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An Educational Overview of Ultrasound Probe Types and Their Fields of Application

Ramona De Luca Leonoardo Forzoni Francesca Gelli Jeffrey Bamber
Archives of Acoustics | 2021 | vol. 46 | No 1 | 3-15 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2021.136555
Keywords ultrasound probes typology technologies clinical applications
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Abstract

The ultrasound (US) imaging market is fast-changing in terms of needs, trends and tendencies as it undergoes rapid innovations. Due to technological improvements, a variety of US probe types is available to cover a wide range of clinical applications. The aim of this paper is to provide information to healthcare professionals to select the appropriate probe for the intended use and the desired performance/price ratio. This work describes the majority of conventional, special and unique US probe types currently available on the market, together with technological insights that are responsible for image quality and a list of some of their clinical applications. The description of the inner transducer technologies allows to understand what contributes to different prices, features, quality level and breadth of applications. The comparison of current US probes and the analysis of advanced performances arising from the latest innovations, may help physicians, biomedical and clinical engineers, sonographers and other stakeholders with purchasing and maintenance commitments, enabling them to select the appropriate probe according to their clinical and economical needs.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ramona De Luca
1
Leonoardo Forzoni
1
Francesca Gelli
1
Jeffrey Bamber
2
  1. Esaote S.p.A. Florence, 50127, Italy
  2. Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust London, SM2 5NG, United Kingdom

Biodiversity and scope of endophytic and phytopathogenic bacterial species identified in plant samples investigated in the Plant Disease Clinic laboratory

Weronika Zenelt Krzysztof Krawczyk Natasza Borodynko-Filas
Journal of Plant Protection Research | 2021 | vol. 61 | No 1 | 63-82 | DOI: 10.24425/jppr.2021.136274
Keywords bacterial plant diseases clinic diagnostics pathogen tomato
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Abstract

Modern agriculture and plant breeding must continuously meet the high and increasingly growing requirements of consumers and recipients. In this context, one of the conditions for effective management of any farm is access to quick and efficient diagnostics of plant pathogens, the result of which, together with the assessment of experts, provide breeders with tools to effectively reduce the occurrence of plant diseases. This paper presents information about biodiversity and spectrum of endophytic and phytopathogenic bacterial species identified in plant samples delivered to the Plant Disease Clinic in 2013–2019. During the tests, using the Biolog Gen III system, the species affiliation of the majority of detected bacterial strains found in plant tissues as an endophyte and not causing disease symptoms on plants was determined. These data were compiled and compared with the number of found identifications for a given species and data on the pathogenicity of bacterial species towards plants. In this way, valuable information for the scientific community was obtained about the species composition of the bacterial microbiome of the crop plants studied by us, which were confronted with available literature data. In the study, special attention was paid to tomato, which is the plant most often supplied for testing in the Plant Disease Clinic due to its economic importance.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Weronika Zenelt
1
Krzysztof Krawczyk
2
Natasza Borodynko-Filas
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Plant Disease Clinic and Bank of Plant Pathogen, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Poznań, Poland
  2. Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Poznań, Poland

Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mastitis in a dairy cow herd in northern Greece and its control with an autogenous vaccine

E.J. Petridou I.A. Fragkou S.Q. Lafi N.D. Giadinis
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2021 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 303-305 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2021.137666
Keywords dairy cows Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical mastitis control autogenous vaccine
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Abstract

In a dairy cow herd consisted of herd of 200 lactating Holstein-Friesian cows and heifers, clinical signs of mastitis in 40 out of 170 animals were observed. Treatments with antibiotics were proved ineffective. Milk bacterial cultures from 15 affected animals revealed Pseudomonas aeruginosa. An autogenous vaccine was administered subcutaneously, twice in a month period, to all adults. Cases of clinical mastitis declined significantly (p<0.0001) during next 3 months.
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Authors and Affiliations

E.J. Petridou
1
I.A. Fragkou
2
S.Q. Lafi
3
N.D. Giadinis
4
  1. Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
  2. Veterinary Service, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
  3. Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan
  4. Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Assessment of conformity between clinical (radiological) and histopathological diagnoses of chronic inflammatory periapical lesions treated with apicoectomy

Paweł Myciński Katarzyna Dobroś Tomasz Kaczmarzyk Joanna Zarzecka
Folia Medica Cracoviensia | 2020 | Vol. 60 | No 4 | 103-111 | DOI: 10.24425/fmc.2020.136208
Keywords periapical lesions clinical examination histopathological examination radicular cyst
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Abstract

O b j e c t i v e s: Periapical inflammation is one of the most common pathologies within the jaws, leading to the destruction of periodontal ligaments, bone resorption and the formation of periapical granulomas or radicular cysts. The final diagnosis can be made only on the basis of histopathological examination. The aim of the study was to assess the conformity between clinical and histopathological diagnosis of inflammatory periapical lesions treated with apicoectomy.
M a t e r i a l s a n d M e t h o d s: The case histories of 52 patients subjected to surgical treatment at the Clinic of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics between 2008 and 2018 were analyzed. Demographic data (age, gender), clinical (radiological) diagnosis, and data on the presence of sinus tracts and causal tooth were obtained from patients’ records. R e s u l t s: In the light of clinical and radiological examination, 32 (61.5%) periapical granulomas, 18 (34.6%) radicular cysts and 2 (3.9%) periapical scars were diagnosed, whereas the result of histopathological examination revealed granuloma in 34 (65.4%) cases and in 18 (34.6%) — radicular cyst. For clinical diagnosis of granuloma, the result coincided with the result of the histopathological examination in 28 cases, and in the case of cysts in 14. The analysis showed a significant relationship between the clinical and histopathological diagnoses (p <0.05).
C o n c l u s i o n s: The study emphasizes the importance of histopathological assessment for the proper diagnosis of periapical lesions.
C l i n i c a l R e l e v a n c e: The article emphasizes the high importance of histopathological examination for the correct diagnosis of chronic inflammatory periapical lesions.
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Bibliography

1. Nair P.N.R.: Pathogenesis of apical periodontitis and the cause of endododontic failures. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2004; 15 (6): 348–381.
2. Dominiak M., Łysiak K., Znamirowska A., Szczepański W., Hałoń A.: Porównanie zgodności oceny klinicznej, histopatologicznej oraz radiologicznej przewlekłych zmian okołowierzchołkowych. Dent Med Probl. 2006; 43 (4): 504–510.
3. White E.: Podstawy radiodiagnostyki stomatologicznej. Wydawnictwo Medyczne Sanmedica, Warszawa, 1994; pp. 242–244.
4. Tay J.Y.Y., Bay B.H., Yeo J.F., Harris M., Meghji S., Dheen S.T.: Identification of RANKL in osteolytic lesions of the facial skeleton. J Dent Res. 2004; 83 (4): 349–353.
5. Ratajczak M., Sowa W., Walter A.: Molekularne podstawy powstawania zębopochodnej torbieli zapalnej — przegląd piśmiennictwa. Dent Med Probl. 2010; 47 (4): 496–501.
6. Garcia C.C., Sempere F.V., Diago A.P., Bowen E.M.: The post-endodontic periapical lesion: Histologic and etiopathogenic aspects. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007; 12 (8): 585–590.
7. Nair P.N.R., Sundqvist G., Sjögren U.: Experimental evidence supports the abscess theory of development of radicular cysts. Oral Surgery, Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodontology. 2008; 106 (2): 294–303.
8. Von Arx T.: Apical surgery: A review of current techniques and outcome. Saudi Dent J. 2011; 23 (1): 9–15.
9. Diegues L.L., Robazza C.R.C., Hanemann J.A.C., Pereira A.A.C., Silva C.O.: Correlation between clinical and histopathological diagnoses in periapical inflammatory lesions. J Investig Clin Dent. 2011; 2 (3): 184–186.
10. Love R.M., Firth N.: Histopathological profile of surgically removed persistent periapical radiolucent lesions of endodontic origin. Int Endod J. 2009; 42 (3): 198–202.
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12. Lin H.P., Chen H.M., Yu C.H., Kuo R.C., Kuo Y.S., Wang Y.P.: Clinicopathological study of 252 jaw bone periapical lesions from a private pathology laboratory. J Formos Med Assoc. 2010; 109 (11): 810–818.
13. Carrillo C., Penarrocha M., Ortega B., Martí E., Bagán J.V., Vera F.: Correlation of Radiographic Size and the Presence of Radiopaque Lamina With Histological Findings in 70 Periapical Lesions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008; 66 (8): 1600–1605.
14. Obuchowicz R., Nurzyńska K., Obuchowicz B., Urbanik A., Piórkowski A.: Use of Texture Feature Maps for the Refinement of Information Derived from Digital Intraoral Radiographs of Lytic and Sclerotic Lesions. Appl Sci. 2019; 9 (15): 2968.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Myciński
1
Katarzyna Dobroś
1
Tomasz Kaczmarzyk
2
Joanna Zarzecka
1
  1. Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Department of Oral Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland

Clinical characteristics of elderly patients with atopic dermatitis — a retrospective observational study

Andrzej Kazimierz Jaworek Przemysław Hałubiec Natalia Kachnic Alicja Podolska Julia Radzikowska Arletta Kozłowska Anna Wojas-Pelc
Folia Medica Cracoviensia | 2023 | Vol. 63 | No 2 | 29-40 | DOI: 10.24425/fmc.2023.145911
Keywords elderly atopic dermatitis clinical characteristics of patients phenotype atopy differential diagnosis
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Abstract

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory dermatosis. The most characteristic symptoms of the disease include itch, eczematous eruptions and excessive dryness of the skin. Elderly patients with AD represent a poorly characterized population because the physiological ageing, possible comorbidity and polypharmacy modify the clinical presentation typically observed in the younger age groups. The aim of the study is to comprehensively assess the clinical characteristics of elderly patients (>60 years old) with AD. Data were collected from 26 AD patients treated in the Department of Derma-tology of the University Hospital in Krakow. Late-onset AD with generalized/prurigo lesions was the most predominant phenotype. Skin biopsy was required in 15 (58%) patients in the differential diagnosis process. Allergic rhinitis, a positive family history of atopy and xerosis were associated with a higher number of hospitalizations during the year prior to the last admission (p = 0.034, p = 0.046 and p = 0.036, respectively). Xerosis was more prevalent among subjects with polypharmacy (p = 0.046) and higher serum total IgE concentration (p = 0.048). AD in elderly patients is a new phenotype of the disease that requires careful differential diagnosis. Aged patients with an individual or family history of atopy, due to the increased incidence of severe exacerbations of AD, may benefit from the introduction of proactive therapy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Kazimierz Jaworek
1
Przemysław Hałubiec
2
ORCID: ORCID
Natalia Kachnic
3
Alicja Podolska
3
Julia Radzikowska
3
Arletta Kozłowska
2
Anna Wojas-Pelc
1
  1. Department of Dermatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. University Hospital, Kraków, Poland
  3. Student Scientific Group of Dermatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland

Development and application of isothermal amplification methods for rapid detection of F4 fimbriae producing Escherichia coli

L.Y. Zhao J.H. Niu X.L. Gao C.N. Liu S.M. Liu N. Jiang X.P. Lv S.M. Zheng
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2020 | vol. 23 | No 1 | 143-152 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2020.132758
Keywords Escherichia coli F4 fimbriae isothermal amplification rapid detection clinical samples
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Abstract

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the causative agent of a wide range of diseases, which are the important cause of illness and mortality in piglets. ETEC strains expressing F4 fimbriae are frequently associated with post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) and lead to great economic losses in swine production industry worldwide. The aim of this study was to establish a rapid and effective isothermal amplification method for detection of F4 fimbriae. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), Polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) and cross-priming ampli- fication (CPA) were used to develop and optimize the detection method first time. Subsequently, the specificity and sensitivity of these methods were evaluated, and the clinical samples were detected with these methods. All the F4-positive samples could produce ladder-like amplifica- tions products and lead the chromogenic substrate SYBR Green I produce green fluorescence, while in blank control and negative samples lack of this pattern or remained orange. The sensi- tivity of LAMP and CPA were 10 times higher than PSR method. Meanwhile, these three methods were validated with clinical samples, 7 were found positive, while 125 samples were negative, the testing results were consisted with the real-time PCR method. These findings suggested that the isothermal amplification based on the F4 fimbriae is a rapid, effective and sensitive method under resource constrains.

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Authors and Affiliations

L.Y. Zhao
J.H. Niu
X.L. Gao
C.N. Liu
S.M. Liu
N. Jiang
X.P. Lv
S.M. Zheng

Using Digital Tools to Improve the Operational Processes in the Architectural Spaces of a Hospital’s Outpatient Department

Waleed Ben Saeed Yasser Adas Ayad Almaimani
Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddziału Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Krakowie | 2023 | vol. LI | 339-357 | DOI: 10.24425/tkuia.2023.148982
Keywords digitalization architectural spaces virtual examination room outpatient department (OPD) operational plan efficiency virtual clinic
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Abstract

Congestion is a significant problem affecting the operational processes of a hospital’s outpatient department (OPD). Congestion especially affects the OPD’s architectural space, due to the increased number of patients. Recently, digital tools have been used in healthcare systems to reduce congestion and help the OPD improve its operational processes; one of these tools is the virtual examination room. However, patients still need to be examined by physicians in the OPD, and digital tools alone cannot solve all the problems that congestion creates. The authors of this paper conducted a study that offers a new way to alleviate congestion in the OPD by combining physical and digital solutions to increase OPD efficiency and optimize its operational processes. The study created an alternative operational plan that adds virtual examination rooms to reduce congestion. This plan allows the OPD to increase the number of physical and virtual examination rooms by almost 110% and increase the number physically and virtually examined patients by 153% each day. The plan also redesigns some architectural spaces at the OPD to enhance the environment and match the hospital’s requirement for authorized bodies.
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Authors and Affiliations

Waleed Ben Saeed
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yasser Adas
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ayad Almaimani
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Architecture and Planning Department of Architecture

Perceptions of clinical teachers acting as examiners regarding the value of Objective Structured Clinical Examinations

Agata Stalmach-Przygoda Michał Nowakowski Anna Kocurek Ian Perera Agnieszka Skrzypek Jadwiga Mirecka Jolanta Świerszcz Bogumiła Kowalska Stanisław Górski Michał Pers Grzegorz Cebula Magdalena Szopa
Folia Medica Cracoviensia | 2020 | Vol. 60 | No 2 | 109-121 | DOI: 10.24425/fmc.2020.135017
Keywords Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) assessment practical skills examiners (assessors) teacher perception
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Abstract

Objectives: The OSCE (Objective Structured Clinical Examination) is a common method of assessing clinical skills used at many universities. An important and simultaneously difficult aspect of good examination preparation is obtaining a properly trained and well-motivated group of assessors. To effectively recruit and maintain cooperation with assessors, it is worth knowing their opinion. The aim of this study was to investigate the opinions of teacher-examiners about the OSCE and to identify the factors that could shape this opinion and influence on motivation.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire on teachers who participated as OSCE examiners. This questionnaire consisted of 21 questions about their perceptions. Answers were rated in a five-point Likert-type scale. Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was used to analyze the data.

Results: A total of 49 (out of 52) teachers participated in this study. Nearly 90% of examiners believed that it is fair, and more than 90% that it is transparent. Despite the fact that 67% of examiners believe that the examination is difficult to organize and 71% believe it is stressful for students; according to 72% of respondents the OSCE has a positive effect on learning. More than 91% of examiners believed that the OSCE is an appropriate test to assess students’ skills. Opinions about the examination were independent of specialty, seniority, gender or having taken the OSCE as students.

Conclusion: Teacher-examiners viewed the OSCE as a fair and transparent examination, adequate for the assessment of skills and, despite it being difficult to organize, worth doing as it is appropriate to assess practical skills and positively influences students’ motivation to learn tested skills.

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Authors and Affiliations

Agata Stalmach-Przygoda
Michał Nowakowski
Anna Kocurek
Ian Perera
Agnieszka Skrzypek
Jadwiga Mirecka
Jolanta Świerszcz
Bogumiła Kowalska
Stanisław Górski
Michał Pers
Grzegorz Cebula
Magdalena Szopa

“I don’t give that hulk a chance”: Depression: an illness or disillusionment?

Hanna Serkowska
Ruch Literacki | 2023 | No 4 (379) | 497-513 | DOI: 10.24425/rl.2023.148300
Keywords health humanities depression mental health disenchantment psychiatric clinic Olga Hund (b. 1986)
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Abstract

The subject of depression, often driven by personal experience, has lately become very prominent in the public sphere. Olga Hund's Psy ras drobnych [Dogs of Smaller Breeds] (2018) is a novel about depression, though unlike many European films and novels, it does not blame the condition on the individual – the main character of the story. Her book is memoir of sorts, a series of dramatic scenes from a mental ward of the Kobierzyn Psychiatric Hospital in Cracow. The whole is written, we may assume, to provoke out-rage: it is an accusation of the health care system, yet the blame for the mental condition rather than the wrong therapy, is put squarely on the structures and socio-economic mechanisms of the neoliberal society. The book makes two points. First, the psychiatric hospital by its very nature is a total institution that’s totally indispensable; and second – as seen from the interface of the ‘normal’ people and the mental patients – the social, economic and ideological factors have a significant role in generating suffering and the mental illness itself.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hanna Serkowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Uniwersytet Warszawski

Novel antidiabetic drugs in diabetic kidney disease accompanying type 2 diabetes — a minireview

Ewa Wieczorek-Surdacka Andrzej Surdacki Jolanta Świerszcz Bernadeta Chyrchel
Folia Medica Cracoviensia | 2020 | Vol. 60 | No 4 | 97-101 | DOI: 10.24425/fmc.2020.136207
Keywords sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists renoprotection diabetic kidney disease type 2 diabetes cardiovascular outcome trials clinical practice guidelines
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Abstract

Intensive hypoglycemic treatment is the strongest preventive strategy against the development of microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), including diabetic nephropathy. However, some antidiabetic drugs, i.e. sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RA) have an additional renoprotective effect beyond glucose control by itself. Similar, both SGLT-2i and GLP1-RA have been demonstrated to decrease the risk of adverse cardiovascular (CV) events in CV outcome trials. Nevertheless, there are relevant differences in CV and renal effects of SGLT-2i and GLP1-RA. First, SGLT2i reduced the incidence and progression of albuminuria and prevented loss of kidney function, while predominant renal benefits of GLP1-RA were driven by albuminuria outcomes. Second, the risk of heart failure (HF) hospitalizations decreased on SGLT2i but not on GLP1-RA, which gives priority to SGLT2i in T2DM and HF, especially with depressed EF. Third, either GLP1-RA (reducing predominantly atherosclerosis-dependent events) or SGLT-2i, should be used in T2DM and established atherosclerotic CV disease (ASCVD) or other indicators of high CV risk. In this review, we have briefly compared clinical practice guidelines of the American Diabetes Association (2020 and 2021 versions), Polish Diabetes Association (2020) and the European Society of Cardiology/European Association for the Study of Diabetes (2019), with a focus on the choice between SGLT-2i and GLP1-RA in patients with diabetic kidney disease.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Wieczorek-Surdacka
1
Andrzej Surdacki
2
Jolanta Świerszcz
3
Bernadeta Chyrchel
4
  1. Chair and Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Second Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  3. Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  4. Second Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland

Understanding Covid-19

Jerzy Duszyński Aneta Afelt Anna Ochab-Marcinek Radosław Owczuk Krzysztof Pyrć Magdalena Rosińska Andrzej Rychard Tomasz Smiatacz
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2020 | Nr 4 (68) Understanding Covid-19 | 1-80 | DOI: 10.24425/academiaPAS.2020.136172
Keywords progress in science mechanism underlying the emergence of infectious diseases seasonal cycles of infectious diseases transmission routes pathogenesis and clinical course Long-term consequences prevention contact tracing apps vaccines immunity antiviral drugs immunomodulatory drugs psychological consequences economic consequences co-infections
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Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy Duszyński
Aneta Afelt
Anna Ochab-Marcinek
Radosław Owczuk
Krzysztof Pyrć
Magdalena Rosińska
Andrzej Rychard
Tomasz Smiatacz

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