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Layer thickness measurement of technically anodised aluminium surfaces by using goniometric scattered light

Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2021 | vol. 28 | No 2 | 371-382 | DOI: 10.24425/mms.2021.136613

Keywords anodizing layer thickness scattered light contactless

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Abstract

In recent years, scattered light measurement technology has developed into a common method for measuring roughness, form and waviness on precision machined surfaces. Meanwhile, the application for the material structure evaluation of electrolytically anodized surfaces has also been considered. In this context,we present a novel approach to layer thickness measurement of naturally anodised aluminium surfaces. Our approach is based on the reflection intensity of the light beam, which penetrates the oxide layer and is reflected back from the surface as well as from the layer base. In the approach, a model for estimating reflection intensity I from the absorption coefficient is employed. The methodology is tested by comparing results to a layer thickness evaluation using metallographic preparation. Based on the proposed approach, we are able to measure intervals of layer thicknesses on naturally anodized aluminium surfaces without contact.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tobias Geisler

1

Martin Manns

1

Universität Siegen, Fakultät IV, Lehrstuhl für Fertigungsautomatisierung und Montage, PROTECH-Institut für Produktionstechnik, Paul-Bonatz-Str. 9-11, 57076 Siegen, Germany

Plasma Coatings on Aluminium-Silicon Alloy Surfaces

P. Długosz A. Garbacz-Klempka J. Piwowońska P. Darłak M. Młynarczyk

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 3 | 96-101 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138671

Keywords Plasma electrolytic oxidation Al-Si alloy anodizing

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Abstract

Plasma oxidation, similarly to anodic oxidation (anodizing), are classified as electrochemical surface treatment of metals such as Al, Mg, Ti and their alloys. This type of treatment is used to make surface of castings, plastically processed products, shaped with incremental methods to suitable for certain requirements. The most important role of the micro plasma coating is to protect the metal surface against corrosion. It is well known that coating of aluminium alloys containing silicon using anodic oxidation causes significant difficulties. They are linked to the eutectic nature of this alloy and result in a lack of coverage in silicon-related areas. The coating structure in these areas is discontinuous. In order to eliminate this phenomenon, it is required to apply oxidation coatings using the PEO (Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation) method. It allows a consistent, crystalline coating to be formed. This study presents the mechanical properties of the coatings applied to Al-Si alloy using the PEO method. As part of the testing, the coating thickness, microhardness and scratch resistance were determined. On the basis of the results obtained, it was concluded that the thickness of the coatings complies with the requirements of conventional anodizing. Additionally, microhardness values exceeded the results obtained with standard methods.

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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Długosz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Garbacz-Klempka

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Piwowońska

1

P. Darłak

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Młynarczyk

3

Lukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, 73 Zakopiańska Str. 30-418 Cracow, Poland
AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Reymonta 23 Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, 23 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland

Anodic Oxide Coatings on Aluminium Resistant to Strong Alkali Environment

A. Kozik M. Nowak K. Gędłek D. Leśniak J. Zasadziński H. Jurczak

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2019 | vol. 64 | No 4 | 1335-1342 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2019.130099

Keywords anodic coatings sealing of anodic coatings resistant to strong alkali environment sealing quality aluminium alloys

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Abstract

The aim of this paper was to test currently available on the market products for sealing anodic oxide coatings as well as to test the use of other alternative substances improving the sealing process. The ability to seal in 10 different solutions and the quality of the seal has been tested. The influence of the applied preparations on corrosion resistance and resistance to strongly alkaline environment was also investigated.

Based on the results obtained, satisfactory results were archived for the sample sealed in a IMN-OML (Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals in Gliwice, Light Metals Division) solution sealant and in solution of nickel acetate in a medium-temperature process. Sealing by means of nickel acetate solutions is economically justified, and its use allows the process temperature to be lowered. When it comes to resistance to alkalis, samples sealed in IMN-OML sealant are the best. Commercial solutions have also achieved positive results in all tests.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Kozik

M. Nowak

K. Gędłek

D. Leśniak

J. Zasadziński

H. Jurczak

The Behaviour of Low Arsenic Copper Anodes at High Current Density in Electrorefining

Xuyong Zhang Silei Chen Lu Li Peng Yang

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 4 | 1377-1382 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.146203

Keywords low arsenic anodes high current density anode passivation floating slimes cathode nodules

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Abstract

Arsenic is the only beneficial impurity for copper electrorefining through inhibiting anode passivation and the formation of floating slimes. The behaviour of copper anodes with different content of arsenic were studied at high current density (>280 A/m ²). It showed that low arsenic anodes (As < 300 ppm) easily generated anode passivation, floating slimes and cathode nodules during the electrorefining proccess. The floating slimes, electrolyte, cathode and anode were observed and analyzed. As result, low arsenic anodes were more likely to be passivated due to their microstructure defects and irregular microstructure. Increasing electrolyte temperature and addition of glycerol were propitious to reduce low arsenic anodes’ passivation. The floating slimes occured when the concentration of As(III) in electrolyte decreased to 1 g/L, and they would be precipitated by polyacrylamide. All measures greatly improved the cathode quality at current density of 300 A/m ².

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Authors and Affiliations

Xuyong Zhang

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Silei Chen

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Lu Li

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Peng Yang

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jiangxi Copper Technology Institute Co., Ltd, Nanchang 330096, Jiangxi, PR China

Graphene on quartz modified with rhenium oxide as a semitransparent electrode for organic electronics

Opto-Electronics Review | 2022 | 30 | 4 | e141953 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2022.141953

Keywords graphene anode rhenium oxide organic light-emitting diode

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Abstract

The presented research shows that commercially available graphene on quartz modified with rhenium oxide meets the requirements for its use as a conductive and transparent anode in optoelectronic devices. The cluster growth of rhenium oxide enables an increase in the work function of graphene by 1.3 eV up to 5.2 eV, which guarantees an appropriate adjustment to the energy levels of organic semiconductors used in organic light-emitting diode devices.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Krukowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Michał Piskorski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ruslana Udovytska

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Dorota A. Kowalczyk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Iaroslav Lutsyk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Maciej Rogala

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Paweł Dąbrowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Witold Kozłowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Beata Łuszczyńska

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jarosław Jung

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jacek Ulański

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Krzysztof Matuszek

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Aleksandra Nadolska

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Przemysław Przybysz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wojciech Ryś

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Klaudia Toczek

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Rafał Dunal

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Patryk Krempiński

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Justyna Czerwińska

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Maxime Le Ster

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marcin Skulimowski

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Paweł J. Kowalczyk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Solid State Physics (member of National Photovoltaic Laboratory, Poland), Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, 149/153 Pomorska St., 90–236 Łódź, Poland
Department of Molecular Physics (member of National Photovoltaic Laboratory, Poland), Lodz University of Technology, 116 Żeromskiego St., 90– 924 Łódź, Poland
Department of Intelligent Systems, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, 149/152 Pomorska St., 90–236 Łódź, Poland

Utilization of cylindrical Cu/Fe galvanic cell as an effective method for the removal of humic acids

Bartosz Libecki Tomasz Mikołajczyk Bogusław Pierożyński Mateusz Kuczyński

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | 2023 | vol. 44 | No 3 (24th Polish Conference of Chemical and Process Engineering, 13-16 June 2023, Szczecin, Poland. Guest editor: Prof. Rafał Rakoczy and 8th European Process Intensification Conference, 31.05–2.06.2023, Warsaw, Poland.) | e17 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2023.146719

Keywords galvanic cell iron anode electrochemical coagulation humic acids removal

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Abstract

Humic substances (HS) are hydrophobic parts of dissolved organic matter, which are hard to degrade using biological processes. When exposed to disinfection processes, the HS present in wastewater could lead to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are harmful and dangerous to health. Thus, a chemical coagulation process is commonly used for HS removal. This work used a cylindrical galvanic cell (CGC) with an iron anode and a copper cathode, where the dissolution of the anode served as an alternative source of metal ions for HS coagulation. The galvanic cell current for CGC stabilized at around 0.6 mA, and the voltage fluctuated, ca. 0.5 V for all solutions. The peaks observed on cyclic voltammograms could be associated only with oxidation and dissolution of iron; no other process was identified. After the process, the structures and molecular composition of the anode surface suggest the loss of Fe mass and the formation of iron oxides due to corrosion. The initial pH of the tested solution influenced the total Fe concentration in the solution as well as colour and turbidity. The quantitative removal of HS by electrolysis and membrane filtration processes at initial pHi = 6.0 yielded 72% and 90%, respectively, after 6 and 10 min. The mechanism of sorption on the flocs of hydroxides as a primary factor in HA removal was suggested.

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Authors and Affiliations

Bartosz Libecki

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Tomasz Mikołajczyk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bogusław Pierożyński

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mateusz Kuczyński

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Departmentof Chemistry, Łódzki Square 4, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland

Assessment of Trace Element Content in Products and Wastes of Coal Treatments from the Upper-Silesian Basin

Krystyna Srogi Mariusz Minkina

Archives of Environmental Protection | 2005 | vol. 31 | No 1 | 95-106

Keywords trace elements coal products and wastes microwave digestion flame and electrothermalatomic absorption spectrometry adsorptive and anodic stripping voltammetry

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Abstract

The aim of the study was to estimate the content of trace elements: zinc, cadmium, lead, molybdenum and nickel in products and wastes of coal treatment from Upper-Silesian Basin. Two analytical methods were applied: atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS, ETAAS) and anodic (ASY) and adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSY). ASY is used to determine zinc, cadmium and lead; AdSY molybdenum and nickel, and FAAS and ETAAS to determine all elements. In the case of Zn, Ni, Mo, Pb and Cd determined by FAAS (ETAAS) the concentrations were practically the same as those obtained by ASY or AdSY.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krystyna Srogi

Mariusz Minkina

Modification of Surface Morphology and Surface Properties of Copper-Nickel Alloy by Anodic Treatment in a Deep Eutectic Solvent (Ethaline)

V. Protsenko T. Butyrina D. Makhota S. Korniy F. Danilov

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 2 | 477-482 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.142425

Keywords copper-nickel alloy anodic treatment deep eutectic solvent surface morphology hydrogen production

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Abstract

A deep eutectic solvent, ethaline (as a typical representative of new-generation room temperature ionic liquids), was used to anodically treat the surface of copper-nickel alloy (55 wt.% Cu). Anodic treatment in ethaline allows flexibly affecting the patterns of surface morphology: formation of stellated crystallites and surface smoothing (i.e. electropolishing) are observed depending on the applied electrode potential. The measured values of roughness coefficient ( R_a ) well correlate with the changes in surface morphology. Anodic treatment of Cu-Ni alloy in ethaline contributes to a considerable increase in the electrocatalytic activity towards the hydrogen evolution reaction in an alkaline aqueous medium, which can be used to develop new high-efficient and inexpensive electrocatalysts within the framework of the concept of carbon-free hydrogen economy.

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Authors and Affiliations

V. Protsenko

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

T. Butyrina

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Makhota

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

S. Korniy

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

F. Danilov

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology, Department of Physical Chemistry, Gagarin Ave., 8, Dnipro, 49005, Ukraine
Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute of the NAS of Ukraine, Naukova St. 5, Lviv, 79060, Ukraine

Influence of the Electrochemical Anodizing Parameters on the Microstructure, Microroughness and Microhardness of Anodized Ti-6Al-7Nb

Deyan Veselinov Hristo Skulev

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2020 | vol. 65 | No 3 | 1223-1226 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2020.133242

Keywords anodizing surface oxidation electrochemical titanium alloy Ti-6Al-7Nb

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Abstract

This paper presents a study on anodizing titanium alloy Ti-6Al-7Nb in electrolyte of dilute sulfuric acid. The effects of the parameters – voltage, anodizing time, and electrode distance on the anodic film properties have been investigated. The anodic layers are found to become more compact with the increase of the applied voltage in the electrolytic cell. The microstructure, chemical element distribution and mechanical properties, i.e. microroughness and microhardness of the anodic coatings obtained at different operating conditions have been evaluated.

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Authors and Affiliations

Deyan Veselinov

Hristo Skulev

Study on Electrochemical Performance of Dimensionally Stable Anodes during Zinc Electrowinning

Wei Zhang Georges Houlachi Sanae Haskouri Edward Ghali

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 4 | 1457-1466 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.146212

Keywords Zinc electrowinning Dimensionally stable anodes Manganese ions Phosphoric acid electrochemical performance

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Abstract

In zinc electrowinning, small amounts of manganese ions additives are needed in the electrolyte to reduce the corrosion of anodes and minimize the contamination of cathodic zinc by dissolved lead. However, excess manganese oxide could cover the dimensionally stable anodes (DSA) surface and decrease their service life. Additives of phosphoric acid are put in the electrolyte to complex the manganic Mn3+ ion and hence reduce its disproportionation to MnO2. In the investigation, phosphoric acid was added to sulfuric acid or zinc electrolytes, and conventional and recent electrochemical measurements were carried out to examine electrochemical behaviour of DSA (Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5) anode during zinc electrolysis at 48 mA/cm2 and 39°C. It was observed that the anodic potentials of DSA anodes were lower by 27 mV after 5 h polarization in the zinc electrolyte containing 35 g/L phosphoric acid at 39°C. Electrochemical impedance measurements show that the addition of 35 ml/L H3PO4 to the zinc electrolyte can increase impedance resistances of the DSA mesh anodes. Cyclic voltammogram studies (CV) at a scan rate of 5 mV/s without agitation show that the oxidation peak in the solution with 35 ml/L phosphoric acid addition is highest, followed by that with 17 ml/L phosphoric acid addition and that without addition of phosphoric acid.

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Authors and Affiliations

Wei Zhang

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Georges Houlachi

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sanae Haskouri

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Edward Ghali

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hunan University of Technology, School of Metallurgical, ZhuZhou, China, 412002
Laval University, Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Quebec, QC, Canada, G1K 7P4
Hydro-Québec research institute, Shawinigan, QC, Canada, G9N 7N5

Facile Synthesis and Li-Electroactivity of Cobalt Oxide Based on Resources Recovered from Waste Lithium-Ion Batteries

Hyun-Woo Shim Byoungyong Im Soyeong Joo Dae-Guen Kim

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 1 | 67-72 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.147787

Keywords Waste lithium-ion battery Recycling Co3O4 powder Anode material

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Abstract

In this study, cobalt oxide (Co3O4) powder was prepared by simple precipitation and heat-treatment process of cobalt sulfate that is recovered from waste lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), and the effect of heat-treatment on surface properties of as-synthesized Co(OH)2 powder was systematically investigated. With different heat-treatment conditions, a phase of Co(OH)2 is transformed into CoOOH and Co3O4. The result showed that the porous and large BET surface area (ca. 116 m2/g) of Co3O4 powder was prepared at 200°C for 12 h. In addition, the lithium electroactivity of Co3O4 powder was investigated. When evaluated as an anode material for LIB, it exhibited good electrochemical performance with a specific capacity of about 500 mAh g–1 at a current density of C/5 after 50 cycles, which indicates better than those of commercial graphite anode material.

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Authors and Affiliations

Hyun-Woo Shim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Byoungyong Im

2 3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Soyeong Joo

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Dae-Guen Kim

e-mail:

ORCID:

Resources Utilization Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources (KIGAM)
Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Center, Institute for Advanced Engineering (IAE ), 51 Goan Rd., Baegam-myeon, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi 17180, Yongin, Republic of Korea
Sejong University, Depart ment of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Electrochemical Properties of Flexible Anode with SnO2 Nanopowder for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Huihun Kim Milan K. Sadan Changhyeon Kim Ga-In Choi Minjun Seong Kwon-Koo Cho Ki-Won Kim Jou-Hyeon Ahn Hyo-Jun Ahn

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 931-934 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136399

Keywords Sodium-ion batteries SnO2 anode Flexible electrode Nano SnO2 particles Ether based electrolyte

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Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted substantial interest as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries because of the low cost. There have been many studies on the development of new anode materials that could react with sodium by conversion mechanism. SnO2 is a promising candidate due to its low cost and high theoretical capacity. However, SnO2 has the same problem as other anodes during the conversion reaction, i.e., the volume of the anode repeatedly expands and contracts by cycling. Herein, anode is composed of carbon nanofiber embedded with SnO2 nanopowder. The resultant electrode showed improvement of cyclability. The optimized SnO2 electrode showed high capacity of 1275 mAh g–1 at a current density of 50 mA g–1. The high conductivity of the optimized electrode resulted in superior electrochemical performance.

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Authors and Affiliations

Huihun Kim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Milan K. Sadan

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Changhyeon Kim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ga-In Choi

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Minjun Seong

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Kwon-Koo Cho

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ki-Won Kim

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jou-Hyeon Ahn

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hyo-Jun Ahn

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Gyeongsang National University, Research Institute for Green Energy Convergence Technology, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
Gyeongsang National University, Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, RIGET, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea

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