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Analysis on the dynamic deformations of the images from digital film sequences

Tomasz Markowski
Geodesy and Cartography | 2015 | vol. 64 | No 1 | DOI: 10.1515/geocart-2015-0005
Keywords image sequences digital video camera internal geometry non-metric camera camera calibration
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Abstract

Image sequences, in particular digital video sequences, are characterised by the features which result in their high potential as measurement data. However, as early as at the stage of visual assessment of digital film images, originating, in particular, from amateur cameras, occurrence of some deformations may be observed, which may highly influence the results of measurements performed using these images; such deformations differ from deformations occurred in the case of static photographic images. It results both, by the method of image recording, using an electronic shutter and interlaced or progressive scanning, as well as the method of file recording and compression. It is worth to notice the systematic nature of such deformations, which highly depend on mutual motions of a camera and recorded objects. The objective of presented research works was to develop the mathematical description of image deformations, as a function of motion parameters. This would allow for adaptation of the camera calibration process to the demands of sequential imaging, as well as for modification of algorithms of measurements using self-calibration, and, as a result, minimisation of deformations. Another objective was to analyse the influence of deformations, typical for digital film images, on the results of measurements performed using these images, by means of series of experiments, which were based on multiple calibration of static and a moving camera, also with the use of a spatial test field. The first part was made by developing formulas based on some geometric relations, using some simplifications. On the stage of experimental research a certain degree of compatibility of experimental results and theoretical assumptions were confirmed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Markowski

Discussion on the Methodology and Apparatus for Hot Distortion Studies

Z. Ignaszak
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2018 | vol.18 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/122517
Keywords core sands thermomechanical phenomena pyrometer/thermovision camera
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Abstract

The paper refers to earlier publications of the author, on identification of properties of thermomechanical, chemically hardened core/mold sands. In that earlier period, first version of the original DMA apparatus, produced by a Polish company Multiserw-Morek, was used. The Hot Distortion (HD) study results, published by the author in 2008, referred to phenomena accompanying a thermal shock in real conditions of thermal interaction of a liquid alloy on a mold, in reference to a shock possible to obtain in laboratory conditions, without use of liquid alloy as a heat source, with analysis of solutions applied in the DMA apparatus. This paper presents author’s observations on testing a new, innovative version of the LRu-DMA apparatus, containing a module allowing the Hot Distortion (HD) study. Temperature of specimens achieved in the case of the gas burner heating reaches values definitely above 800°C on the heated side and 610°C on the other side. Using an electric radiator, with maximal temperature of 900°C allows obtaining temperatures in between 225-300°C.
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Authors and Affiliations

Z. Ignaszak

An innovative sCMOS based autonomous astronomical camera dedicated to universal use for SST and other fields of optical astronomy

Paweł Zienkiewicz Katarzyna Karpińska Mikołaj Jamroży Bartłomiej Juszczyk Dmytro Pochapskyi Tomasz Przedpełski Jerzy Łukasiewicz Natalia Czortek Grzegorz Brona
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 261-266 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149539
Keywords sCMOS camera series astronomical camera SpaceSurveillance and Tracking (SST)
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Abstract

Creotech Instruments is advancing a game-changing sCMOS camera series. The Final Prototype Model of an astronomical camera for Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) is in the test campaign phase. Designed for SST, NEO, and debris detection, its adaptable platform suits quantum tech and biological microscopy. Edge computing sets it apart, leveraging FPGA-based SoC for real-time processing and Linux-based pre-processing. Operating autonomously, it supports on-camera ML algorithms, revolutionizing astronomy. Data pre-processing, like frame stacking, reduces data load. This paper introduces the camera's concept, architecture, and prototype test results, emphasizing specific use cases and future product line development.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Zienkiewicz
1
Katarzyna Karpińska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mikołaj Jamroży
1
Bartłomiej Juszczyk
1
Dmytro Pochapskyi
1
Tomasz Przedpełski
1
Jerzy Łukasiewicz
2
Natalia Czortek
1
Grzegorz Brona
1
  1. Creotech Instruments S.A., Poland
  2. Air Force Institute of Technology (ITWL), Poland

Measurement of sensitivity of solar blind UV cameras to solar light

Krzysztof Chrzanowski Bolesław Safiej
Opto-Electronics Review | 2021 | 29 | 2 | 45-58 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2021.135828
Keywords solar sensitivity SBUV cameras solar blind UV cameras UV cameras sensitivity corona discharge detection
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Abstract

Solar blind UV cameras are not theoretically supposed to be sensitive to solar light. However, there is practically always some sensitivity to solar light. This limited solar sensitivity can sometimes make it impossible to detect the weak emission of a corona target located on the solar background. Therefore, solar sensitivity is one of the crucial performance parameters of solar blind UV cameras. However, despite its importance, the problem of determining solar sensitivity of solar blind UV cameras has not been analysed and solved in the specialized literature, so far. This paper presents the concept (definition, measurement method, test equipment, interpretation of results) of measuring solar sensitivity of solar blind UV cameras.
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Bibliography

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  10. Coetzer, C. et al. Status quo and aspects to consider with ultraviolet optical versus high voltage energy relation investigations. in Proc. SPIE – Fifth Conference on Sensors, MEMS, and Electro-Optic Systems 11043, 1104317 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2501251
  11. Du Toit, N. S. Calibration of UV-sensitive camera for corona detection. (Stellenbosch University, South Africa, 2007). http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2920
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Chrzanowski
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Bolesław Safiej
2
  1. Military University of Technology, Institute of Optoelectronics, 2 gen. Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
  2. INFRAMET, Bugaj 29a, Koczargi Nowe, 05-082 Stare Babice, Poland

Calibration of very close range digital cameras

Aleksandra Bujakiewicz Michał Kowalczyk Piotr Podlasiak Dorota Zawieska
Geodesy and Cartography | 2006 | vol. 55 | No 2 | 95-108
Keywords Close range photogrammetry semi-metric camera calibration
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Abstract

The paper discusses the problems of the calibration process of very close range semi-metric digital cameras. Using such cameras for precise measurement of small objects, the photographs have to be taken at a very large scale, ranging from 1 :20 to 1:50. To ensure the submillimetre accuracy of the photogrammetric measurement, the specific calibration tests and procedures for determination of the interior orientation parameters, including the coefficients for image systematic errors, must be applied. The results of two calibration approaches, based on 3D and 2D calibration tests, have been presented in the paper. The experiment is a part of the research project concerning the numerical modelling of small 3D fragments of the broken archaeological items for reconstruction of the context of the archaeological monument.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandra Bujakiewicz
Michał Kowalczyk
Piotr Podlasiak
Dorota Zawieska

Quality Control of Liquid Aluminium Alloy Using Thermal Imaging Camera

Ryszard Władysiak
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 1 | 135-140 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149261
Keywords thermal imaging camera Aluminium alloy Quality control
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Abstract

This paper presents the results of a study on the use of infrared thermography to assess the quality of liquid metal, a basic semi-finished product used in foundry production. EN AC-46000 alloy with the designation AlSi9Cu3(Fe) was used for the study. The crystallization process of the alloy was investigated using the TDA method with a Crystaldigraph device and Optris PI thermal imaging camera. The research describes how to use a thermal imaging camera to assess the quality of aluminium alloys. These alloys, due to their propensity in the liquid state to oxidise and absorb hydrogen, a refining procedure in the melting process. The effects of alloy refining are evaluated during technological tests of hydrogen solubility, density and casting shrinkage. The results presented in this paper showed that there is a statistical correlation between the density of the metal and the temperature values from the thermogram of the sample, obtained during its solidification. The existing correlation makes it possible to develop a thermographic inspection algorithm that allows a fast and non-contact assessment of aluminium alloy quality.
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Bibliography

[1] Dispinar, D., & Campbell, J. (2004). Critical assessment of reduced pressure test. Part 1: Porosity phenomena. International Journal of Cast Metals Research, 17(5), 280-286. https://doi.org/10.1179/136404604225020696.
[2] Kowalczyk W., Dańko R., Górny M., Kawalec M. & Burbelko A. (2022) Influence of High-Pressure Die Casting Parameters on the Cooling Rate and the Structure of EN-AC 46000 Alloy. Materials, 15(16), 5702. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165702.
[3] Y B Zuo, B Jiang, Y J Zhang & Z Fan. (2013). Degassing LM25 aluminium alloy by novel degassing technology with intensive melt shearing. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 26(1), 16-21. doi: 10.1179/1743133612Y.0000000019.
[4] Pietrowski, S. (2001). Al-Si Alloys. Lodz, Poland: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej. ISBN 83-7283-029-0
[5] Gumienny, G., Pisarek, B., Szymczak, T., Gawroński, J., Just, P., Władysiak, R., Rapiejko, C. & Pacyniak, T. (2022). Effect of degassing parameters on mechanical properties of EN AC-46000 gravity die casting. Materials. 15(23), 8323, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238323.
[6] Pietrowski, S., Gumienny, G., Pisarek, B. & Władysiak, R. (2004). Production control of advanced casting alloys with TDA method. Archives of Mechanical Technology and Automation. 24(3), 131-143, ISSN (1233-9709).
[7] Rapiejko C., Pisarek B., Czekaj E. & Pacyniak T., (2014). Analysis of AM60 and AZ91 Alloy Crystallization in Ceramic Moulds by Thermal Derivative Analysis (TDA). Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 59, doi: 10.2478/amm-2014-0246.
[8] Gumienny G., Kurowska B. & Just P. (2019). The effect of Manganese on the Crystallization Process, Microstructure and Selected Properties of Compacted Graphite Iron. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 64(4), 1269-1275. doi: 10.24425/amm.2019.130090.
[9] Pisarek B., Rapiejko C. & Pacyniak T. (2019). Effect of intensive Cooling of Alloy AC-AlSi7Mg with Alloy additions on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 64 (2), 677-681. DOI: 10.2478/amm-2019.127598.
[10] Władysiak, R. & Kozuń, A. (2015). An Application for Infrared Camera in Analyzing of the Solidification Process of Al-Si Alloys. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 15(3), 81-84. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2015-0065.
[11] Holtzer, M., Bobrowski, A., Grabowska, B., Eichholz, S. & Hodor, K. (2010). Investigation of carriers of lustrous carbon at high temperatures by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Archives of Foundry Engineering. 10(4), 61-68.
[12] Sapieta, M., Dekys, V., Kao, M., Pastor, M., Sapietova, A. & Drvarova, B. (2023). Investigation of the mechanical properties of spur involute gearing by infrared thermography. Applied Sciences. 13(10), 5988. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13105988.
[13] Umar M. &·Paulraj S. (2021). Thermography analysis and porosity formation during laser beam welding of AA5083 H111 aluminum alloy. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 146, 1551–1559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-10140-z.
[14] Lanc Z., Strbac B., Zeljkovic M., Zivkovic A. & Hadzistevic M. (2018). Emissivity of Aluminium Alloy Using Infrared Thermography Technique. Materials and Technology. 52(3). doi:10.17222/mit.2017.152.
[15] Badulescu C., Grediac M., Haddadi H., Mathias J.-D., Balandraud X. & Tran H.-S. (2011) Applying the Grid Method and Infrared Thermography to Investigate Plastic deformation in Aluminium Multicrystal. Mechanics of Materials, 43(1), 36-53. doi:10.1016/j.mechmat.2010.11.001.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard Władysiak
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Lodz University of Technology, Department of Materials Engineering and Production Systems, Łódź, Poland

Accuracy in fixing ship's positions by camera survey of bearings

Krzysztof Naus Mariusz Wąż
Geodesy and Cartography | 2011 | vol. 60 | No 1 | DOI: 10.2478/v10277-012-0017-6
Keywords coastal navigation position accuracy camera survey of an angle
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of research on the possibilities of fixing ship position coordinates based on results of surveying bearings on navigational marks with the use of the CCD camera. Accuracy of the determination of ship position coordinates, expressed in terms of the mean error, was assumed to be the basic criterion of this estimation. The first part of the paper describes the method of the determination of the resolution and the mean error of the angle measurement, taken with a camera, and also the method of the determination of the mean error of position coordinates when two or more bearings were measured. There have been defined three software applications assigned for the development of navigational sea charts with accuracy areas mapped on. The second part contains the results of studying accuracy in fixing ship position coordinates, carried out in the Gulf of Gdansk, with the use of bearings taken obtained with the Rolleiflex and Sony cameras. The results are presented in a form of diagrams of the mean error of angle measurement, also in the form of navigational charts with accuracy fields mapped on. In the final part, basing on results obtained, the applicability of CCD cameras in automation of coastal navigation performance process is discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Naus
Mariusz Wąż

Accuracy analysis of automatic distortion correction

Jakub Kolecki Antoni Rzonca
Geodesy and Cartography | 2015 | vol. 64 | No 1 | DOI: 10.1515/geocart-2015-0002
Keywords camera calibration radial distortion distortion correction accuracy analysis bundle adjustment
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Abstract

The paper addresses the problem of the automatic distortion removal from images acquired with non-metric SLR camera equipped with prime lenses. From the photogrammetric point of view the following question arises: is the accuracy of distortion control data provided by the manufacturer for a certain lens model (not item) sufficient in order to achieve demanded accuracy? In order to obtain the reliable answer to the aforementioned problem the two kinds of tests were carried out for three lens models. Firstly the multi-variant camera calibration was conducted using the software providing full accuracy analysis. Secondly the accuracy analysis using check points took place. The check points were measured in the images resampled based on estimated distortion model or in distortion-free images simply acquired in the automatic distortion removal mode. The extensive conclusions regarding application of each calibration approach in practice are given. Finally the rules of applying automatic distortion removal in photogrammetric measurements are suggested
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Authors and Affiliations

Jakub Kolecki
Antoni Rzonca

Metrological Analysis Of Microsoft Kinect In The Context Of Object Localization

Andrzej Skalski Bartosz Machura
Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2015 | vol. 22 | No 4 | 469-478
Keywords Kinect motion sensor localization camera calibration measurement precision robustness
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Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive metrological analysis of the Microsoft Kinect motion sensor performed using a proprietary flat marker. The designed marker was used to estimate its position in the external coordinate system associated with the sensor. The study includes calibration of the RGB and IR cameras, parameter identification and image registration. The metrological analysis is based on the data corrected for sensor optical distortions. From the metrological point of view, localization errors are related to the distance of an object from the sensor. Therefore, the rotation angles were determined and an accuracy assessment of the depth maps was performed. The analysis was carried out for the distances from the marker in the range of 0.8−1.65 m. The maximum average error was equal to 23 mm for the distance of 1.6 m.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Skalski
Bartosz Machura

Software Application for Calibration of Stereoscopic Camera Setups

Dariusz Rzeszotarski Paweł Pełczyński
Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2012 | No 4 | 805-816 | DOI: 10.2478/v10178-012-0072-1
Keywords camera calibration canonical stereovision system intrinsic and extrinsic parameters
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Abstract

The article describes an application for calibration of a stereovision camera setup constructed for the needs of an electronic travel aid for the blind. The application can be used to calibrate any stereovision system consisting of two DirectShow compatible cameras using a reference checkerboard of known dimensions. A method for experimental verification of the correctness of the calibration is also presented. The developed software is intended for calibration of mobile stereovision systems that focus mainly on obstacle detection.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Rzeszotarski
Paweł Pełczyński

Conditions for the use of infrared camera diagnostics in energy auditing of the objects exposed to open air space at isothermal sky

Tadeusz Kruczek
Archives of Thermodynamics | 2015 | No 1 March | 67-82 | DOI: 10.1515/aoter-2015-0005
Keywords thermovision diagnostics infrared camera radiative ambient temperature open air space
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Abstract

Convective and radiation heat transfer take place between various objects placed in open air space and their surroundings. These phenomena bring about heat losses from pipelines, building walls, roofs and other objects. One of the main tasks in energy auditing is the reduction of excessive heat losses. In the case of a low sky temperature, the radiation heat exchange is very intensive and the temperature of the top part of the horizontal pipelines or walls is lower than the temperature of their bottom parts. Quite often this temperature is also lower than the temperature of the surrounding atmospheric air. In the case of overhead heat pipelines placed in open air space, it is the ground and sky that constitute the surroundings. The aforementioned elements of surroundings usually have different values of temperature. Thus, these circumstances bring about difficulties during infrared inspections because only one ambient temperature which represents radiation of all surrounding elements must be known during the thermovision measurements. This work is aimed at the development of a method for determination of an equivalent ambient temperature representing the thermal radiation of the surrounding elements of the object under consideration placed in open air space, which could be applied at a fairly uniform temperature of the sky during the thermovision measurements as well as for the calculation of radiative heat losses.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Kruczek

Use of Acoustic Camera for Noise Sources Localization and Noise Reduction in the Industrial Plant

Wiesław Fiebig Damian Dąbrowski
Archives of Acoustics | 2020 | vol. 45 | No 1 | 111-117 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2020.132487
Keywords noise source localization noise reduction industrial noise control acoustic camera
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Abstract

The paper presents results of the localization of main noise sources in the industrial plant. Identification of main noise sources was made with an acoustic camera using Beamforming Method. Parallel to the measurements by means of the acoustic camera, sound level measurements on the main noise sources have been performed. Based on the calculations, prediction regarding the noise emission at residential buildings located near to the plant has been determined. Acoustic noise maps have been performed with LEQ Professional software, which includes the 3D geometry of the buildings inside the plant. It has been established that, after introduction of noise reduction measures in the plant, the noise levels at the observation points in the residential area meets the limit values.

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Authors and Affiliations

Wiesław Fiebig
Damian Dąbrowski

An Experimental Bench for Testing a S-CAM Front Car Camera

Sławomir Gryś
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2022 | vol. 68 | No 4 | 755-760 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2022.143882
Keywords automotive technology driving safety ADAS front camera CAN bus traffic sign recognition
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Abstract

The paper presents an experimental stand for testing the front car camera S-CAM with embedded image recognition systems. The camera sends CAN messages these are converted to USART messages by microprocessor based system. The messages are interpreted by MATLAB script on the basis of database of traffic signs in accordance with Polish Road Code. The testing stand is mainly aimed for educating students interested in the fields of electronics and technologies related to automotive branch, as well. The second objective is a research on efficiency of traffic sign recognition system being one of functionalities of S-CAM camera. The technical specification of testing stand, its functionality and limitations were also discussed. The bench operation was illustrated with examples of stiff images, animation and real movies.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sławomir Gryś
1
  1. Częstochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Poland

Radiometric calibration and measurement algorithm for electrical inspection solar-blind ultraviolet cameras

Casper J. Coetzer Nicholas West
Opto-Electronics Review | 2022 | 30 | 1 | e140128 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2022.140128
Keywords AC voltage calibration corona cameras electrical discarges radiometric measurements
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Abstract

Solar-blind ultraviolet cameras with image intensifier with CMOS detector typically use various count methodologies to measure the optical energy of an electrical corona. However, these count methodologies are non-radiometric without considering parameters such as distance, focus-, zoom-, and gain setting of a camera. An algorithm which considers the calibration and radiometric measurement of optical energy for the slow frame rate intensifier type cameras is presented. Furthermore, it is shown how these calibration data together with the flowcharts are used for the conversion from raw measured data to radiometric energy values.
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Bibliography

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  5. Maistry, N., Schutz, R. A. & Cox, E. The quantification of corona discharges on high voltage electrical equipment in the uv spectrum using a corona camera. in 2018 International Conference on Diagnostics in Electrical Engineering (Diagnostika) 1–4 (Pisen, Czech Republic, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/DIAGNOSTIKA.2018.8526024
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  11. Coetzer, C. J. & Leuschner, F. W. The influence of a camera's spectral transfer function used for observing high voltage corona on insulators. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 23, 1753–1759 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2016.005021
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  13. Coetzer, C., Becker, T., West, N. & Leuschner, W. Investigating an alternate detector for solar-blind ultraviolet cameras for high-voltage inspection. in 2021 Southern African Universities Power Engineering Conference/Robotics and Mechatronics/Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa (SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA) 1–6 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA52254.2021.9377216
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  18. Coetzer, C., Groenewald, S. & Leuschner, W. An analysis of the method for determining the lowest sensitivity of solarblind ultravio-let corona cameras. in 2020 International SAUPEC/RobMech/ PRASA Conference 1–6 (Cape Town, South Africa, 2020).    https://doi.org/10.1109/SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA48453.2020.9040997
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  21. Chrzanowski, K. & Chrzanowski, W. Analysis of a blackbody irradiance method of measurement of solar blind UV cameras' sensitivity. Opto-Electron. Rev. 27, 378–384 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.opelre.2019.11.009
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Authors and Affiliations

Casper J. Coetzer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nicholas West
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Dept. of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
  2. Dept. of Electrical and Information, University of Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave., Braamfontein 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa

Analysis of a blackbody irradiance method of measurement of solar blind UV cameras'

Krzysztof Chrzanowski W. Chrzanowski
Opto-Electronics Review | 2019 | vol. 27 | No 4 | 378-384
Keywords Solar-blindul ultraviolet Solar-blind cameras Blackbody Sensitivity
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Abstract

This paper presents a critical analysis of a current typical method to measure sensitivity of solar blind ultraviolet cameras using a high temperature blackbody as a calibrated source of ultraviolet light. It has been shown that measurement of sensitivity of solar-blind ultraviolet (SBUV) cameras defined as minimal detectable blackbody irradiance at optics plane of the tested SBUV camera generates inflated, misleading and prone to measurement errors' results that should not be used for evaluation of SBUV cameras' performance.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Chrzanowski
ORCID: ORCID
W. Chrzanowski

Optomechanical industrial-level camera modifications forrepeatable thermal image drift

Marcin Adamczyk Kohei Nimura
Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 2 | e150185 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.150185
Keywords camera temperature effect temperature compensation compensation model thermal image drift
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Abstract

Thermal image drift is observed in prevalent industrial-level cameras because their optomechanical design is not optimised to reduce this phenomenon. In this paper, the effect of temperature on industrial-level cameras is investigated, focusing on the thermal image drift resulting from ambient temperature changes and warming-up process. Standard methods for reducing thermal image drift are reviewed, concentrating on the lack of repeatability aspect of this drift. Repeatable thermal image drift is crucial for applying a compensation model as random thermal deformations in sensors cannot be compensated. Moreover, the possible cause of this issue is explored, and novel optomechanical camera modifications are proposed that maintain the thermal degrees of freedom for the deforming sensor, limiting the lack of repeatability aspect of thermal image drift to a low level. The improvement is verified by conducting experiments using a specialised test stand equipped with an invar frame and thermal chamber. Considering the results from the application of the polynomial compensation model, the standard deviation of the central shifts of image drift is reduced by ×3.99, and the absolute range of image drift is reduced by ×2.53.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Adamczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kohei Nimura
1
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, ul. Andrzeja Boboli 8,02-525 Warsaw, Poland

Estimation of power losses in a high-frequency planar transformer using a thermal camera

Roman Barlik Mieczysław Nowak Piotr Grzejszczak Mariusz Zdanowski
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2016 | vol. 65 | No 3 September | 613-627 | DOI: 10.1515/aee-2016-0044
Keywords power losses estimation thermal camera thermal calibration planar transformer Dowell’s and Steinmetz’s equations
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Abstract

This paper presents the implementation of a thermal camera for the quantitative estimation of power losses in a high frequency planar transformer (100 kHz/ 5600 VA). The methodology is based on the observation of the transient temperature rise and determination of the power losses by means of curves representing the derivative of temperature as a function of power losses dissipated in the transformer. First, the thermal calibration characteristics had to be obtained from a simple experiment, where power losses are generated by DC current in the ferrite core and windings. Next, experimental investigations focused on the determination of the transformer power losses for a short circuit and no load, with a resistive load and with the rectifier as a load were carried out. Finally, to verify the obtained results, analytical calculations based on Dowell’s and modified Steinmetz’s equations were additionally made, which showed a good convergence. The proposed method is easy to implement and can be used as an alternative to the calorimetric method which is time-consuming and requires a complicated measurement setup.

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Authors and Affiliations

Roman Barlik
Mieczysław Nowak
Piotr Grzejszczak
Mariusz Zdanowski

Measurement Procedure of Ring Motion with the Use of Highspeed Camera During Electromagnetic Expansion

Jacek Janiszewski
Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2012 | No 4 | 797-804 | DOI: 10.2478/v10178-012-0071-2
Keywords high-speed camera electromagnetic expanding ring test high-strain-rate deformation.
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Abstract

An optical measurement method of radial displacement of a ring sample during its expansion with velocity of the order 172 m/s and estimation technique of plastic flow stress of a ring material on basis of the obtained experimental data are presented in the work. To measure the ring motion during the expansion process, the Phantom v12 digital high-speed camera was applied, whereas the specialized TEMA Automotive software was used to analyze the obtained movies. Application of the above-mentioned tools and the developed measuring procedure of the ring motion recording allowed to obtain reliable experimental data and calculation results of plastic flow stress of a copper ring with satisfactory accuracy.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Janiszewski

Ultra-wide-angle Wireless Endoscope witha Backend-camera-controller Architecture

Jason Yi Dongha Shim
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2017 | vol. 63 | No 1 | DOI: 10.1515/eletel-2017-0003
Keywords Wireless endoscope, ultra-wide-angle, plastic lens,backend-camera-controller, serial image sensor, ultra-wide-band,Wi-Fi, latency
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Authors and Affiliations

Jason Yi Dongha Shim

Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Dynamic Ejection Process of a Rock Burst Under a Static Load

Weiyu Zheng
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 1 | 43-56 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2021.136691
Keywords rock burst high-speed camera kinetic energy stress field crack propagation
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Abstract

As the duration of a rock burst is very short and the roadway is seriously damaged after the disaster, it is difficult to observe its characteristics. In order to obtain the dynamic characteristics of a rock burst, a modified uniaxial compression experiment, combined with a high-speed camera system is carried out and the process of a rock burst caused by a static load is simulated. Some significant results are obtained: 1) The velocity of ejected particles is between 2 m/s and 4 m/s. 2) The ratio of elastic energy to plastic energy is about five. 3) The duration from integrity to failure is between 20 ms and 40 ms. Furthermore, by analyzing the stress field in the sample with a numerical method and crack propagation model, the following conclusions can be made: 1) The kinetic energy of the ejected particles comes from the elastic energy released by itself. 2) The ratio of kinetic energy to elastic energy is between 6% and 15%. This can help understand the source and transfer of energy in a rock burst quantitatively.
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Bibliography

[1] F. Ren, C. Zhu, M. He, Moment Tensor Analysis of Acoustic Emissions for Cracking Mechanisms During Schist Strain Burst. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 53, 1-2(2019). DOI: 10.1007/s00603-019-01897-3
[2] G . Su Y. Shi, X. Feng, J. Jiang, J. Zhang, Q. Jiang, True-Triaxial Experimental Study of the Evolutionary Features of the Acoustic Emissions and Sounds of Rockburst Processes. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 51, 375-389 (2018). DOI: 10.1007/ s00603-017-1344-6
[3] F. Gong, Y. Luo, X. Li, X. Si, M. Tao, Experimental simulation investigation on rockburst induced by spalling failure in deep circular tunnels. Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech. 81, 413-427(2018). DOI: 10.1016/j.tust.2018.07.035
[4] S.H. Cho, Y. Ogata, K. Kaneko, A method for estimating the strength properties of a granitic rock subjected to dynamic loading. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. 42 (4), 561-568(2005). DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2005.01.004
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[8] K. Du, M. Tao, X. Li, J. Zhou, Experimental Study of Slabbing and Rockburst Induced by True-Triaxial Unloading and Local Dynamic Disturbance. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 49 (9), 3437-3453(2016). DOI: 10.1007/s00603-016-0990-4
[9] R . Simon, PhD thesis, Analysis of fault-slip mechanisms in hard rock mining, McGill University, Quebec/Montreal, Canada (1999).
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Authors and Affiliations

Weiyu Zheng
1 2
  1. China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China
  2. State Key Laboratory of Coal Mining and Clean Utilization, China

Application of high-speed camera measurements for determination of energy losses generated in a vibrating belt of CVT transmission

Waldemar Łatas Adam Kot
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 5 | e146238 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.146238
Keywords continuously variable transmission moving beam vibrations high-speed camera power losses
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Abstract

The paper presents a proposition of the theoretical-experimental method of determination of power losses in the transversely vibrating rubber V-belt of continuously variable transmission. The article comprises the results of experimental tests conducted on a special test stand with a complete scooter drivetrain powered by a small two-stroke internal combustion engine. Such a configuration allows ensuring real CVT working conditions. A high-speed camera was used for the contactless measurement of belt vibrations and time-lapse image analysis was performed in dedicated software. An axially moving Euler–Bernoulli beam was assumed as the mathematical model. Longitudinal vibrations and nonlinear effects were omitted. Additionally, it was assumed that the belt material behaves according to the Kelvin–Voigt rheological model. Analysis of the damped free vibrations of the cantilever beam, made of the belt segment, allowed to determine the equivalent bending damping coefficient. The CVT power losses, due to bending in the rubber transmission belt, were obtained for the fixed working conditions after numerical calculations. The proposed methodology is a new approach in this research area, which allows to obtain results impossible to achieve with other measurement methods.
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Authors and Affiliations

Waldemar Łatas
1
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Kot
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Applied Mechanics and Biomechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Poland
  2. Department of Automotive Vehicles, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Poland

The positivity of the fractional order model of a two-dimensional temperature field

Krzysztof Oprzędkiewicz
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e145675 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145675
Keywords noninteger order systems heat transfer equation fractional order state equation Caputo operator positivity thermal camera
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Abstract

The paper presents analysis of the positivity for a two-dimensional temperature field. The process under consideration is described by the linear, infinite-dimensional, noninteger order state equation. It is derived from a two-dimensional parabolic equation with homogenous Neumann boundary conditions along all borders and homogenous initial condition. The form of control and observation operators is determined by the construction of a real system. The internal and external positivity of the model are associated to the localization of heater and measurement. It has been proven that the internal positivity of the considered system can be achieved by the proper selection of attachment of a heater and place of a measurement as well as the dimension of the finite-dimensional approximation of the considered model. Conditions of the internal positivity associated with construction of real experimental system are proposed. The postivity is analysed separately for control and output of the system. This allows one to analyse the positivity of thermal systems without explicit control. Theoretical considerations are numerically verified with the use of experimental data. The proposed results can be applied i.e. to point suitable places for measuring of a temperature using a thermal imaging camera.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Oprzędkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

Polyurethane shape memory polymer: structure characterization and estimation of energy storage and dissipation during the tension process

Maria Staszczak Arkadiusz Gradys Karol Golasiński Elżbieta A. Pieczyska
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 6 | e147343 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.147343
Keywords shape memory polymer infrared camera thermomechanical couplings energy storage and dissipation tension test
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Abstract

Shape memory polymers (SMP) are new multifunctional materials raising increasing interest in various functional applications. Among them, polyurethane shape memory polymers (PU-SMP) are particularly attractive due to their combination of shape memory, high strength and biocompatible properties. Developing new applications for PU-SMP requires comprehensive research on their characteristics. This work involved investigating the structure and mechanical behavior as well as characterizing the energy storage and dissipation of a thermoplastic PU-SMP with a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 25_C during tensile loading-unloading. The process of energy storage and dissipation in the PU-SMP was investigated based on the stress-strain curves recorded by a quasi-static testing machine and the temperature changes, accompanying the deformation process, obtained by using a fast and sensitive infrared camera. The results showed that the thermomechanical behavior of the examined PU-SMP depends significantly on the strain rate. At a higher strain rate, there are higher stress and related temperature changes, which lead to greater energy dissipation. However, the energy storage values estimated during the deformation process turned out to be not significant, indicating that the work supplied to the PU-SMP structure during loading is mainly converted into heat. It should also be noted that the structural investigation revealed no crystalline phase in the investigated PU-SMP.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maria Staszczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Arkadiusz Gradys
2
ORCID: ORCID
Karol Golasiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Elżbieta A. Pieczyska
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi´nskiego 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Multidisciplinary Research Center, Cardinal Stefan Wyszy´ nski University in Warsaw, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland

The measurements of surface defect area with an RGB-D camera for a BIM-backed bridge inspection

Bartosz Wójcik Mateusz Żarski
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 3 | e137123 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137123
Keywords 3D reconstruction RGB-D camera depth sensing bridge inspection as-is BIM
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Abstract

Bridge inspections are a vital part of bridge maintenance and the main information source for Bridge Management Systems is used in decision-making regarding repairs. Without a doubt, both can benefit from the implementation of the Building Information Modelling philosophy. To fully harness the BIM potential in this area, we have to develop tools that will provide inspection accurate information easily and fast. In this paper, we present an example of how such a tool can utilise tablets coupled with the latest generation RGB-D cameras for data acquisition; how these data can be processed to extract the defect surface area and create a 3D representation, and finally embed this information into the BIM model. Additionally, the study of depth sensor accuracy is presented along with surface area accuracy tests and an exemplary inspection of a bridge pillar column.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bartosz Wójcik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Żarski
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Mechanics and Bridges, Faculty of Civil Engendering, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

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