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Abstract

Construction risk assessment is the final and decisive stage of risk analysis. When highly changeable conditions of works execution are predicted, risk should be evaluated in the favorable, moderate, and difficult random conditions of construction. Given the random conditions, the schedule and cost estimate of the construction are developed. Based on these values, the risk of final deadline delay and the risk of total cost increase of construction completion are calculated. Next, the charts of the risks are elaborated. Risk changes are shown in the charts and are analyzed in the range [1, 0].

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Kasprowicz
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Abstract

The paper presents an approach to evaluating a building throughout its whole life cycle in relation to its sustainable development. It describes basic tools and techniques of evaluating and analysing the costs in the whole life cycle of the building, such as Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Management, Life Cycle Cost and Social Life Cycle Assessment. The aim of the paper is to propose a model of cost evaluation throughout the building life cycle. The model is based on the fuzzy sets theory which allows the calculations to include the risks associated with the sustainable development, with the management of the investment and with social costs. Costs incurred in the subsequent phases of the building life cycle are analysed and modelled separately by means of a membership function. However, the effect of the analysis is a global cost evaluation for the whole life cycle of the building.

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Authors and Affiliations

E. Plebankiewicz
K. Zima
D. Wieczorek
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Abstract

These joints are used when the designer and contractor anticipate difficulties during the construction of overlap joints. They were not included in the PN EN 1993‒1‒8 in full scale. Resistance assessment of such joints is presented in accordance with standard rules. The results were compared with the experimental studies carried out at the “Mostostal” Centre; while the former research activities and the legitimacy of the proposed method of assessing the resistance of these joints was confirmed. This is an example of an overlap joint calculation.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Bródka
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Abstract

For the use of acoustic assessment of machinery, a global index of acoustic quality has been developed. Acoustic quality index is considered as a product of the following partial indices: sound power index, index of distance between the workstation and the machine, radiation directivity index, impulse and impact noise index and noise spectrum index. Each partial index always assumes positive value. If the value of global index does not exceed 1, the noise of the assessed machine will not exceed the admissible value of A-weighted sound pressure level at the workstation.

Experimental tests were carried out in order to determine the values of global indices for a group of engine-generators, with the use of inversion method allowing for the determination of sound power level. The correctness of the determined values of indices was confirmed by the results of A-weighted sound pressure level measurements, at the hypothetically assumed workstations in simulated in situ conditions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Pleban
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Abstract

The use of ultrasonic energy has created versatile possibilities of their applications in many areas of life, especially in hydro location and underwater telecommunications, industry and medicine. The consequence of a widespread use of high intensity ultrasonics in technology is the increased number of people who are exposed to such ultrasonic noise. Therefore it is important to determine the types of machines and other devices that are responsible for the emission of ultrasonic noise (10-40 kHz of central frequencies of one-third octave bands) as harmful and annoying hazard in the work environment. This paper presents ultrasonic noise sources frequently used in industry and preventive measures reducing the exposure to ultrasonic noise. Two types of ultrasonic noise sources have been distinguished: machines and other devices used to carry out or improve production processes, the so-called technological sources and sources in which ultrasonic noise exists as a non-intentional result of operation of many machines and systems, the so-called non-technological sources of ultrasonic noise. The emission of SPL has been determined for each groups of devices based on own measurement results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bożena Smagowska
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Abstract

A dynamic economy contributes to the increase in the number of workers exposed to mechanical vibration caused by machines and transport equipment. As the means of transport are insufficiently recognised sources of mechanical vibrations, this article presents the results of whole-body and hand-arm vibration tests of 30 most common means of in-house transport. An analysis of vibration signals recorded at each workstation according to PN-EN 14253 and PN-EN ISO 5349 made it possible to determine the weighted values of components of directional vibration acceleration and the values of daily vibration exposure A(8).

In order to assess exposure to whole-body and hand-arm vibration at the tested workstations of in-house transport, indices of vibration hazard related to admissible values, the total evaluation index (developed in a previous study at CIOP-PIB) and a three-degrees scale for assessing exposure to vibrations were used. The assessment showed that the workstations were a major hazard. Vibration hazards at all those workstations were classified as either medium or high.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Kowalski
Jacek Zając
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Abstract

This work is a contribution to a normative approach of noise assessment in the professional environment. It permits the identification of the affected workstations on the one hand and on the other hand it constitutes an important support to the preoccupations of the impact study on the environment in plants. It also informs us on the adequate preparation of the procedures required by the Environmental Management System (ISO 14001) being implemented in steel-making complex ArcelorMittal Algeria. It constitutes an answer to the recommended environmental politics. The proposed calculation methods are verified according to the recognized sources (ISO 9612, 2009) and the results will be estimated in relation to the legal thresholds recommended by international bodies. The methodology for measuring the noise exposure levels has been done according to the following steps: work analysis; selection of measurement strategy; measurements; error handling and uncertainty evaluations; calculations; and presentation of results. This will lead us to an implementation of a corrective and preventive action plan intended to master this occupational risk carrying prejudice to the health of the workers.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wahiba Meddeb
Kamel Tadjine
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Abstract

In parallel to the ultrasonic noise assessment procedures and research activity in the field there have appeared several papers in the domain of so called high-frequency audiometry which covers the range of frequencies 8-20 kHz. They are important for recognizing the harmfulness and hazard of the audible high frequency sound components in the same range as the one of the low frequency ultrasonic noise. On the other hand there exists a certain inconsequent situation in the general approach to the problem of ultrasonic noise hazard assessment in work places environment which concerns the convention to include the frequency range of 10-20 kHz to the domain of ultrasonics. The range consists of one third octave bands of central frequencies: 10, 12.5, 16, 20 kHz and conventionally is called low frequency ultrasonic noise though at least the components of the two lowest bands are naturally audible by a majority of population (mainly young people).The paper presents a discussion related to some achievements of the two domains and some conclusions which could be useful for a more consequent description of the subject and could be taken into account in the future regulations for the ultrasonic noise assessment in work places environment.
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Authors and Affiliations

Antoni Śliwiński
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Abstract

This paper addresses the issue of antibacterial drugs, estrogens and cytostatic drugs’ presence in

surface waters and their influence on animals. The ecotoxicity and the impact of three active compounds: ciprofloxacin, 17α-ethinylestradiol and 5-fluorouracil on protozoa, crustaceans and fish were examined. Acute

tests (crustaceans’ immobilization test, fish survival test, enzymatic test on Daphnia magna) and chronic tests

(growth test on protozoa, reproduction test on crustaceans and juvenile growth test on two species of fish) were

performed. Acute toxicity studies revealed diversified species - sensitivity to the tested compounds. Crustaceans Artemia salina were the most resistant to all three pharmaceuticals. Fish also demonstrated low sensitivity

to ciprofloxacin and 5-fluorouracil (LC(EC)50-96h > 100 mg/l). In the survival tests, the greatest harm in respect

to fish and crustaceans was demonstrated by 17α-ethinylestradiol, and in the enzymatic tests - by ciprofloxacin.

In all chronic tests, the toxic effects of drugs were proven. Tested compounds limited reproduction of crustaceans and growth of protozoa and fry. The risk assessment, conducted on the basis of the PEC/PNEC quotient,

showed a significant risk in relation to aquatic animals caused by the presence of 17α-ethinylestradiol and

5-fluorouracil in concentrations detected in surface waters.

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Authors and Affiliations

Monika Załęska-Radziwiłł
Maria Łebkowska
Katarzyna Affek
Agnieszka Zarzeczna
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Abstract

In the paper toxicity assessment of hospital wastewaters samples was performed using direct-contact

tests consisting of five species, which represent three different trophic levels of the food chain. IC50 or EC50 values were estimated for each tested organism: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata IC50/72h 18.77%, Daphnia magna

EC50/48h 20.76%, Thamnocephalus platyurus EC50/24h 22.62%, Artemia salina EC50/24h 59.87% and Vibrio fisheri

EC50/15min 46.17%. Toxic potential of hospital wastewater was described using a system of wastewater toxicity

classification. The toxic units (TU) values estimated for each test indicate that hospital wastewaters are toxic

(Class III). The variable results of the tests’ sensitivity confirmed the need of application of microbiotests battery with organisms of different trophic levels.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Zgórska
A. Arendarczyk
E. Grabińska-Sota
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Abstract

The paper presents a new method of lifetime calculations of steam turbine components operating at high temperatures. Component life is assessed on the basis of creep-fatigue damage calculated using long-term operating data covering the whole operating period instead of representative events only. The data are analysed automatically by a dedicated computer program developed to handle big amount of process data. Lifetime calculations are based on temperature and stress analyses performed by means of finite element method and using automatically generated input files with thermal and mechanical boundary conditions. The advanced lifetime assessment method is illustrated by an example of lifetime calculations of a steam turbine rotor.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mariusz Banaszkiewicz
Wojciech Radulski
Krzysztof Dominiczak
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Abstract

Although the usefulness of alternative assessment in second language (L2) classrooms has been extensively recognized by scholars, the use of the various types of alternative assessment in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) contexts has not received adequate attention by L2 practitioners. To contribute to this line of research, the present research sought to examine the impact of a portfolio-based writing instruction on writing performance and writing anxiety of EFL students. To this end, a number of 41 EFL learners were recruited as the participants of this study. They were then randomly divided to an experimental group (N=21) and a control group (N=20). The participants in the experimental group received portfolio-based writing instruction, whereas the control group received the regular writing instruction with no archiving of students’ drafts in portfolios. Timed-writing tasks and the Second Language Writing Anxiety Inventory (SLWAI) were employed to collect the data. The results obtained from ANCOVA analysis revealed that the portfolio-based writing instruction aided the participants in improving their writing performance more than the control group. Moreover, it was found that the use of portfolios significantly reduced the L2 writing anxiety of the participants while the traditional writing instruction did not have any significant impact on L2 writing anxiety of the control group. The pedagogical implications for portfolio-based writing instruction are discussed finally.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jalil Fathi
Ali Derakhshan
Maryam Safdari
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Abstract

The article discusses "Rules for using the point rating scales for assessing the technical condition and usability of road engineering objects – second edition", which were introduced by the General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways (GDDKiA) Regulation No. 1/2019. The main objective of "Rules..." was to standardize the method of point rating assessment of technical condition and usability, and in the second edition, to take into account the latest construction and material solutions. Because the results of inspections are analyzed and compared not only at the regional but also at the national level, it is very important for all inspectors in the country to evaluate the technical condition and usability in an analogous manner. While developing the 2nd edition, the authors maintained the assumptions of continuity of inspection system, including adaptation to the inspection manuals, algorithms, and software supporting the management of bridges.

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Authors and Affiliations

L. Janas
A. Kaszyński
E. Michalak
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Abstract

It has already been well established that long exposure to low doses of pesticidesis linked to consumer risks. So, this study purposed to investigate the amounts of pesticide residues and potential health risks associated with them. The risk assessment was determined by two methods: 1. Pesticide toxicity index (PTI) depending on the maximum residue limit (MRL) to calculate the hazard quotient (HQ); 2. Health risk assessment (HR) using acceptable daily intake (ADI) and estimated daily intake (EDI) to calculate the health index (HI). Pesticide residues were estimated in 176samples of the most popularly consumed vegetables collected from major retailers and markets in Dakahlia, Egypt (during 2018). There were 111 samples contaminated with pesticide residues (63.1%), of which 29 samples (16.48%) were higher than the maximum residue limits (MRL).Residues of 23 compounds were found in the analyzed samples, of which chlorpyrifos was the most frequentin 33 samples (18.75%);while cypermethrin was the lowest (detected in one sample). According to WHO toxicity classification, 12 of the detected pesticides were moderately hazardous (class II), seven pesticides belonged to class III (slightly hazardous), three compounds were found in class U (unlikely to pose an acute hazard with normal use), while carbofuran is a highly toxic compound (class Ib). Also, the obtained data revealed that, the HI’s for the individual pesticides ranged from 0.0018 to 64.0% of ADI indicates no risk of adverse effects following exposure to the individual pesticides. The cumulative exposure amounts (PTI values) ranged from 1.58 in snake cucumber to 128.44 in potato tubers, indicating that, the combined risk index of pesticide residues was a significant health risk for consumers according to the individual risk index.It can be concluded that there is a need for strict regulation and regular monitoring of pesticide residues in foodstuff for consumers’ health protection.
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Bibliography


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Authors and Affiliations

Shehata E.M. Shalaby
1
ORCID: ORCID
Gehan Y. Abdou
1
Ibrahim M. El-Metwally
2
Gomaa M.A. Abou-elella
1

  1. Pests and Plant Protection Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
  2. Botany Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract

Currently available field rock mass deformability determination methods are rather difficult to perform, due to their complexity and a time-consuming nature. This article shows results of a suitability assessment of a Pen206 borehole jack (a hydraulic penetrometer) for field rock mass deformability measurements. This type of the borehole jack is widely used in Polish hard coal mining industry. It was originally intended only for quick rock mass strength parameters determination. This article describes an analysis and scope of basic modifications performed mainly on a borehole jack head. It includes discussion of results with possible directions for future development of the device.

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Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Pierszalik
ORCID: ORCID
Sylwester Rajwa
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Walentek
Krzysztof Bier
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Abstract

The article analyzes the language means by which the intensity of emotional processes in Polish, Russian and Ukrainian is reflected on the example of the names of emotions that are part of the “compassion” group. By the intensity of emotions, we mean a quantitative assessment of the quality of the emotional process relative to a certain norm. Verbalizers of the intensity of emotional experiences include lexemes describing the power of the emotions themselves and the impact of the emotions on a person. The characteristics of the power of the manifestation of emotions are objectified most often with the help of adjectives and adverbs. Verbalization of the power of the influence of emotional experiences on a person in Polish, Russian and Ukrainian can occur by objectifying the temperature characteristics of feelings, as well as through association with images of fluid and fire. Besides intensity on the quantitative side, a feeling is also characterized by duration – the time interval between the beginning and the end of an emotion. In terms of duration, the emotions of the “compassion” group in Polish, Russian and Ukrainian are described as sudden and short-lived states.
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Authors and Affiliations

Larysa Nikolayenko
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. O.O. Potebnyа Institute of Linguistics of NAS of Ukraine
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Abstract

This work focuses on the fact that the realities of today’s Ukrainian economy require not only recovery but also an increase in the volume of production of products produced by energy-intensive enterprises in the industry to the pre-crisis level, which stimulated the following: an increase in the demand for fuel and energy resources (FER); the increase in the cost of imported natural gas and oil, which became an excessive burden for domestic economic entities and the state budget and led to increased dependence on the geopolitical influence of the Russian Federation; the weakening of Ukraine’s position on the global energy market as a transporter of energy resources; increased competition in the global, national and regional markets of FER under the influence of the growth of general demand, etc. It was confirmed through analysis that the priority of the state policy in the field of the energy security of Ukraine will continue to be the stimulation of the implementation of energy-saving measures and the improvement of the efficiency of the use of FER by attracting all possible incentives at all levels of management. A visualized model is proposed which will make it possible to systematically manage the processes of the effective use of FES; an action algorithm has been developed that will allow solving problems that arise in changing external and internal environments, simplifying the decision-making procedure regarding the effectiveness of the use of FER, and reducing their specific costs. The assessment and forecasting of the energy efficiency of Ukraine’s economy was conducted using additive and multiplicative convolutions, which made it possible to forecast the energy efficiency index until 2035 in accordance with the adopted energy strategy of the state. It was determined that the strategic directions of increasing energy efficiency and realizing the energy potential of Ukraine remain the technological and structural restructuring of the economy, social infrastructure, and the creation of the economic, managerial and legal mechanisms necessary for the implementation of the state energy efficiency policy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Uliana Andrusiv
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nazariy Popadynets
2
ORCID: ORCID
Halyna Zelinska
3
ORCID: ORCID
Oleksiy Krasnorutskyy
4
ORCID: ORCID
Valentyna Yakubiv
5
ORCID: ORCID
Yuliia Maksymiv
5
ORCID: ORCID
Iryna Hryhoruk
5
ORCID: ORCID
Roman Shchur
5
ORCID: ORCID
Yaroslav Lapchuk
6
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Economics Theory and Management, Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Ukraine
  2. Institute of Entrepreneurship and Perspective Technologies of Lviv Polytechnic National University, Ukraine
  3. Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil And Gas, Ukraine
  4. Sumy National Agrarian University, Ukraine
  5. Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ukraine
  6. Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University of Drohobytsk, Ukraine
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Abstract

The objective of this work is to evaluate the safety of adult and child passengers exposed to a radio frequency (RF) source, i.e., a leaky coaxial cable (LCX) on the subway platform. An adult model, a child model, and an LCX model have been numerically designed in COMSOL Multiphysics software. The distributions of the induced electric field (E-field), specific absorption rate (SAR), magnetic field ( H-field) and the head temperature increase in adult and child passenger models were calculated at 900 MHz. The induced fields in the passengers were compared with that without screen doors. The results show that the E-field, SAR and H-field in the whole body of the child are 2.00 × 10 -2 V/m, 1.07 × 10 -7 W/kg, and 2.94 × 10 -4 A/m, respectively. The E-field, SAR and H-field in the central nervous system of the child are 1.00e × 10 -2 V/m, 2.44 × 10 -8 W/kg, and 2.41 × 10 -4 A/m, respectively. The maximum values of the E-field, SAR and H-field in the adult passenger are 1.49–2.34 times higher than those of the child. The E-field, SAR, and H-field in the passenger models without a screen door are larger than those with a screen door. The screen door has a partial shielding effect on the RF electromagnetic field. The values of the maximum temperature that increases in adult and child head tissue are 0.2114 and 0.2111℃ after waiting 6 minutes exposure, respectively. All calculated results are well below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) limits for general public exposure, indicating that RF electromagnetic exposure caused by the LCX on the subway platform is not a threat to passenger’s health.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jin Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mai Lu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Gansu Province, China
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Abstract

Canal connecting Elbląg with Ostróda was built in the XIX century to transport corn to the port of Elbląg. Due to economic and political changes it never played its economic function. Now it is a tourist attraction. The canal is thus of some tourist value which is difficult to assess. Tourist value of the Elbląg Canal was assessed with the travel cost method (TCM) within the study carried out in 2003. The study allowed for estimating the object’s value based on its usefulness expressed by inclination to payment. Three groups of users were distinguished when analysing the demand for recreational canal’s services: tourists using ships of the Elbląg–Ostróda Navigation Company, individual sailors and anglers. Total tourist value of the canal calculated as NPV of the annual value of canal’s services depends on adopted interest rate. At a rate of 3.2% the value is 328 thous. PLN (73.9 thous. euro), at a rate of 4% – 282 thous. PLN (63.5 thous. euro), while at 8% interest rate it decreases to 160 thous. PLN (36.0 thous. euro).

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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Liziński
Marcin Bukowski
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Abstract

The article presents the methodology for selecting the optimal variant of the road on a regional level. The suggested methodology is based on a combination of criteria value normalization method and the variant assessment method. Based on survey studies conducted using the Delphi method, a starting list of criteria was designed and the significance of the individual groups of main criteria and sub-criteria was determined. The final assessments of the analysed variants are calculated based on the aggregation of the marks obtained for the normalization and assessment methods. The methodology can be divided into six stages: determining the variants for analysis, selecting the variant assessment criteria, creating the assessment matrix, normalizing criteria value, using the variant assessment method, variant ranking. The methodology was tested on the examples of planning a bypass of Mazury and Księżyno towns as a part of Regional Road 678 in Poland.

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Żabicki
W. Gardziejczyk
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Abstract

This article addresses the legal aspects of assessing the age of foreign minors. It is a juxtaposition of the development of international legal standards in this area with the law and practice of the Polish authorities. The basic thesis of this analysis is the statement that Polish law in its current form requires fundamental change with respect to at least three elements. First, it is necessary to extend the methods of age assessment to also include non-medical methods. Secondly, the law should clearly define the legal form in which the age of a foreigner is determined and, at the same time, impose an obligation to provide a foreigner with the results of the assessment. Thirdly, a person concerned should have a direct opportunity to appeal.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Markiewicz-Stanny
1

  1. Institute for Legal Studies, University of Zielona Góra (Poland)
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Abstract

The implementation of processes comprising the overall project management consists in the use of various tools, methods and techniques depending on the type of the project. The knowledge of the industry and the characteristics of construction projects make it possible to select those which, on the one hand, will not cause difficulties for the contractors and on the other, will, in fact, constitute a necessary complement to the technical skills of the project manager. Construction companies face situations that have a profound impact on the failure of projects. Such occurrences include a large number of simultaneously implemented projects, the appointment of a person who knows the project mainly from the implementation side as the project manager, a failure to perform risk analysis and procedures that become irrelevant when deadlines are approaching. After reviewing the available construction projects, analysing the literature, consulting experts and making observations, the authors determined that the majority of difficulties and failures result from omissions or errors that take place during the project planning and implementation stages. The following paper outlines the selected elements of project management, whose application in construction projects may significantly affect their final success and the results obtained. It also includes an example of the use of modern management methods, which certainly include risk management methods. A utilitarian tool addressing the effects of risk analysis is a contingency plan. Contingency may be translated as eventuality, possibility and sometimes also as coincidence.
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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Kowacka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dariusz Skorupka
2
ORCID: ORCID
Agnieszka Bekisz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dominika Dudziak Gajowiak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Artur Duchaczek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces, Faculty of Economics, Czajkowskiego St. 109, 51-147 Wroclaw, Poland
  2. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 27 WybrzezeWyspianskiego St., 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract

The Randomized Earned Value Method enable to control the time and cost of works during the implementation of a construction project. The method allows to assess the compliance of the current advancement in time and actually incurred costs with the adopted plan. It also allows to predict the date and amount of the project completion costs. Individual assessment indicators (BCWS, BCWP, ACWP) are calculated after the ongoing control of the progression of works. In the case of randomly changing of implementation conditions, the calculated in this way values of the indicators may be unacceptable because of overlarge differences in comparison to actual values. Therefore, it is proposed an EVM enhancement and additional risk conditions analysis. In this approach data from the quantity survey of works are randomized based on analysis of variations between actually measured and planned values of duration and cost of implemented works. It is estimated the randomized values of individual indicators after successive controls of the progress of works. After each project advancement control the duration and cost of the works that remain to be performed are estimated. Moreover, new verified overall time and total cost of the project implementation are also estimated. After the last inspection, randomized values of the final date and total cost of completion of the project are calculated, as well as randomized values of time extension and total cost overrun. Of course, for randomized values, standard deviations of individual quantities are calculated. Therefore, the risk of time and the risk of cost of the project implementation are presented in the risk charts. The proposed approach provides a better assessment of the progress of works under risk conditions. It is worth to add that the method does not require significant changes to the typical construction management process, however, it ensures realistic consideration of the influence of random factors on the course and results of individual works and the entire project.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Kasprowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Starczyk-Kołbyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Military University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00–908 Warsaw, Poland

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