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Sludge-derived biochar: A review on the influence of synthesis conditions on environmental risk reduction and removal mechanism of wastewater pollutants

Ming Yi Lv Hui Xin Yu Xiao Yuan Shang
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2023 | vol. 49 | No 2 | 3-15 | DOI: 10.24425/aep.2023.145892
Keywords adsorption sludge biochar AOPs co-pyrolysis
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Abstract

In the context of resource utilization, the applications of waste biomass have attracted increasing attention.Previous studies have shown that forming biochar by heat treatment of sludge could replace the traditional sludge disposal methods, and sludge biochar is proved to be efficient in wastewater treatment. In this work, the pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization and microwave pyrolysis methods for preparing sludge biochar were reviewed, and the effects of different modification methods on the performance of sludge biochar in the synthesis process were comprehensively analyzed. This review also summarized the risk control of heavy metal leaching in sludge biochar, increasing the pyrolysis temperature and use of the fractional pyrolysis or co-pyrolysis were usually effectively meathods to reduce the leaching risk of heavy metal in the system, which is crucial for the wide application of sludge biochar in sewage treatment. At the same time, the adsorption mechanism of sludge biochar and the catalytic mechanism as the catalytic material in AOPs reaction, the process of radical and non-radical pathway and the possible impacts in the sludge biochar catalytic process were also analyzed in this paper
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Authors and Affiliations

Ming Yi Lv
1
Hui Xin Yu
1
Xiao Yuan Shang
  1. Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, China

Preliminary studies on odor removal in the adsorption process on biochars produced form sewage sludge and beekeeping waste

Jacek Piekarski Tomasz Dąbrowski Janusz Dąbrowski Katarzyna Ignatowicz
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2021 | vol. 47 | No 2 | 20-28 | DOI: 10.24425/aep.2021.137275
Keywords adsorption pyrolysis biochar odor removal organic wastes
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Abstract

The paper presents the preliminary study of n-butanol removal in the adsorption process. The main objective of the research was to asess whether and to what extent biochars produced from selected organic waste materials are suitable for odor removal. Biochars produced from dried sewage sludge and beekeeping waste were tested in the adsorption process. At first, raw materials were pyrolyzed and then modified with a 25% ZnCl2 solution or a 30% H2O2 solution. The adsorption process was conducted using a model gas – the European reference odorant – n-butanol. The output parameter was odor concentration Cod [ouE/m3]. Odor concentration Cod values were obtained using a dynamic olfactometry method on T08 olfactometer. The solid byproducts of pyrolysis of digested sewage sludge and beekeeping waste may be used as adsorbents for the removal of n-butanol in the adsorption process. Adsorption performance of biochar from sewage sludge is better than biochar from beekeeping waste. Additional modification with H2O2 or ZnCl2 increases the efficiency of the process, thus decreasing the required bed height for the elimination of odorant. The results of the studies confirm the findings of other authors that biochars derived from sewage sludge and other organic waste materials may be efficient sorbents in the removal of various substances from water or the air. Other biochars and methods of their activation should be tested. For practical reasons, the next stage of the research should be the determination of the adsorption front height and its migration rate.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Piekarski
1
Tomasz Dąbrowski
1
Janusz Dąbrowski
1
Katarzyna Ignatowicz
2
  1. Koszalin University of Technology
  2. Bialystok University of Technology

Effect of temperature in removing of anions in solution on biochar using Zea mays stalks as a precursor

Ángel Villabona-Ortiz Candelaria Tejada-Tovar Rodrigo Ortega-Toro
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 50 | 64-68 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.138161
Keywords adsorption biochar cornstalks nitrate sulfate phosphate
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Abstract

Biochar was prepared from corn ( Zea mays) stalks and impregnated with sulfuric acid. The biomass was impregnated for 24 h with a 50% solution of H2SO4 with impregnation ratios 1:2 (B 1:2) and 1:3 p/v (B 1:3); then, it was carbonized in a muffle furnace at 520°C for 30 min with a 10°C per min ramp. The adsorption capacity to remove anions (nitrate, sulfate, and phosphate) in an aqueous solution was evaluated by varying the temperature. The adsorption mechanism was studied by determining the thermodynamic parameters: Gibbs free energy (ΔGº), enthalpy (ΔHº) and entropy (ΔSº) standard. The biochars were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis and were found to exhibit a heterogeneous surface and porous nature, with C, O, S, and Si. The experiments in the batch system showed the best performance of B 1: 2 in the removal of the three anions occurred at 303 K, while B 1: 3 had the best performance at 298 K. From the thermodynamic parameters, it was found that the removal processes are endothermic, their mechanism is by chemisorption. It is concluded that synthesized biochar is an excellent alternative to removing nutrient anions present in the solution.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ángel Villabona-Ortiz
1
Candelaria Tejada-Tovar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rodrigo Ortega-Toro
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universidad de Cartagena, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
  2. Universidad de Cartagena, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Avenida Del Consulado 48-152, Cartagena 130014, Colombia

Characteristic of selected biomass technologies in distributed energy sector

Tomasz Mirowski Eugeniusz Mokrzycki Mariusz Filipowicz Krzysztof Sornek
Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi Polskiej Akademii Nauk | 2018 | Nr 105 | 63–74 | DOI: 10.24425/124387
Keywords RES biomass boilers cogeneration biomass pellet torrefaction biochar
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Abstract

The changes in the domestic solid fuel market (including forecasted increases in the fuel prices) and the growing requirements related to actual environmental standards, result in increased interest in renewable energy sources, such as biomass, wind and solar energy. These sources will allow to achieve reduction in the CO2 emission, and consequently – avoid environmental costs after 2020. Therefore, the development of distributed energy systems, based on the use of biomass boilers, gas boilers and high efficiency combined heat and power units, will enable the fulfillment of current standards in the field of energy efficiency and emission of pollutants to the atmosphere. It should be emphasized that the actions taken to reduce emissions (e.g. anti-smog act) will contribute to reducing coal consumption in the municipal and housing sector (households, agriculture and other customers) in favor of biomass and other renewable energy sources. The article reviews selected biomass technologies:

- fluidized, dust and grate boilers,

- straw-fired boilers,

- cogeneration systems powered by biomass,

- torrefaction and biomass carbonisation.

The mentioned technologies are characterized by a high potential of in the field of dynamic development and practical application in the coming years. Thus, they can improve difficult situation in the distributed energy sector with a capacity up to 50 MW.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Mirowski
Eugeniusz Mokrzycki
Mariusz Filipowicz
Krzysztof Sornek

Comparative effectiveness of biochar derived from tropical feedstocks on the adsorption for ammonium, nitrate and phosphate

Ganghua Zou Ying Shan Minjie Dai Xiaoping Xin Muhammad Nawaz Fengliang Zhao
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2022 | vol. 48 | No 4 | 25-34 | DOI: 10.24425/aep.2022.143706
Keywords nutrients soil amendment adsorption model biochars tropical feedstock
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Abstract

Biochar has been extensively studied as a soil amendment to reduce nutrients losses. However, the comparative effectiveness of biochar adsorption capacity for ammonium (NH4-N), nitrate (NO3-N), and phosphate (PO4-P) remains unknown. In the present study, the effects of feedstock (banana stem and coconut shell) and temperature (300, 500, and 700°C) on biochar adsorption ability for NH 4-N, NO 3-N, and PO 4-P were investigated and fitted by three adsorption models, viz Freundlich, Langmuir, and linear. Freundlich (R 2 = 0.95–0.99) and Langmuir (R 2 = 0.91–0.95) models were found suitable for adsorption of NH 4-N. The maximum adsorption capacity (Q m) for coconut shell biochar increased with pyrolysis temperature (Q m = 12.8–15.5 mg g-1) and decreased for banana stem biochar (Q m = 12.9–9.7 mg g-1). In the case of NO 3-N adsorption, Freundlich (R 2 = 0.82–0.99) and linear model (R 2 = 1.00) were found suitable while Langmuir model showed much less contribution, similarly adsorption of PO 4-P, was not supported by these three models. The minimum concentrations required for adsorption of phosphate were recorded as 36, 8, and 3 mg L -1 using pyrolyzed biochar at the temperatures of 300, 500, and 700°C, respectively. These results indicate that the feedstock and pyrolysis temperature, as well as aquatic nutrient concentration, were important factors for the adsorption of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ganghua Zou
1
Ying Shan
1
Minjie Dai
2
Xiaoping Xin
3
Muhammad Nawaz
4
Fengliang Zhao
1
  1. Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, China
  2. Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Chin
  3. University of Florida, United States
  4. Bahauddin Zakariya University, Pakistan

Algal biochar in dairy wastewater treatment

Karolina Dziosa Monika Makowska
Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | Accepted articles | e58 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2024.148552
Keywords algae biomass biochar dairy wastewater Chlorella sp. sorption
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Abstract

The article presents a novel solution based on dairy wastewater sorption on a biochar substrate obtained through thermal decomposition of Chlorella sp. algae biomass. The algal biomass obtained in the culture medium containing wastewater from dairy production was separated from the culture medium through sedimentation and centrifugation and then freeze-dried. After freeze-drying, the dry biomass was pyrolysed at 600 °C in a CO 2 atmosphere.The EDS analysis showed that the oxygen-tocarbon (O/C) and nitrogen-to-carbon (N/C) ratios in the obtained material averaged 0.24 and 0.54 respectively. The arrangement and structure of the obtained biochar was evaluated using Raman spectroscopy. The observed spectra revealed the presence of D bands located at 1346–1354 cm -1 and corresponding to disordered carbon structures, as well as G bands located at 1585–1594 cm -1 and corresponding to tensile vibrations. The D/G intensity ratio was determined at 0.28. The next phase of the research involved sorption of dairy wastewater from cleaning processes containing 1 g of the obtained biochar using solid phase extraction. The study results confirmed high sorption efficiency of the obtained algal biochar. Turbidity was reduced by 93%, suspension by 88%, sulphates by 61%, chlorides by 80%, and organic carbon by 17%. The research confirmed the possibility of using wastewater from dairy production as a natural culture medium for Chlorella sp. algae cultivation to manufacture valuable biochar, which could be used as a sorption bed in the treatment of dairy wastewater from cleaning processes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karolina Dziosa
1
Monika Makowska
1
  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Sustainable Technologies, Bioeconomy andEcoinnovation Centre, Pułaskiego 6/10, 26-660 Radom, Poland

Analysis of the current state and development of direct carbon fuel cells with an alkaline electrolyte

Andrzej Kacprzak
Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal | 2018 | vol. 21 | No 4 | 87–102 | DOI: 10.24425/124509
Keywords direct carbon fuel cell alkaline electrolyte high efficiency energy technologies fossil carbons biochar
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Abstract

Among the numerous modern, high-efficiency energy technologies allowing for the conversion of chemical energy of coal into electricity and heat, the Direct Carbon Fuel Cells (DCFC) deserve special attention. These are devices that allow, as the only one among all types of fuel cells, to directly convert the chemical energy contained in solid fuel (coal) into electricity. In addition, they are characterized by high efficiency and low emission of pollutants. The paper reviews and discusses previous research and development works, both around the world and in Poland, into the technology of direct carbon fuel cells with an alkaline (hydroxide) electrolyte.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Kacprzak

Arsenic removal through bio sand filter using different bio-adsorbents

Ghulam S. Keerio Hareef A. Keerio Khalil A. Ibuphoto Mahmood Laghari Sallahuddin Panhwar Mashooque A. Talpur
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 48 | 11-15 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.136141
Keywords arsenic banana peel bio-adsorbent bio-sand filter biochar rice-husk water treatment
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Abstract

Arsenic is one of the most harmful pollutants in groundwater. In this paper, the Nepali bio sand filter (BSF) was modi-fied with different bio-adsorbents, and proved to be an efficient method for arsenic removal from groundwater. Three dif-ferent bio-adsorbents were used to modify the Nepali BSF. Iron nails and biochar BSF, ~96% and ~93% arsenic removal was achieved, within the range of WHO guidelines. In iron nails, BSF and biochar BSF ~15 dm3∙h–1 arsenic content water was treated. In the other two BSFs, rice-husk and banana peel were used, the arsenic removal efficiency was ~83% of both BSFs. Furthermore, the efficiency of rice-husk and banana peel BSFs can be increased by increasing the surface area of the adsorbent or by reducing the flow rate.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ghulam S. Keerio
1
Hareef A. Keerio
2
ORCID: ORCID
Khalil A. Ibuphoto
3
Mahmood Laghari
1
Sallahuddin Panhwar
4
Mashooque A. Talpur
5
  1. Sindh Agriculture University, Department of Energy and Environment, Tandojam, Pakistan
  2. Hanyang University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul, South Korea
  3. Sindh Agriculture University, Department of Farm Structures, Tandojam, Pakistan
  4. Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, US-Pakistan Centers for Advanced Studies in Water, Jamshoro, Pakistan
  5. Sindh Agriculture University, Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Tandojam, Pakistan

Effect of magnetic fields and fertilizers on grass and onion growth on technogenic soils

Maria Vasilyeva Stanislav Kovshov Johnny Zambrano Maxim Zhemchuzhnikov
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 49 | 55-62 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.137096
Keywords alternating magnetic field biochar bioefficiency biohumus constant magnetic field fertilization physiological parameters of plants technogenic soil
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Abstract

The article deals with effect the use of organic (biohumus) and mineral (biochar) fertilizers based on the products of chicken vital activity on changing the fertility of technogenic sod-podzolic soils exposed to constant and unstable magnetic fields. The germination and growth dynamics of grasses and onions were investigated. The rational rate of introduction of the studied fertilizers into the technogenic soil is determined. Running (RMF) and direct (DMF) magnetic fields were applied in two ways: with fertilizers added and without fertilizers added. It has been established that the effect of preliminary magnetization of technogenic soil has a significant effect on lawn grass germination and the length of onion feathers, which are more than twice the height when exposed to the RMF, as compared with DMF. The effect of RMF on grass germination was also twice as high for DMF, when fertilizers were added. The DMF mag-netization and biohumus helps to increase the grass sprout height by 10–20%. Onion sprouts were higher in two cases: DMF and biohumus; RMF and biochar. The influence of the factor of fertilizer type has a significant effect in 30–40% of cases, whilst at a spread rate of more than 5%, significant chemical activity of biochar negatively affects the germination of both grass and onion.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maria Vasilyeva
1
ORCID: ORCID
Stanislav Kovshov
2
ORCID: ORCID
Johnny Zambrano
3
ORCID: ORCID
Maxim Zhemchuzhnikov
4
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Saint Petersburg Mining University, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Transport and Technological Processes and Machines, 2, 21st Line, St Petersburg 199106, Russia
  2. Saint Petersburg Mining University, Department of Industrial Safety, St Petersburg, Russia
  3. Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Departamento de Petróleos, Quito, Ecuador
  4. JSC Roskar Poultry Farm, Pervomayskoe settlement, Leningrad region, Russia

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