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Abstract

This paper presents a preoperative hip reconstruction method with diagnosed osteoarthritis using Durom Hip Resurfacing System (DHRS). The method is based on selection and application of the resurfacing to the pelvis reconstructed on the basis of computed tomography. Quality and geometrical parameters of distinguished tissues have a fundamental significance for locating and positioning the acetabular and femoral components. The application precedes the measurements of anatomical structures on a complex numerical model. The developed procedure enables functional selection of endo-prosthesis and its positioning in such a way that it secures geometric parameters within the bone bed and the depth , inclination angles and ante-version of the acetabular component, the neck-shaft angle and ante-torsion angle of the neck of the femoral bone, and reconstruction of the biomechanical axis of the limb and the physiological point of rotation in the implanted joint. Proper biomechanics of the bone-joint complex of the lower limb is determined by correlation of anatomical-geometrical parameters of the acetabular component and parameters of the femoral bone.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna M. Ryniewicz
Łukasz Bojko
Tomasz Madej
Andrzej Ryniewicz
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Abstract

At the current stage of diagnostics and therapy, it is necessary to perform a geometric evaluation of facial skull bone structures basing upon virtually reconstructed objects or replicated objects with reverse engineering. The objective hereof is an analysis of imaging precision for cranial bone structures basing upon spiral tomography and in relation to the reference model with the use of laser scanning. Evaluated was the precision of skull reconstruction in 3D printing, and it was compared with the real object, topography model and reference model. The performed investigations allowed identifying the CT imaging accuracy for cranial bone structures the development of and 3D models as well as replicating its shape in printed models. The execution of the project permits one to determine the uncertainty of components in the following procedures: CT imaging, development of numerical models and 3D printing of objects, which allows one to determine the complex uncertainty in medical applications.

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Bibliography

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[5] J.E. Loster, M.A. Osiewicz, M. Groch, W. Ryniewicz, and A. Wieczorek. The prevalence of TMD in Polish young adults. Journal of Prosthodontics, 26(4):284–288, 2017. doi: 10.1111/jopr.12414.
[6] A.S. Soliman, L. Burns, A. Owrangi, Y. Lee,W.Y. Song, G. Stanisz, and B.P. Chugh. A realistic phantom for validating MRI-based synthetic CT images of the human skull. Medical Physics, 44:4687–4694, 2017. doi: 10.1002/mp.12428.
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[10] A. Ryniewicz, K. Ostrowska, R. Knapik, W. Ryniewicz, M. Krawczyk, J. Sładek, and Ł. Bojko. Evaluation of mapping of selected geometrical parameters in computer tomography using standards. Przegląd Elektrotechniczny, 91(6):88–91, 2015. (in Polish) doi: 10.15199/48.2015.06.17.
[11] R. Kaye, T. Goldstein, D. Zeltsman, D.A. Grande, and L.P. Smith. Three dimensional printing: a review on the utility within medicine and otolaryngology. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 89:145-148, 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.08.007.
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[13] T. Cai, F.J. Rybicki, A.A. Giannopoulos, K. Schultz, K.K. Kumamaru, P. Liacouras, and D. Mitsouras. The residual STL volume as a metric to evaluate accuracy and reproducibility of anatomic models for 3D printing: application in the validation of 3D-printable models of maxillofacial bone from reduced radiation dose CT images. 3D Printing in Medicine, 1(1):2, 2015. doi: 10.1186/s41205-015-0003-3.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Ryniewicz
1 2
Wojciech Ryniewicz
3
Stanisław Wyrąbek
1
Łukasz Bojko
4

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poland.
  2. State University of Applied Science, Nowy Sącz, Poland.
  3. Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Dental Institute, Department of Dental Prosthodontics, Cracow, Poland.
  4. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Department of Machine Design and Technology, Cracow, Poland.
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Abstract

The paper presents an analysis of the results of ultrasound transmission tomography (UTT) imaging of the internal structure of a breast elastography phantom used for biopsy training, and compares them with the results of CT, MRI and, conventional US imaging; the results of the phantom examination were the basis for the analysis of UTT method resolution. The obtained UTT, CT and MRI images of the CIRS Model 059 breast phantom structure show comparable (in the context of size and location) heterogeneities inside it. The UTT image of distribution of the ultrasound velocity clearly demonstrates continuous changes of density. The UTT image of derivative of attenuation coefficient in relation to frequency is better for visualising sharp edges, and the UTT image of the distribution of attenuation coefficient visualises continuous and stepped changes in an indirect way. The inclusions visualized by CT have sharply delineated edges but are hardly distinguishable from the phantom gel background even with increased image contrast. MRI images of the studied phantom relatively clearly show inclusions in the structure. Ultrasonography images do not show any diversification of the structure of the phantom. The obtained examination results indicate that, if the scanning process is accelerated, ultrasound transmission tomography method can be successfully used to detect and diagnose early breast malignant lesions. Ultrasonic transmission tomography imaging can be applied in medicine for diagnostic examination of women’s breasts and similarly for X-ray computed tomography, while eliminating the need to expose patients to the harmful ionising radiation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof J. Opieliński
Tadeusz Gudra
Piotr Pruchnicki
Przemysław Podgórski
Tomasz Kraśnicki
Jacek Kurcz
Marek Sąsiadek
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Abstract

Minimally invasive procedures for the kidney tumour removal require a 3D visualization of topological relations between kidney, cancer, the pelvicalyceal system and the renal vascular tree. In this paper, a novel methodology of the pelvicalyceal system segmentation is presented. It consists of four following steps: ROI designation, automatic threshold calculation for binarization (approximation of the histogram image data with three exponential functions), automatic extraction of the pelvicalyceal system parts and segmentation by the Locally Adaptive Region Growing algorithm. The proposed method was applied successfully on the Computed Tomography database consisting of 48 kidneys both healthy and cancer affected. The quantitative evaluation (comparison to manual segmentation) and visual assessment proved its effectiveness. The Dice Coefficient of Similarity is equal to 0.871 ± 0.060 and the average Hausdorff distance 0.46 ± 0.36 mm. Additionally, to provide a reliable assessment of the proposed method, it was compared with three other methods. The proposed method is robust regardless of the image acquisition mode, spatial resolution and range of image values. The same framework may be applied to further medical applications beyond preoperative planning for partial nephrectomy enabling to visually assess and to measure the pelvicalyceal system by medical doctors.

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Heryan
Andrzej Skalski
Jacek Jakubowski
Tomasz Drewniak
Janusz Gajda
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Abstract

The paper presents an analysis of factors influencing the accuracy of reproduction of geometry of the vertebrae and the intervertebral disc of the lumbar motion segment for the purpose of designing of an intervertebral disc endoprosthesis. In order to increase the functionality of the new type of endoprostheses by a better adjustment of their structure to the patient’s anatomical features, specialist software was used allowing the processing of the projections of the diagnosed structures. Recommended minimum values of projection features were determined in order to ensure an effective processing of the scanned structures as well as other factors affecting the quality of the reproduction of 3D model geometries. Also, there were generated 3D models of the L4-L5 section. For the final development of geometric models for disc and vertebrae L4 and L5 there has been used smoothing procedure by cubic free curves with the NURBS technique.

This allows accurate reproduction of the geometry for the purposes of identification of a spatial shape of the surface of the vertebrae and the vertebral disc and use of the model for designing of a new endoprosthesis, as well as conducting strength tests with the use of finite elements method.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Kroczak
Konstanty Skalski
Andrzej Nowakowski
Adrian Mróz
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Abstract

New oil and natural gas deposits can be recognized using X-ray computed tomography (CT) technology, and their potential value can be evaluated using increasingly advanced computational methods.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paulina Krakowska
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Abstract

This study was carried out to determine the morphometric and volumetric features of the mandible in Van cats by using computed tomography (CT) and a three-dimensional (3D) software program. The study also aimed at presenting the biometrical differences of these mea- surements between genders. A total of 16 adult Van cats (8 males, 8 females) were used in the study. The cats were anesthetized using a ketamine-xylazine combination. They were then scanned using CT under anesthesia and their images were obtained. The scanned images of the mandible in each cat were used for the reconstruction of a 3D model by using the MIMICS 20.1 (The Materialise Group, Leuven, Belgium) software program. Later, morphometric (17 parame- ters), volumetric, and surface area measurements were conducted and statistical analyses were carried out. In our morphometric measurements, it was found that TLM (total length of the mandible), PCD (pogonion to coronoid process distance), CAP (length from the indenta- tion between the condyle process and angular process to pogonion), CAC (length from the inden- tation between the condyle process and the angular process to back of alveole C1), CML (length between C1 - M1), RAH (ramus height), MDM (mandible depth at M1), MHP (height of the mandible in front of P3), and ABC (angular process to back of alveole C1 distance) were greater in male cats; while MWM (mandible width at M1 level) was greater in female cats and was statistically significant (p<0.05). The length and height of the mandible were 6.36±2.42 cm and 3.01±1.81 cm in male cats, respectively. On the other hand, in female cats, the length and height of the mandible were 5.89±2.57 cm and 2.71±1.26 cm, respectively. The volume of the mandible was measured to be 7.39±0.93 cm3 in male cats and 5.40±0.49 cm3 in female cats. The surface areas were 63.50±5.27 cm2 in male cats and 52.73±3.89 cm2 in female cats. In con- clusion, in this study, basic morphometric parameters of the mandible in adult Van cats were found by using CT and a 3D modeling program. The differences between male and female cats were also determined in the study.
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Authors and Affiliations

O. Yilmaz
1
İ. Demircioglu
2

  1. Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080, Van, Turkey
  2. Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, 63200, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
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Abstract

The study aimed touse3D computed tomography (CT) to analyse a joint between two dissimilar materials produced by friction stir welding (FSW). As the materials joined, i.e., aluminum and copper, differ in properties (e.g., density and melting point), the weld is predicted to have an inhomogeneous microstructure. The investigations involved applying microfocus computed tomography (micro-CT) to visualize and analyze the volumetric structure of the joint. Volume rendering is extremely useful because, unlike computer modelling, which requires many simplifications, it helps create highly accurate representations of objects. Image segmentation into regions was performed through global gray-scale thresholding. The analysis also included elemental mapping of the weld cross-sections using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and examination of its surface morphology by means of optical microscopy (OP). The joint finds its use in developing elements used in the chemical, energetics and aerospace industries, due to the excellent possibilities of combining many different properties, and above all, reducing the weight of the structure.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech P. Depczyński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Damian Bańkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr S. Młynarczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Radiography and Computed Tomography Laboratory, Department of Metal Science and Manufacturing Processes, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Abstract

This article summarizes technical aspects of preparing printable 3D anatomical models created from radiological data (CT, MRI) and discusses their usefulness in surgery of the human skull. Interdisciplinary approach to the capabilities of the 3D printers, and the materials used for manufacturing 3D objects oriented on replicating anatomical structures has created new possibilities for simulating and planning surgical procedures in clinical practice settings.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Skrzat
1

  1. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The reaction of alkalis with aggregate containing reactive forms of silica (ASR) plays a significant role in shaping the durability of concrete, as the strongly hygroscopic reaction products generated lead to internal stress, causing its expansion and cracking. This study presents an extended analysis of corrosive processes occurring in mortars with reactive natural aggregate from Poland, using computed tomography and scanning microscopy methods. Numerous cracks in the grains and the surrounding cementitious matrix were observed, indicating a high degree of advancement of corrosive processes. Over time, the proportion of pores with reduced sphericity increased, indicating ongoing degradation of the mortars. The usefulness of computed tomography in studying the progress of ASR was demonstrated. Scanning microscopy confirmed that the cause of mortar degradation is the formed ASR gel with a typical composition, located within the volume of reactive grains, cracks propagating into the cementitious matrix, and accumulated in air voids.
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Authors and Affiliations

Justyna Zapała-Sławeta
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Abstract

The liver is a vital organ of the human body and hepatic cancer is one of the major causes of cancer deaths. Early and rapid diagnosis can reduce the mortality rate. It can be achieved through computerized cancer diagnosis and surgery planning systems. Segmentation plays a major role in these systems. This work evaluated the efficacy of the SegNet model in liver and particle swarm optimization-based clustering technique in liver lesion segmentation. Over 2400 CT images were used for training the deep learning network and ten CT datasets for validating the algorithm. The segmentation results were satisfactory. The values for Dice Coefficient and volumetric overlap error achieved were 0.940 ± 0.022 and 0.112 ± 0.038, respectively for liver and the results for lesion delineation were 0.4629 ± 0.287 and 0.6986 ± 0.203, respectively. The proposed method is effective for liver segmentation. However, lesion segmentation needs to be further improved for better accuracy.
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Authors and Affiliations

P Vaidehi Nayantara
1
Surekha Kamath
1
Manjunath KN
2
Rajagopal Kadavigere
2

  1. Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
  2. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
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Abstract

The 2019 Coronavirus (COVID-19) virus has caused damage on people's respiratory systems over the world. Computed Tomography (CT) is a faster complement for RT-PCR during peak virus spread times. Nowadays, Deep Learning (DL) with CT provides more robust and reliable methods for classifying patterns in medical pictures. In this paper, we proposed a simple low training proposed customized Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) customized model based on CNN architecture that layers which are optionals may be included such as the layer of batch normalization to reduce time taken for training and a layer with a dropout to deal with overfitting. We employed a huge dataset of chest CT slices images from diverse sources COVIDx-CT, which consists of a 16,146-image dataset with 810 patients of various nationalities. The proposed customized model's classification results compared to the VGG-16, Alex Net, and ResNet50 Deep Learning models. The proposed CNN model shows robustness by achieving an overall accuracy of 93% compared to 88%, 89%, and 95% for the VGG-16, Alex Net, and ResNet50 DL models for the classification of 3 classes. When this relates to binary classification, the classification accuracy of the proposed model and the VGG-16 models were identical (almost 100% accurate), with 0.17% of misclassification in the class of Non-Covid-19, the Alex Net model achieved almost 100% classification accuracy with 0.33% misclassification in the class of Non-Covid-19. Finally, ResNet50 achieved 95% classification accuracy with 5% misclassification in the Non-Covid-19 class.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ahmed H. Eldeeb
1
Mohammed Nagah Amr
1
Amin S. Ibrahim
2
Hesham Kamel
1
Sara Fouad
3

  1. Electronics and Communications Department, School of Engineering, Canadian Higher Engineering Institute, Giza, Egypt
  2. Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, Thebes Higher Institute for Engineering, Cairo, Egypt
  3. Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, The Higher Institute of Engineering, Modern Academy, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract

The paper is focused on automatic segmentation task of bone structures out of CT data series of pelvic region. The authors trained and compared four different models of deep neural networks (FCN, PSPNet, U-net and Segnet) to perform the segmentation task of three following classes: background, patient outline and bones. The mean and class-wise Intersection over Union (IoU), Dice coefficient and pixel accuracy measures were evaluated for each network outcome. In the initial phase all of the networks were trained for 10 epochs. The most exact segmentation results were obtained with the use of U-net model, with mean IoU value equal to 93.2%. The results where further outperformed with the U-net model modification with ResNet50 model used as the encoder, trained by 30 epochs, which obtained following result: mIoU measure – 96.92%, “bone” class IoU – 92.87%, mDice coefficient – 98.41%, mDice coefficient for “bone” – 96.31%, mAccuracy – 99.85% and Accuracy for “bone” class – 99.92%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zuzanna Krawczyk
1
Jacek Starzyński
1

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Introduction: Screening sinonasal evaluation is routinely performed before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT), however, data supporting such evaluation is inconsistent.
Objectives: Assessment of the utility of screening sinonasal evaluation with computed tomography (CT).
Methods: A retrospective analysis of acute leukemia patients who underwent allo-HCT, for whom screening sinonasal CT scans were reevaluated, and for whom Lund-Mackay score (LMS) was calculated.
Results: Forty-eight patients, the median age at allo-HCT 38 years (18–58), 52% males, were included. 79% had acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 21% acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Conditioning inten-sity was myeloablative in 96% of patients, 21% of patients received total body irradiation. 19% of patients had a history of sinusitis before allo-HCT. Screening sinus CT was performed a median of 22 days before allo-HCT. The median LMS was 1 point (0– 10). The severity of sinus abnormalities was: no abnormalities (31%), mild (67%), moderate (2%), severe (0%). Mucosal thickening was the most frequent abnormality (69%). Eleven patients experienced sinusitis after a median of 93 days (11–607) after allo-HCT. 1-year cumulative incidence of sinusitis was 22%. No threshold of LMS and no type of sinus abnormalities were correlated with sinusitis development after allo-HCT. Mild sinus disease at screening did not negatively impact survival in comparison to no sinus disease.
Conclusions: Despite the fact, that majority of analyzed patients had either no or mild sinus disease at screening a significant proportion of patients developed sinusitis after allo-HCT. Evaluation of LMS before allo-HCT did not help predict the development of sinusitis after the procedure.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Sokołowski
1
Joanna Drozd-Sokołowska
2
Katarzyna Kobylińska
3
Przemysław Biecek
3
Ewa Karakulska-Prystupiuk
2
Agnieszka Tomaszewska
2
Tomasz Gotlib
1
Kazimierz Niemczyk
1
Wiesław Wiktor-Jędrzejczak
2
Grzegorz Władysław Basak
2

  1. Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
  2. Department of Hematology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
  3. Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

O b j e c t i v e s: To identify tooth diseases as potential causative factors in the development of maxillary sinus lesions, with the aid of clinical examination combined with Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), in the patients with persistent sinus-like ailments, unresponsive to routine treatment offered by otolaryngologists.

M a t e r i a l s a n d M e t h o d s: In 44 patients with suspected odontogenic maxillary sinusitis, a dental examination with tooth vitality test was carried out, in conjunction with CBCT. The study involved 29 women and 15 men (age range 19–69 years, mean age 43 (SD = 13.9) years).

R e s u l t s: In 15 (34.1%) patients the odontogenic lesions were encountered in maxillary sinuses. A total of 33 causative teeth were identified, of which 13 (39%) were after root canal treatment (RCT). Only one of the teeth had a properly reconstructed crown, and only one tooth had the root canals properly filled-in. Most frequently, the lesions in the sinuses were attributed to the inflammation of periapical tissues; the first molar having been established as the most common causative tooth.

C o n c l u s i o n s: A detailed dental examination, pursued in conjunction with CBCT analysis, allow to diagnose odontogenic maxillary lesions. The incidence of long-term ailments originating in the maxillary sinuses should prompt a detailed assessment of the teeth, especially those after RCT.

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Dobroś
Joanna Zarzecka
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Abstract

The article aims to characterize Hadfield steel by analyzing its chemical composition, mechanical properties, and microstructure. The study focused on the twinning-induced work hardening of the alloy, which led to an increase in its hardness. The experimental data show that the material hardness at the surface improved considerably after solution heat treatment and work hardening, reaching more than 750 HV. By contrast, the hardness of the material core in the supersaturated condition was about 225 HV. The chemical and phase compositions of the material at the surface were compared with those of the core. The microstructural analysis of the steel revealed characteristic decarburization of the surface layer after solution heat treatment. The article also describes the effects of heat treatment on the properties and microstructure of Hadfield steel. The volumetric (qualitative) analysis of the computed tomography (CT) data of Hadfield steel subjected to heavy dynamic loading helped detect internal flaws, assess the material quality, and potentially prevent the structural failure or damage of the element tested.
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Authors and Affiliations

Damian Bańkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr S. Młynarczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech P. Depczyński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kazimierz Bolanowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kielce University of Technology, Poland

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