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Number of results: 9
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Abstract

Ultrasound is used for breast cancer detection as a technique complementary to mammography, the standard screening method. Current practice is based on reflectivity images obtained with conventional instruments by an operator who positions the ultrasonic transducer by hand over the patient’s body. It is a non-ionizing radiation, pain-free and not expensive technique that provides a higher contrast than mammography to discriminate among fluid-filled cysts and solid masses, especially for dense breast tissue. However, results are quite dependent on the operator’s skills, images are difficult to reproduce, and state-of-the-art instruments have a limited resolution and contrast to show micro-calcifications and to discriminate between lesions and the surrounding tissue. In spite of their advantages, these factors have precluded the use of ultrasound for screening.

This work approaches the ultrasound-based early detection of breast cancer with a different concept. A ring array with many elements to cover 360◦ around a hanging breast allows obtaining repeatable and operator-independent coronal slice images. Such an arrangement is well suited for multi-modal imaging that includes reflectivity, compounded, tomography, and phase coherence images for increased specificity in breast cancer detection. Preliminary work carried out with a mechanical emulation of the ring array and a standard breast phantom shows a high resolution and contrast, with an artifact-free capability provided by phase coherence processing.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jorge Camacho
Luis Medina
Jorge F. Cruza
José M. Moreno
Carlos Fritsch
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Abstract

Breast cancer screening is based on X-ray mammography, while ultrasound is considered a complementary technique with improved detection in dense tissue. However, breast cancer screening requires a technique that provides repeatable results at the inspection interval which cannot be achieved with manual breast exploration. During the last years there have appeared several approaches to overcome this limitation by means of automated ultrasonic tomography performed with motorized probes or with a large set of array transducers. This work addresses these problems by considering a quite simple and low-cost arrangement, formed with a ring of conventional medical-grade array probes which are multiplexed to the electronics to build Full Angle Spatially Compounded (FASC) images. The work analyzes the performance of such arrangement in terms of resolution and isotropy, showing by numerical modelling and experimentally that it provides high resolution and homogeneity in the whole imaged region. The implementation of this technique would provide more than one circular FASC per second and a whole breast volume image in 1–2 minutes with conventional technology, a process fast enough to be clinically useful. Moreover, the automated technique is repeatable and can be used by the clinician to perform immediately the diagnosis without requiring additional data processing.
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Authors and Affiliations

Luis Medina
Jorge Camacho
Carlos Fritsch
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Abstract

The paper presents special forms of an ensemble of classifiers for analysis of medical images based on application of deep learning. The study analyzes different structures of convolutional neural networks applied in the recognition of two types of medical images: dermoscopic images for melanoma and mammograms for breast cancer. Two approaches to ensemble creation are proposed. In the first approach, the images are processed by a convolutional neural network and the flattened vector of image descriptors is subjected to feature selection by applying different selection methods. As a result, different sets of a limited number of diagnostic features are generated. In the next stage, these sets of features represent input attributes for the classical classifiers: support vector machine, a random forest of decision trees, and softmax. By combining different selection methods with these classifiers an ensemble classification system is created and integrated by majority voting. In the second approach, different structures of convolutional neural networks are directly applied as the members of the ensemble. The efficiency of the proposed classification systems is investigated and compared to medical data representing dermoscopic images of melanoma and breast cancer mammogram images. Thanks to fusion of the results of many classifiers forming an ensemble, accuracy and all other quality measures have been significantly increased for both types of medical images.
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Authors and Affiliations

Fabian Gil
1
Stanisław Osowski
1 2
Bartosz Świderski
3
Monika Słowińska
4

  1. Military University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Institute of Electronic Systems, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, pl. Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland
  3. University of Life Sciences, ul. Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw
  4. Central Clinical Hospital Ministry of Defense, Military Institute of Medicine – National Research Institute, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Background: Unhealthy diet and cooking method used may infl uence the risk of breast cancer (BC), but there is only limited evidence with regard to benign breast disease (BBD). The aim of this study was to assess a relationship between cooking technique, especially fried to boiled meals ratio in the diet, and the risk of BC and BBD in a group of Polish women. Material and methods: A case-control study involving 34 BC cases, 81 BBD cases and 122 healthy controls was conducted between July 2007 and November 2011. All the women were asked about their nutritional habits, especially the way of preparing meat and fi sh dishes. Th en the ratio of fried to boiled meals was calculated. Results: High fried to boiled ratio was associated with increasing risk of BBD, but not BC. Women consuming fried dishes more oft en than boiled dishes had elevated risk of BBD: OR = 3.04 and OR = 3.65 for the second and the third tertile, respectively. Adjustment for the other confounders only slightly altered this relationship. Conclusion: Women who preferred frying as a cooking technique had increased risk of benign breast disease, but not breast cancer. Th ere is a need of more precise investigation to confi rm this association.
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Authors and Affiliations

Elżbieta Sochacka-Tatara
Agnieszka Pac
Marzena Florek
Paulina Rolska
Diana Hodorowicz-Zaniewska
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Abstract

A numerical study and simulation of breast imaging in the early detection of tumors using the photoacoustic (PA) phenomenon are presented. There have been various reports on the simulation of the PA phenomenon in the breast, which are not in the real dimensions of the tissue. Furthermore, the different layers of the breast have not been considered. Therefore, it has not been possible to rely on the values and characteristics of the resulting data and to compare it with the actual state. Here, the real dimensions of the breast at threedimensional and different constituent layers have been considered. After reviewing simulation methods and software for different stages of the PA phenomenon, a single suitable platform, which is commercially available finite element software (COMSOL), has been selected for simulating. The optical, thermal, elastic, and acoustic characteristics of different layers of breast and tumor at radiated laser wavelength (800 nm) were accurately calculated or obtained from a reliable source. Finally, by defining an array of 32 ultrasonic sensors on the breast cup at the defined arcs of the 2D slices, the PA waves can be collected and transmitted to MATLAB software to reconstruct the images. We can study the resulting PA wave and its changes in more detail using our scenarios.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maryam Ahangar Darband
1
Esmaeil Najafi Aghdam
1
Arash Gharibi
2

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
  2. Institute of Modern Physics, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
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Abstract

With the steady increase in the incidence of breast cancer in women, treatment that includes not only tumor removal but also breast reconstruction is becoming a more relevant issue for oncologic and plastic surgeons. Mastectomy recently evolved as a form of primary prevention of hereditary breast cancer, commonly performed in combination with simultaneous reconstruction. A case of 44-year-old woman who underwent right mastectomy with adjuvant radiotherapy is presented. Due to the patient’s positivity for BRCA1 mutation and her wishes, a risk-reducing mastectomy with nipple-areola complex preservation and bilateral deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap reconstruction were performed in one-stage. In selected cases this method appears to be the best possible procedure for simultaneous preventative and reconstructive management in patients with genetically determined breast cancer who have undergone mastectomy with radiotherapy.
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Bibliography

1. Wojciechowska U., Didkowska J., Michałek I., et al.: Cancer in Poland in 2018. Polish National Cancer Registry, Warsaw 2020.
2. Kuchenbaecker K.B., Hopper J.L., Barnes D.R., et al.: Risks of breast, ovarian, and contralateral breast cancer for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. JAMA. 2017; 317: 2402–2416. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.7112
3. Ulatowski Ł., Kaniewska A.: The Use Of The Diep Flap In The Modern Reconstructive Surgery. Pol J Surg. 2015; 87 (9): 472–481. doi: 10.1515/pjs-2015-0091
4. Bletsis P., Bucknor A., Chattha A., et al.: Evaluation of Contralateral and Bilateral Prophylactic Mastectomy and Reconstruction Outcomes: Comparing Alloplastic and Autologous Reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg. 2018 Apr; 80 (4): 144–149. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000001358
5. Nestle-Krämling C., Kühn T.: Role of Breast Surgery in BRCA Mutation Carriers. Breast Care. 2012; 7: 378–382. doi: 10.1159/000343717
6. Rocco N., Montagna G., Criscitiello C., et al.: Nipple Sparing Mastectomy as a Risk-Reducing Procedure for BRCA-Mutated Patients. Genes. 2021; 12 (2): 253. doi: 10.3390/genes12020253
7. Daar D.A., Abdou S.A., Rosario L., et al.: Is There a Preferred Incision Location for Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019 May; 143 (5): 906e– 919e. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000005502
8. Chirurgiczne leczenie zmian nowotworowych piersi. Konsensus Polskiego Towarzystwa Chirurgii Onkologicznej. Eds. Z.I. Nowecki, A. Jeziorski. Biblioteka chirurga onkologa. Tom 5. Via Medica, Gdańsk 2016.
9. Ulatowski Ł., Noszczyk B.: BREAST-Q questionnaire: tool for evaluation of quality of life following breast reconstruction with DIEP/SIEA flap. Pol J Surg. 2018; 90 (4): 16–20. doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.0758
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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Ulatowski
1
Piotr Gierej
1
Maria Molska
1

  1. Department of Plastic Surgery, Medical Centre for Postgraduate Education, Professor W. Orlowski Memorial Hospital, 231st Czerniakowska Street, 00-416 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Automated motion reduction in dynamic infrared imaging is on demand in clinical applications, since movement disarranges time−temperature series of each pixel, thus originating thermal artifacts that might bias the clinical decision. All previously proposed registration methods are feature based algorithms requiring manual intervention. The aim of this work is to optimize the registration strategy specifically for Breast Dynamic Infrared Imaging and to make it user−independent. We implemented and evaluated 3 different 3D time−series registration methods: 1. Linear affine, 2. Non−linear Bspline, 3. Demons applied to 12 datasets of healthy breast thermal images. The results are evaluated through normalized mutual information with average values of 0.70 ±0.03, 0.74 ±0.03 and 0.81 ±0.09 (out of 1) for Affine, Bspline and Demons registration, respectively, as well as breast boundary overlap and Jacobian determinant of the deformation field. The statistical analysis of the results showed that symmetric diffeomorphic Demons’ registration method outperforms also with the best breast alignment and non−negative Jacobian values which guarantee image similarity and anatomical consistency of the transformation, due to homologous forces enforcing the pixel geometric disparities to be shortened on all the frames. We propose Demons’ registration as an effective technique for time−series dynamic infrared registration, to stabilize the local temperature oscillation.

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Authors and Affiliations

S. Riyahi-Alam
V. Agostini
F. Molinari
M. Knaflitz

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