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Number of results: 26
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Abstract

The aim of this paper is to discuss the origin of the Polish word farmacja and establish its deep‑rooted etymology. The author provides an outline of the history of the word in Polish and presents its direct source, i.e. the Latin word pharmacia, describes the word family in Latin and indicates that the Greek etymon φαρμακεία provided the basis of the Latin form. The analysis of the word family, to which the Greek word belongs, showed a close relationship with semantic fields such as making poison and practising magic. The key expression turned out to be the Greek form φάρμακον, the origin of which remains unclear. Many hypotheses have been proposed, none of which, unfortunately, is satisfactory.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jadwiga Waniakowa
1

  1. Jagiellonian University
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Abstract

Polish has been influenced by other languages in a variety of ways – bringing in not only new words but also syntactic borrowings. Syntactic calques from English, increasingly common in recent years, often lead to unnatural-sounding or unnecessarily complex sentence structures in Polish.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mariusz Górnicz
1

  1. Institute of Specialized and InterculturalCommunication, University in Warsaw
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Abstract

This study examines different aspects of English lexical borrowings in New Persian, their phonetic adaptation, semantic changes, and social attitudes towards them (i.e. tensions between the prescriptive stand of language purists and the community, especially the young people of Tehran). It is based on the corpus of c. 340 words collected from dictionaries of Modern and colloquial Persian, media, spoken language sources, and data assembled from the Persian Internet sites.

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Authors and Affiliations

Kinga Paraskiewicz
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Abstract

The impact of the Polish language on the English lexical fabric, although unimpressive, is worth noticing. However, thus far it has not been a source of interest of many scholars. The present paper aims at discussing Polish loanwords that have found their way into the English language; this is done by means of collecting alleged loanwords from an array of sources (dictionaries, subject literature, and the Internet) which are later verified against, inter alia, such etymological dictionaries as the Oxford English Dictionary. Next, in order to assess their scale of use, selected items are checked in a number of corpora available online. The research concludes that there are 33 direct borrowings from the Polish language (belonging to 8 semantic categories) present in English, and nearly half of them are yet unattested in the OED.
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Authors and Affiliations

Radosław Dylewski
1
Zuzanna Witt
1

  1. Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
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Abstract

The text of the Sigismund III sentence in the disputes of Kiev burghers with castle craftsmen about refusing them to participate in «munitio a conditio» of the city, the castle burghers under threat of a fine (500 kopecks of the Lithuanian hryvnas) forced to perform fortification works and participation in raising funds in the public order for the defense of the city is published. The decree was issued on February 28, 1622 in Warsaw in Polish. It was included in the collection of letters confirming the Magdeburg Law of Kyiv (from 1544 to 1659) by Polish rulers. Collection of privileges copied at the beginning of the XVIII century for the own needs of Burmese Koz’ma Krychevetc. It was translated from Polish and Latin into Ukrainian by sotnyks A. Trotcyna and M.Yagelnytskyi. The monumental book is stored in the Central State Historical Archive of Kyiv. In the article the linguistic features of the monumental book on the graphic, phonetic and morphological levels are analyzed. Variants in writing that are caused by the written tradition of that time, the lack of normalization of old and new forms, the writers’ idiolect and the influence of Polish and, less often, the Church Slavonic language. The vocabulary has been characterized from the point of view of its origin, the presence of a large number of Polonisms, Latinisms and Germanisms has been noted. In the text translators often used words-doublets and synonyms for clarification of a number of concepts.

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Authors and Affiliations

Валентина Титаренко
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Abstract

The aim of the present paper is to discuss metaphorical constructions, based on figurative uses of words, in informal Polish in the field of computers and the Internet. The study is based on the author’s own corpus, compiled on the basis of short informal texts (entries, posts) written on 32 selected Internet forums. Altogether, the corpus consists of 1,541,449 words. The paper, as the title suggests, focuses on one metaphorical formula, i.e. COMPUTERS ARE BUILDINGS. The metaphors which can be subsumed under this heading belong to the most frequent in the corpus (alongside a different type, i.e. COMPUTERS ARE HUMANS). They are discussed within the cognitive framework, as introduced by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). Some attention will also be devoted to the possible infl uence of English upon Polish metaphorical constructions used in the area of computers and the Internet.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Zabawa
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Abstract

The use of foreign bases in derivation and compounding has led to the creation of a very young, but rapidly expanding, fourth sub-lexicon of Contemporary Korean – hybrids. Their growing number enhances the degree of hybridization within the Korean lexical subsystem. Hybrids, however, can also be coined be means of borrowed affixes. It is on these that this article will use to illustrate the growing influence the formation of the global communicative community exerts on Contemporary Korean. It will also address the reasons for borrowing these bound morphemes. Although Korean linguists generally deny the existence of foreign affixes in Korean, this article, based on an analysis of neologisms coined after 2000, will identify -reo, -ijeum, -iseuteu and anti- corresponding to English -er, -ism, -ist and anti-, respectively. Hybrid derivatives with foreign affixes may be treated as marginal, due to their relatively small morphological productivity, in comparison to other well-researched coinages. Nonetheless their existence and the growing popularity of Konglish might be perceived as the beginning of further and even more prominent changes to the Korean language, which in a long-term perspective may also influence the perception of the world by Korean speakers, since the national language not only stores the cultural and material values of the community but also a changing view of the world.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Borowiak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Abstract

A study of the Quran makes it clear, that the New and Old Testament traditions are manifest in various forms in the sacred book of Muslims. This paper presents the phenomenon of these biblical borrowings, giving the references in the Quran to the biblical persons and main themes. One finds many of the Old and New Testament stories of the prophets sometimes in precise forms where the Quranic records are relative identical with the Biblical versions. On other fragments the Quranic narra- tives contain elements of Biblical traditions mixed with folklore and fables extracted from the Talmud and in some cases (such as the story of Abraham and the idols) the sources are entirely Midrashic-Haggadic or Apocryphal. It is worth to be pointed out that the influence of orthodox Christianity on the Quran was slight but apocryphal and heretical Christian legends are clearly visible in the various Quranic fragments. Probably it is a result of Muhammad’s journeys between Syria, Hijaz, and yemen.

Scholars have adopted a number of different theories explaining the phenomenon of the biblical borrowings found in the Quran. For example it is said about Muham- mad’s dependence upon Jewish teachers and thus an overarching Jewish influence on Islam. It is generally admitted that Muhammad had opportunity to come into contact with yemenite, Abyssinian, Ghassanite, and Syrian Christians, especially heretic.

Analyzes of the Quran in the light of parallel passages in the Bible, Talmud and Apocrypha permits us to formulate an idea that early Islamic revelations were com- pilation of Muhammad inspiration with repetition of information coming to his ears, some of it Biblical and true to history, the rest predominantly mythical and fictitious. This thesis is not accepted by Muslim scholars, who maintain that the Qur’an is the divine word of God without any interpolation.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ks. Krzysztof Kościelniak
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Abstract

The article presents 123 names of clothing in the village of Wójtowce in Podole. The collected material is divided into subgroups: names of head coverings, names of outerwear, names of underwear, names of footwear, names of shoes and their parts, names of accessories and parts of clothing, names of actions connected with clothing. Among the names of clothing there are both borrowings from the Ukrainian and/or Russian languages and Polish native words, including the words common for Polish and Ukrainian/Russian. The presented words are compared with certain Polish dialects in Ukraine (including unpublished material). In the described vocabulary Ukrainian and/or Russian borrowings constitute 37% while native Polish lexemes are predominant and make up 44%, words common for Polish and Ukrainian/Russian – 19%.

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Authors and Affiliations

Viktoriia Cherniak
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Abstract

The Old Believers appeared on the Polish territories in 18th century. They are a bilingual community. They use Russian dialect and Polish language, depending on communicative situation. Polish influence on the Old Believers’ dialect increased after two World Wars, when they became separated from their co-religionists in other countries and had more often contacts with Polish neighbours. In Old Believers’ Russian dialect more and more Polish elements are noticable, especially in lexis. In the technical terminology there are a lot of borrowings from Polish language caused above all by the civilization progress. The aim of this article is to analyze the lexis borrowed from Polish language in the field of technics in Russian dialect of the Old Believers of Suwałki-Augustów Region and furthermore confront it with the material gathered in “Słownik gwary staroobrzędowców mieszkających w Polsce” (1980 a.d.). The gathered material was analyzed paying special attention to assimilation to the Russian dialect.

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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Grupa-Dolińska
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Abstract

The article deals with the adaptation of Belorussian and Russian affixes in Polish dialects of Braslaw region. The author singles out certain models of af fixal adaptation on the basis of phonetic, morphological and semantic or phonomorphological equivalence. Collected vocabulary provides many examples where we can observe the assimilation of foreign elements into the native system of the multilingual population. Modifications of borrowings in this way indicate the vitality of the systemic word-formative rules of the Polish language in the speakers’ consciousness.

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Authors and Affiliations

Julia Domitrak
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Abstract

The lack of a comprehensive etymological dictionary of the best documented and, in many accounts, main Semitic language, i.e., Arabic, is a serious drawback for progress in our knowledge of the background and evolution of lexical studies of the whole Afrasian phylum. Any serious attempt at achieving that goal would require a team of a number of scholars working hard during several years; however, in the meantime, a modest shortcut could be to consecrate some personal efforts in that direction on a single important Arabic dialect, and this is what we are presently trying to bring about, within the project of a linguistic encyclopaedia of Andalusi Arabic. So far, our endeavours have cast some new lights of lexical borrowing not only from well-known cases of Aramean and Persian origins, but also, e.g., from Akkadian and Old Egyptian, as well as a rather detailed account of phonetic changes and lexical composition scarcely detected or never heretofore suspected and having often prevented the recognition of the true etyma of Semitic and non-Semitic stock, of which the present article is, of course, only a résumé and introduction.

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Authors and Affiliations

Federico Corriente
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Abstract

Five years ago Vasilis Orfanos published an excellent monograph on the Turkish lexical borrowings attested in the Cretan dialect of Modern Greek (Orfanos 2014). In this paper the present authors increase the number of the possible Cretan Turkisms, providing and explaining additional items not listed in Orfanos’s book.

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Authors and Affiliations

Elwira Kaczyńska
Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak
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Abstract

The paper deals with the vocabulary describing the animal world in the Polish dialect of the village of Oleshkivtsi in Podolia. The analyzed thematic scope contains 255 lexical units, among them both borrowings from Ukrainian and/or Russian (75 units, i.e. 29%) and Polish indigenous words (180 units, i.e. 71%), presented in eight groups: “Animals and Domestic Birds”, “Wild Animals”, “Birds”, “Reptiles, Amphibians, Fishes”, “Insects”, “Animal Sounds and Actions”, “Animal Body Parts and Their Characteristics”, and “Animal Habitat”. Such a comprehensive approach to the present subject matter is a continuation of recent studies into Polish dialects in Ukraine, going beyond the description of “peculiar” vocabulary. The coexistence of two and sometimes three language codes results, among others, in extensive synonymy, which occurs on various levels. Due to the source from which the synonyms come, a synonymous series can consist of indigenous Polish lexemes, indigenous lexemes and borrowings, two or more borrowings. This shows, on the one hand, the strength and scope of linguistic interference, and on the other hand, the durability of indigenous Polish vocabulary. Comparison with other Polish dialects in Ukraine has revealed that 221 lexemes (87%), including 54 borrowings (72%) and 167 Polish indigenous units (93%), appear in other localities.
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Authors and Affiliations

Oksana Zakhutska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Київ, Національний університет біоресурсів і природокористування України
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Abstract

Lesya Ukrainka was well acquainted with Polish culture, spoke Polish, using Polonism in the spontaneous live speech of her epistolary. The writer forms Polonisms as barbarisms, using Latin graphics, actualizes Ukrainianized Polonisms in the Cyrillic graphics of the Ukrainian alphabet; she uses calques and half-calques. She distributes all types of borrowings: phraseological, semantic, lexical, semantic, phonetic, morpheme. There are representatives of all parts of speech among the borrowings: most of them are abstract and specific nouns, adjectives of different lexical and grammatical categories, verbs and adverbs, pronoun forms are rarely used, functional words are infrequently used. Polonisms perform a number of functions, among which (1) nominative – naming Polish realities, (2) expressing coherence through Polish discursive words and expressions, (3) using etiquette formulas to actualize phatic communication, (4) modeling epithets, paraphrases, enantheosemia and other artistic means for the purpose of ornamentalization of the text, (5) use of specific Polish and calqued phraseologies, precedent units, etc. for verbalization of emotions and expression, (6) representation of individual word formation for the purpose of attraction of the text. The writer reflected the natural process of functioning of Polonisms in the Ukrainian language.
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Authors and Affiliations

Тетяна Космеда
1
ORCID: ORCID
Olena Kowalewska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Вінниця, Донецький національний університет імені Василя Стуса
  2. Poznań, Uniwersytet imienia Adama Mickiewicza
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Abstract

The article presents vocabulary, both indigenous Polish and borrowed, connected with human characteristics arising from man’s appearance, character and behaviour as used in the petty nobility village of Dorohań and the peasant village of Wójtowce in Ukraine on the east bank of the Zbruch river. 204 words were analyzed divided into three main thematic categories and smaller groups, i.e. behavioural traits, moral deeds, status characteristics, mental abilities; appearance traits, character features and physical and emotional state words. The analysis showed that the foreign – Ukrainian and Russian – influence on the Polish vocabulary of the peasant village of Wójtowce is stronger than on the vocabulary of the petty nobility village of Dorohań. At the same time, the residents of Wójtowce use indigenous and borrowed words that are more expressive, both positively and negatively, what can be explained by the more frequent use of Polish in their everyday life. Comparison with other Polish dialects in Ukraine has revealed a certain similarity but also diversity, what can serve as the basis for further linguistic as well as cultural, ethnographic or anthropological research.

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Authors and Affiliations

Oksana Zakhutska
ORCID: ORCID
Viktoriia Cherniak
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Abstract

The article is based on an old prints language analysis of Medicines for dormant male intent by Demyan Nalyvayko (Ostrih, 1607), Mirrors of Theology by Kyrylo Stavrovetsky (Pochaiv, 1618), Eucharist by Sofroniy Pochasky (Kyiv, 1637). Shown is how important the colloquial Polish component was for an old-Ukrainian scribe, whose aim was to write his works “in an understandable manner”. It is focused on the fact that, despite the significant percentage of spoken Ukrainian elements in the texts of educated Ruthenians of the day, efforts s to create a colloquial text were linguistically made not only by employing the locally spoken Ukrainian. Numerous glosses, lexical doublets, syntactic constructions indicate the noticeable presence of Polish as a language in order to present the material to the reader in an understandable form. In the works of D. Nalyvayko, K. Stavrovetsky, S. Pochasky and many others, educated Ruthenians tended to write in a vernacular language embodied by the formula: local spoken Ukrainian plus Polish. There are many examples of the inclusion of structural elements from one language within the other, as shown by the analyzed material.

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Authors and Affiliations

Viktor Moysiyenko
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Abstract

Praca prezentuje metodę inwentaryzacji widokowej i jej wykorzystanie we współczesnym wcieleniu znanej od wieków w kulturze dalekiego wschodu, a chętnie stosowanej na przestrzeni lat i epok stylowych idei widoku zapożyczonego (zapożyczonej scenerii).
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Zieliński
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Abstract

In the present contribution the Beja botanical terminology is analyzed from the point of view of semantic motivation. The study is limited only to the unborrowed part of the botanical lexicon (with some exceptions), together 76 terms. First 51 terms are etymologized with help of external comparisons with probable cognates in other Cushitic or Afroasiatic languages. The last 25 terms are understandable from the point of view of internal etymology and their semantic motivation is more transparent than in the preceding cases.
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Authors and Affiliations

Václav Blažek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Masaryk University, Brno
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Abstract

The aim of the paper is to explore metaphorical expressions used in informal Polish in the area of computers and the Internet. The study is based on a corpus, compiled and analyzed by the present author; the corpus consists of short informal texts (entries) taken from Polish Internet message boards devoted to computers and the Internet. Altogether, the corpus comprises around 1,500,000 words. The metaphors found in the corpus will be discussed within the cognitive framework. Special attention will be devoted to one of the most frequent conceptual metaphors found in the corpus, namely COMPUTERS ARE HUMANS, or, to be more precise, BADLY WORKING COMPUTER IS A SICK PERSON. Some place will also be devoted to the infl uence of English on metaphorical expressions (in the domain of computers and the Internet) in Polish.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Zabawa
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Abstract

The author of the article makes an attempt to show borrowings from the perspective of their penetration into Polish and presents the most common and less frequent words. Special attention is paid to the usage and context of separate words in pairs (native word ~ borrowed word) in two idiolects that demonstrate the preservation of the Polish language tradition and show a new wave of loanwords as well. The author describes some word-formative peculiarities of verbs in the dialectal Polish language of Gródek Podolski. This text can be a supplement to the previous papers concerning borrowed vocabulary and morphological derivation in Polish dialects.

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Authors and Affiliations

Julia Domitrak
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Abstract

One of the diffi culties of Slavic etymology which also occur in works devoted to the reconstruction of Proto-Slavic vocabulary, is the problem associated with distinguishing words, with an identical or similar sound, of native origin, and borrowings. The article considers four situations of this kind. The reconstruction of the allegedly Proto-Slavic word *kova one adduced the dialectal Croatian kȏva ‘quarry’, whereas it is a local phonetic variant of the well-attested noun kȃva ‘quarry; pit, trench; mine’, borrowed from the Italian (and Venetian) cava ‘quarry; mine; pit; cave rn’. Among the descendants of the Proto-Slavic *kojiti ‘to soothe, to alleviate’ one included the dialectal Croatian kojȉti ‘to wind a rope, to haul in a net’, whereas it is a fi shing term borrowed from the dialectal Italian coir ‘to wind a rope’; in this context one considered the dialectal Kajkavian Croatian kojiti ‘to breast-feed; to cultivate, to nourish’ (which heretofore was unfamiliar to Croatian scholarship), the actual descendant of the Proto-Slavic *kojiti. The dialectal Croatian lȕća ‘a lump of earth’ was said to be derived from the earlier *glut-ja from the Proto-Slavic *gluta ‘a dense lump of something; protuberance; knag’, whereas the geography indicates that it is more likely a Romance borrowing which is etymologically related to the Latin luteum ‘mud’. In this context one considered the Čakavian lȕća ‘skull’ and ‘a species of a nocturnal moth (death’s head hawkmoth, Acherontia atropos), which is probably related with this Romance borrowing. Apart from the unquestionable Proto-Slavic *klǫpь ‘bench’ one also reconstructed the proto-forms *klupь *klupa, whereas the Slavic words, which were supposed to indicate original forms featuring the root -u- are borrowings from German: Kashubian klëpa ‘a sandbank which protrudes above the sea level’ from the German Klippe ‘coastal rock’, Croatian klupa ‘an instrument which is used to measure the diameter of a tree trunk’ from the German Kluppe, which has the same meaning in the technical language.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wiesław Boryś
ORCID: ORCID

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