of lowland shallow dam reservoirs located in Central Europe. The following biotests were used: Daphtoxkit F™magna, Algaltoxkit F™, Ostracodtoxkit F, Phytotoxkit and MARA Test. The experiment was conducted from July 2010 to December 2012 in Goczalkowice Reservoir (the Vistula River, Poland), serving as a model. For the analysis, 41 out of 52 measured water indices were used to assess its toxicity to living organisms. The results of biotests were correlated with 41 hydrochemical indices of water quality. The pattern of relationships among the result of biotest and hydrochemical indices as well as Factor Analysis (FA) and Primary Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that: i) signs of ecotoxicity detected with biotests were associated with either low fl ow periods or spring surface runoff of water; ii) single events of increased ecotoxicity in the depression areas behind saddle dam pump stations appearedafter high fl ow periods; iii) elevated toxicity was accompanied by high concentrations of dissolved and suspended substances; iv) FA and PCA demonstrated correlations among the results of biotests and damming parameters, water conductivity, alkali and transitory metal metals (Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn), and several forms of nitrogen phosphorous and carbon compounds concentration. The relationships suggest that batteries of biotests may serve as a cost-eff ective tool for continuous monitoring of water quality in dam reservoirs and can detect eff ects of extreme hydrologic events, local toxic discharges, and signs of the trophic status of the reservoirs