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Abstract

In this paper, existing knowledge on the behaviour of soil-steel composite structures (SSCSs) has been reviewed. In particular, the response of buried corrugated steel plates (CSPs) to static, semistatic, and dynamic loads has been covered. Furthermore, the performance of SSCS under extreme loading, i.e., loading until failure, has been studied. To investigate the behaviour of the type of composite structures considered, numerous full-scale tests and numerical simulations have been conducted for both arched and box shapes of the shell. In addition, researchers have examined different span lengths and cover depths. Furthermore, to enhance the load-bearing capacity of the composite structures, various stiffening elements have been applied and tested. The reviewshows that the mechanical features of SSCSs are mainly based on the interaction of the shell with the soil backfill. The structures, as a composite system, become appropriately stiff when completely backfilled. For this reason, the construction phase corresponds to the highest values of shell displacement and stress. Moreover, the method of laying and compacting the backfill, as well as the thickness of the cover, has a significant impact on the behaviour of the structure at the stage of operation in both the quantitative and qualitative sense. Finally, a limited number of studies are conducted on the ultimate bearing capacity of large-span SSCS and various reinforcing methods. Considerably more works will need to be done on this topic. It applies to both full scale tests and numerical analysis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Alemu Mosisa Legese
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Sobótka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Czesław Machelski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Adrian Różański
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract

The objective of the article is to examine the approximative and adjustive uses of the verb dire, which is mostly regarded as an assertive and eventful verb; hence nonapproximative. Meanwhile, in many expressions, in an impersonal use, in negation when the subjunctive mode is used, in the conditional forms, its evidence value is weakened and the verb dire can express approximation. The study is situated in light of the enunciation theory, notably it refers to a notion of modalisation. The corpus was established on the basis of dictionaries, which are representative for normative uses, but we will refer as well to press texts, particularly interviews, where the verb say is frequently used as a marker of the position of the speaker.

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Kwapisz-Osadnik
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Abstract

One of the challenges of modern crystallography of complex systems (complex metallic alloys, proteins, aperiodic crystals and quasicrystals) is to properly describe the disorder in these systems and discuss correctly the refinement results in terms of the structural disorder. In this paper we briefly discuss a new approach to phasons and phonons in quasicrystals and focus on the new theory of phonons in these materials. A newly derived correction factor for phonons in the form of the Bessel function is the approximated way of describing optic modes in the phonon spectra of quasicrystals. It is applied to a real decagonal quasicrystal in the Al-Cu-Rh system with 56/38 atoms per thick/thin structural unit, based on 2092 unique reflections selected from the collected diffraction data, significantly improving the refinement results. The final R-factor value is 7.24%, which is over 0.5% better result comparing to originally reported. We believe our work will open a broader discussion on the disorder in quasicrystals (and other aperiodic systems) and motivate to develop new approaches to treat the diffraction data influenced by different types of disorder in the new way.

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Authors and Affiliations

R. Strzałka
I. Bugański
J. Śmietańska
J. Wolny
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Abstract

The article presents the process of structural diagnostics of the Dominican monastery in Lublin. In order to establish the underlying cause of cracks, not only in situ investigations but also detailed analyses of documents were executed. Inventory drawings were examined in order to identify the building’s structural system. The query of historical documents and city archives was carried out to understand the structure’s performance. Conclusions were confronted with the crack pattern. It was established that the damage resulted from the original conditions of the structural system in place. These conditions were created in past, when the monastery incorporated sections of the medieval town wall into its structure.
The article details structural remedies applied in the course of rehabilitation. The introduction of supporting structures was the effect of a compromise between the necessity of ensuring structural safety and the demand for the minimum impact on the heritage site. The article aims to highlight that the structural assessment of the heritage asset is an investigative process. The work also emphasizes that in spite of numerous up-to-date methods helpful in the structural diagnostics of building structure, the conceptual analyses of the structural system still remain of vital importance. The query of historical documents helps in determining the structural system of a historic building, and vice versa, structural analyses assist in recognizing and supplementing the knowledge of the asset’s history.
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Bibliography

[1] E. Radziszewska-Zielina, G. Sladowski, “Supporting the selection of a variant of the adaptation of a historical building with the use of fuzzy modelling and structural analysis”, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2017, vol. 26, pp. 53–63.
[2] L. Czarnecki and D. Van Gemert, “Scientific basis and rules of thumb in civil engineering: conflict or harmony”, Bulletin of Polish Academy of Science: Technical sciences, 2016, vol. 64, pp. 665–673.
[3] G. Barbieri, M. Valente, L. Biolzi, C. Togliani, L. Fregonese, G. Stanga, “An insight in the late Baroque architecture: An integrated approach for a unique Bibiena church”, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2017, vol. 23, pp. 58–67.
[4] M. P. Sammartino, G. Cau, R. Reale, S. Ronca, G. Visco, “A multidisciplinary diagnostic approach preliminary to the restoration of the country church “San Maurizio” located in Ittiri (SS)”, Heritage Science 2, 2014, vol. 4.
[5] E. Diz-Mellado, E.J. Mascort-Albea, R. Romero-Hernández, C. Galán-Martín, C. Rivera-Gòmez, J. Ruiz- Jaramillo, A. Jaramillo-Morilla, “Non-destructive testing and Finite Element Method integrated procedure for heritage diagnosis: The Seville Cathedral case study”, Journal of Building Engineering, 2021, vol. 37, p. 102134.
[6] M.F. Funari, S. Spadea, P. Lonetti, F. Fabbrocino, R. Luciano, “Visual programming for structural assessment of out-of-plane mechanism in historic masonry structures”, Journal of Building Engineering, 2020, vol. 31, p. 101425.
[7] M.A. Nùñez-Andrés, F. Buill, A. Costa-Jover, J.M. Puche, “Structural assessment of Roman wall and vaults in the cloister of Tarragona Cathedral”, Journal of Building Engineering, 2017, vol. 13, pp. 77–86.
[8] C. Akcay, A. Solt,N.M.Korkmaz, B. Sayin, “Aproposal for the reconstruction of historical masonry building constructed in Ottoman Era (Istambul)”, Journal of Building Engineering, 2020, vol. 32, pp. 101493.
[9] ICOMOS: “Recommendation for the analysis, conservation and structural restoration of architectural heritage”. 2003. Website of International Council of Monuments and sites. https://www.icomos.org/en/aboutthe-centre/179-articles-en-francais/ressources/charters-and-standards/165-icomos-charter-principles-forthe- analysis-conservation-and-structural-restoration-of-architectural-heritage. Accessed 10 Feb. 2021
[10] C. Alessandri, V. Mallardo, “Structural assessments of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem”, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2012, vol. 13, Supplement, pp. e61–e69.
[11] A. Anzani, L. Binda, A. Carpinteri, S. Invernizzi, G. Lacidogna, “A multilevel approach for the damage assessment of Historic masonry towers”, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2010, vol. 11, pp. 459–470.
[12] L. Binda, A. Saisi, C. Tiraboschi, “Investigation procedures for the diagnosis of historic masonries”, Construction and Building Materials, 2000, vol. 14, pp. 199–233.
[13] P. B. Lourenço, “Recommendations for restoration of ancient buildings and the survival of masonry chimney”, Construction and Building Materials, 2006, vol. 20, pp. 239–251.
[14] M-G. Masciotta, L. F. Ramos, P. B.Lourenço, “The importance of structural monitoring as a diagnosis and control tool in the restoration process of heritage structures: A case study in Portugal”, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2017, vol. 27, pp. 36–47.
[15] G. Teza, S. Trevisani, A. Pesci, “The role of geoenvironmental sciences in Cultural Heritage preservation: the case of 1000 year old leaning bell tower of Caorle (Venice)”. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2019, vol. 39, pp. 270–277.
[16] C. Alessandri, M. Garutti, V. Mallardo, G. Milani, “Crack Patterns Induced by Foundation Settlements: Integrated Analysis on a Renaissance Masonry Palace in Italy”, International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2015, vol. 9, pp. 111–129.
[17] M. Betti, M. Orlando, A. Vignoli, “Static behaviour of an Italian Medieval Castle: Damage assessment by numerical modelling”, Computer Structures, 2011, vol. 89, pp. 1956–1970.
[18] G. Croci, “General methodology for the structural restoration of historic buildings: the cases of the Tower of Pisa and the Basilica of Assisi”. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2000, vol. 1, pp. 7–18.
[19] S. Hemeda, “3D finite element coupled analysis model for geotechnical and complex structural problems of historic masonry structures: conservation of Abu Serga church, Cairo, Egypt”, Heritage Science, 2019, vol. 6.
[20] K. Papadopoulos, “The Restoration of the North-Side Foundation of the Temple of Apollo Epikourios”, International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2010, DOI: 10.1080/15583050903121869.
[21] L. Schueremans, K. Van Balen, K. Brosens, D. Van Gemert, P. Smars, “Church of Saint-James at Leuven: Structural Assessment and Consolidation Measures”, International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2007, DOI: 10.1080/15583050601126137.
[22] “Public records of Lublin City 1465-1810” (in Polish). National Archives in Lublin.
[23] B. Nowak, “Lublin Guidebook” (in Polish), Test, Lublin, 2000.
[24] A. Halicka, A. Ostanska, “Selection of repair materials for the restoration of historic monastery masonry” (in Polish), in: Ecology in the building processes. Lublin University of Technology, Lublin 2003, pp. 185–192.
[25] A. Halicka, A. Ostanska, “Strengthening of the corner of historic Dominican monastery in Lublin” (in Polish), Przeglad budowlany 2004, vol. 7-8, pp. 32–36.
[26] J. Lewicki, “Free-standing early medieval building in Dominican Monastery in Lublin” (in Polish), in: Medieval sacral architecture inPoland in the light of new research. Biblioteka Poczatków Panstwa Polskiego, Gniezno, 2014, 173–189.
[27] J. Jasienko, D. Logon, W. Misztal, “Trass-lime reinforced mortars in strengthening and reconstruction of historical masonry walls”, Construction and Building Materials, 2016, vol. 102, pp. 884–892.
[28] M. Corradi, A. Di Schino, A. Borri, R. Rufini, “A review of the use of stainless steel for masonry repair and reinforcement”, Construction and Building Materials, 2018, vol. 181.
[29] P. Zampieri, N.Simoncello, C.D. Tetougueni, C. Pellegrino, “A review of methods for strengthening of masonry arches with composite materials”, Engineering Structures, 2018, vol. 171, pp. 154–169.
[30] F.G. Carozzi, C. Poggi, E. Bertolesi, G. Milani, “Ancient masonry arches and vaults strengthened with TRM, SRG and FRP composites: Experimental evaluation”, Composite Structures, 2018, vol. 187, pp. 466–480.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Halicka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Ostańska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, ul. Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin
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Abstract

The results of analysis of geometrical structure of modular networks are discussd in the paper. The criteria of technical correctness of such construction were determined. The algebraic relationship between the network components, e.g. station number, tie points, number of measurements, was analysed. The determination conditions for a single module and for a surface network have been introduced considering the existence of elementary modules that are not internally determined. A comparative test for modular and classical models of network was performed using a computer program. The results illustrate positioning accuracy achievable with use of modular networks. The conclusions presented might be helpful when designing surveying networks.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Gargula
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Seismic refraction studies on Central Spitsbergen have shown that there is the fault systems with north-south strike directions, which divide the crust into western, central and eastern blocks. Thickness of the crust in this area varies from 35 to 40 km. Interpretation and modelling of seismic refraction data indicate that the Moho boundary beneath the Central Spitsbergen Basin is a complicated transition zone between crust and upper mantle with the thickness of about 5 km.

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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksander Guterch
Edward Perchuć
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Abstract

The presence of Euphausia superba, E. crystallorophias and Thysanoessa macrura was observed in Admiralty Bay (King George Island, South Shetland Islands) and the size of individuals of particular species are diverse and varying during the summer season. E. superba population is older and specimens larger than in analogous season in 1979. The maximum number of females with eggs was noted in the first half of January 1980, i.e. earlier than in 1979. In E, crystallorophias population the presence of females with eggs was observed in the second half of December 1979.

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Authors and Affiliations

Hanna Jackowska
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Abstract

On the basis of 35 one-hour series of the measurement of the wind velocity, read out every two minutes, the wind structure at the Arctowski Station, situated on Admiralty Bay, King George Island, was analysed. Very strong turbulence was found with air flow directions from over the area of the Island (S, SW. W and NW) and laminarity with directions from SE, E, NE and partly N, i.e. when the air flows from Admiralty Bay or from over the open waters of Bransfield Strait. The qustiness coefficient, the relationship between the maximum and mean velocities and the intensity of turbulence were determined for the two flow types. Two extremely different cases, in terms of flow character, were considered, by determining for them the distributions of instantaneous velocities and those of oscillations.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dominik Kowalski
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Abstract

Power spectrum techniques were applied to two time series of wind speed values recorded at the Arctowski Station in order to investigate the influence of turbulent and laminar air flow on the quasi-periodicity of the micro-scale wind structure.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Skrzypczak
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Abstract

The choice of financing sources made by coal mining companies reflects a number of macro- and microeconomic factors. The paper attempts to present only those that play the most important role in mining companies’ market activities. The structure of sources of financing mining companies’ operations is presented by computing the share of equity in liabilities and shareholders’ equity, the golden balance sheet rule showing the degree of financing of non-current assets through shareholders’ equity and the silver balance sheet rule which shows the ratio of long-term capital to non-current assets. Only a few mining companies can satisfy those two rules as they finance their economic activity through equity and short-term liabilities. Mining companies are not indebted. Their caution in incurring long- -term debt results from the implementation of high volatility of financial results, which are prone to the effects of the economic situation. The basic determinants of the choice of financing sources include the structure of assets, the rate of return on assets and companies’ ability to service debt. The high capital intensity of the mining sector is reflected in the large share of non-current assets in total assets, which in some mining companies exceeds 80% of total assets. The rates of return on assets vary widely and are influenced by fluctuations in coal prices at different phases of the market situation. They also have a significant impact on companies’ ability to service debt. Empirical research conducted by the author revealed that the structure of financing sources in Polish coal mining companies is like that of global mining corporations, as are the economic relations shaping this structure.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Sierpińska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The location, geological structure and characteristics of the Kamionki Anticline is presented in terms of possibility of underground CO2 storage. It is situated in the Płock Trough, in the SW part of the Płońsk Block, and represents a synsedimentary graben originated in the Early and Middle Jurassic. It has been explored by a semi-detailed reflection seismic survey and three deep boreholes (Kamionki 1, Kamionki 2 and Kamionki IG-3). Assuming that the anticline is conventionally outlined by a contour line of the top of the Lower Jurassic, its length is about 15 km, width is about 5 km and the area reaches approximately 75 km2. Geological, seismic and reservoir property data allow concluding that this structure is suitable for underground carbon dioxide storage. The primary reservoir level for underground CO2 storage is represented by Barremianmiddle Albian deposits of the Mogilno Formation with an average thickness of 170 metres, containing on the average 85% of sandstones, and showing porosity of about 20% and permeability above 100 mD up to 2000 mD. The sealing series is composed of Upper Cretaceous marls, limestones and chalk reaching the thickness of about 1000 metres. The secondary reservoir level is represented by upper Toarcian deposits of the Borucice Formation.

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Authors and Affiliations

Sylwester Marek
Lidia Dziewińska
Radosław Tarkowski
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Abstract

The article presents and describes the methodology of the conservation of stone structures that are architectural monuments discovered as part of the work carried out during archaeological excavations in Tanais. The authors’ experiences presented in the article result from many years of cooperation between the Faculty of Civil Engineering at Warsaw University of Technology and the Antiquity of Southeastern Europe Research Centre at the University ofWarsaw. Examples of preserved masonry structures come from an excavation in Tanais near Rostov-on-Don. Works on stone structures located in the area of archaeological excavation are characterised by a unique specificity covering both formal issues, resulting from international standards and agreements regulating the conservation of historic buildings, as well as technical and environmental issues. The primary technical issues include ensuring the safety of further excavation works, protection of masonry structures against the destructive effects of atmospheric conditions and preparing the structure for possible exhibition in archaeological parks organized on the site of excavations. The article presents the procedures that should be used to conserve this type of structure and the specific sustainable technological and material solutions used in the shown objects.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Terlikowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ewa Sobczyńska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Martyna Gregoriou-Szczepaniak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kacper Wasilewski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Amii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents analysis of effect of structural soil backfill parameters on load capacity of culvert made as buried flexible steel structure. The work is divided into two parts. The first part is devoted to the assumptions of the Sundquist-Pettersson method. The principles of the analysis of the structure in terms of ultimate limit strength, serviceability and fatigue in permanent and temporary calculation situations are described. The second part presents a design example of a soil steel composite bridge in the form of a closed profile culvert made of MulitiPlate-type corrugated sheet. The static and strength calculations were conducted according to the Sundquist-Pettersson method and the guidelines presented in the Eurocodes. According to the guidelines, the value of the backfill tangent modulus was determined using the simplified (A) and precise (B) methods. It was found that the modulus values determined by the simplified method were about three times lower than for the exact method, leading to very conservative, uneconomical results. The structural calculations using the tangent modulus determined by the simplified method, indicated that the load capacity of the structure was exceeded, regardless of the thickness of the backfill used (in the range from 0.5 to 5 m). The use of the tangent modulus determined using the precise method resulted in a significant reduction in stress to bearing capacity ratio of analysed parameters. Similar reduction was observed with the increase in the thickness of the backfill.
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Bibliography


[1] Cz. Machelski, “Modeling of soil–steel composite bridges” [in Polish], 1nd ed., Dolnośląskie Wydawnictwo Edukacyjne, Wrocław, 2008.
[2] A. Wysokowski and L. Janusz, “Soil steel composite bridges. Laboratory destructive testing. Failures during construction and operation” [in Polish], in Proceedings of Conference XXIII Konferencja Naukowo – Techniczna Awarie Budowlane – 23rd International Conference on Structural Failures, Szczecin-Międzyzdroje, 2007, pp. 541–550.
[3] A. Wysokowski and J. Vaslestadt, “Full scale fatigue testing of large-diameter multi-plate corrugated steel culverts”, Archives of Civil Engineering, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 31–57, 2002.
[4] A. Wysokowski, J. Vaslestad and A. Pryga, “Fatigue resistance of modern corrugated steel culverts” [in Polish], Konstrukcje Stalowe, no. 5, pp. 45–47, 2000.
[5] A. Wysokowski and J. Howis, “Operational durability of steel soil-shell structures as ecological bridges” [in Polish], in Proceedings of Conference XXVII Konferencja Naukowo – Techniczna Awarie Budowlane – 27th International Conference on Structural Failures, Szczecin-Międzyzdroje, 2017, pp. 879–890.
[6] D. Bęben, “Soil-steel bridge structures design problems and construction faults” [in Polish], Drogownictwo, no. 3, pp. 74–79, 2013.
[7] Cz. Machelski, L. Korusiewicz, “Deformation of buried corrugated metal box structure under railway load”, Roads and Bridges – Drogi i Mosty, vol. 16, no. 3: pp. 191–201, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7409/rabdim.017.013
[8] Cz. Machelski, “Steel plate curvatures of soil-steel structures during construction and exploitation”, Roads and Bridges – Drogi i Mosty, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 207–220, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7409/rabdim.016.013
[9] L. Korusiewicz, “Verification of the method of estimating bending moments in soil-shell structures on the basis of shell deformation”, Roads and Bridges – Drogi i Mosty, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 221–230, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7409/rabdim.016.014
[10] J. Howis and A. Wysokowski, “Culverts in the communication infrastructure – part 9. Methods for calculating culverts – part III. New calculation methods" [in Polish], Nowoczesne Budownictwo Inżynieryjne, no. 5, pp. 72–81, 2010.
[11] L. Pettersson and H. Sundquist, “Design of soil steel composite bridges”, Trita-BKN, Report 112, 5th Edition, Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Structural Design and Bridges, Stockholm, Sweden, 2014.
[12] PN-EN 1997-1:2008. Projektowanie geotechniczne. Część 1: Zasady ogólne.
[13] PN-EN 1997-2:2009. Projektowanie geotechniczne. Część 2: Rozpoznanie i badanie podłoża gruntowego.
[14] L. Janusz and A. Madaj, “Engineering objects made of corrugated sheets. Design and construction” [in Polish], 1nd ed., Wydawnictwo Komunikacji i Łączności, Warszawa, 2007.
[15] W. Rowińska, A. Wysokowski and A. Pryga, “Design and technological recommendations for engineering structures made of corrugated sheets” [in Polish], 1nd ed., Generalna Dyrekcja Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad, IBDiM, Żmigród, 2004.
[16] D. Bęben, “Soil-steel bridges. Design, maintenance and durability”, 1nd ed., Springer, Cham, 2020.
[17] A. Wysokowski and J. Howis, “Culverts in the communication infrastructure – part 1” [in Polish], Nowoczesne Budownictwo Inżynieryjne, no. 2, pp. 52–56, 2008.
[18] L. Pettersson, “Full scale tests and structural evaluation of soil steel flexible culverts with low height of cover”, PhD Thesis, Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Structural Design and Bridges, Stockholm, Sweden, 2007.
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[22] PN-EN 1991-2:2007. Oddziaływania na konstrukcje. Część 2: Obciążenia ruchome mostów.
[23] PN-EN 1993-1-9:2008. Projektowanie konstrukcji stalowych. Część 1–9: Zmęczenie.
[24] PN-EN 1993-2:2007. Projektowanie konstrukcji stalowych. Część 2: Mosty stalowe.
[25] www.viacon.pl (access: November 6, 2020).
[26] PN-EN 1990:2004. Podstawy projektowania konstrukcji.
[27] P. G. Kossakowski, “Fatigue Strength of an Over One Hundred Year Old Railway Bridge”, Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 166–173, 2013. https://doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2013.21
[28] P. G. Kossakowski, “Influence of Initial Porosity on Strength Properties of S235JR Steel at Low Stress Triaxiality”, Archives of Civil Engineering, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 293–308, 2021. https://doi.org/10.2478/v.10169-012-0017-9
[29] P. G. Kossakowski, “Experimental Determination of the Void Volume Fraction For S235JR Steel at Failure in the Range of High Stress Triaxialities”, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 167–172, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0023
[30] P. G. Kossakowski, “Analysis of the Void Volume Fraction For S235JR Steel at Failure for Low Initial Stress Triaxiality”, Archives of Civil Engineering, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 101–115, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2018-0007
[31] P. G. Kossakowski, “Application of Damage Mechanics for Prediction of Failure of Structural Materials and Elements”, DEStech Transactions on Computer Science and Engineering, pp. 62–72, 2020. https://doi.org/10.12783/dtcse/msam2020/34228
[32] E. Bernatowska, “Numerical Simulations of Ductile Fracture in Steel Angle Tension Members Connected with Bolts”, Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 32–54, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2020-0018
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Bakalarz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Kossakowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wiktor Wciślik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Abstract

A theoretical approach was applied to investigate the impact of nonlinear standing waves underneath a horizontal deck. A solution was achieved by applying a boundary element method. The model was applied to predict impact pressure underneath a deck. The results show that the wave impact is a very complex momentary process. The influence of initial boundary conditions, wave parameters and deck clearance on impact pressure are analysed. The analysis shows that purely sinusoidal waves of very small amplitude may cause an impact pressure several orders of magnitude higher than a pressure arising from typical applications of a linear wave theory. The analysis shows that all these non-intuitive outcomes arise from the complexity of a wave impact process and its enormous sensitivity to initial conditions what indicates serious difficulties in a reliable prediction of a wave impact for complex wave fields or other structures. Laboratory experiments were conducted to validate theoretical results.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dawid Majewski
Wojciech Sulisz
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Abstract

An effective method for the analysis of soil-structure interaction including the behaviour of cylindrical storage tank with varying wall thickness under the action of constant thermal loading is presented. Elastic half-space and the Winkler model have been used for the description of subsoil. The soil-structure interaction is described by using the power series. A computational example of reinforced concrete tank loaded with constant temperature is given. The analysis of a hydrostatically loaded cylindrical tank performed for the model incorporating elastic half-space shows decrease of radial displacements as well as substantial changes in the distribution of bending moments when compared to the Winkler foundation. Additionally, local increase of subsoil reaction around the slab circumference is observed for the case of elastic half-space, in contrast to the Winkler model. However, in the case of a tank loaded with constant temperature, the solutions for both subsoil models do not differ significantly.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Marek Lewiński
Michał Rak
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Abstract

The first post-war, comprehensive Gdynia Downtown Plan was at the same time one of the first spatial development plans in Poland defining the directions of transformation of multifunctional downtown structures in the new system and legal realities. It was the Plan of the Polish Breakthrough related to the realities of the downtown area of Gdynia. The study area included the Gdynia Valley limited by the hills of Kamienna Góra, Redłowo and Chylońskie Forests with the development of a complete pre-war city developing in accordance with the fi rst plan of Adam Kuncewicz from 1925 in the zone of 3 km, counted from the center of the inner port. The aim of the plan was to look for centralizing potential in the fi eld of research. This concept was treated as a power degree related to the then existing state, as well as the possibility of further development or transformation.

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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Bańkowska
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Abstract

The selection of appropriate financial sources by enterprises is one of the key tasks faced by the management board. In the presented article, the Authors decided to verify the capital structure of companies from selected European economies and to compare this capital structure between developed and advanced developing markets. The research was conducted on 18 European economies, taking into consideration data for 2017 and five variables defining the structure of financing. The results of the analysis show that the economies in the basket of developed countries are characterised by a higher level of indebtedness, with the major difference in taking on interest-bearing liabilities.

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Authors and Affiliations

Przemysław Garsztka
Katarzyna Schmidt
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Abstract

We study the evolution of income and wealth inequality in an economy undergoing endogenous structural change with imperfect labor mobility. Our economy features two sectors: services and manufacturing. With faster TFP growth in manufacturing, labor reallocates from manufacturing to services. This reallocation is slower due to labor mobility frictions, which in turn, raises relative wages in services. As a result, income inequality is higher. Moreover, we study the impact of structural change on wealth inequality. Its economic intuition is more ambiguous. On the one hand, increased income dispersion implies increased dispersion in the ability to accumulate wealth across individuals. On the other hand, younger workers who hold the least assets are the most mobile across sectors. Their incomes are improved, which boosts their savings, which works towards equalizing wealth distribution. The consequence of these changes can only be verified with a computational model. To this end, we construct an overlapping generations model with two sectors: manufacturing and services. Our model also features heterogeneous individuals. With our model, we are able to show how the structural change affected the evolution of income and wealth inequality in Poland as of 1990.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Makarski
1
Joanna Tyrowicz
2

  1. SGH Warsaw School of Economics and FAME|GRAPE
  2. FAME|GRAPE, University of Regensburg, University of Warsaw, and IZA
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Abstract

The concept of green infrastructure is currently being applied in management of the environmental space of cities, regions and even countries. In Poland this concept is known, as evidenced by increasing number of papers on the subject. The purpose of the article is to determine, whether and to what extent the concept is used in the spatial structure planning of Polish cities. The research was focused on analysing Studies of Conditions and Directions of Spatial Development prepared lately in three Polish cities: Gdańsk, Łódź and Wrocław.
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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Szulczewska
1

  1. Institute of Urban and Regional Development
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Abstract

The paper concerns the analysis of the kinematics of the dislocation process that affects surface points within the area of underground exploitation. The problem discussed in the paper is the estimation of the changes concerning spatial configuration of a body, forced by underground influence, Observations of the real process show that the trajectories indicating the dislocations of the medium points are irregular. The deterministic description of the examined process, as a rule, generates smooth trajectories of point dislocation. Therefore, as is natural, the analytical representation of the process cannot be approximated to measurement results with arbitrary accuracy. The entropy has been assumed as the measure of the randomness of a given process. It has been shown then that the entropy is not constant. Hence the description of the post-mining dislocation process has been presented as a stochastic model. The quantitative results of the description have been put to a statistical estimation.
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Wiesław Piwowarski
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Abstract

Is the category of “becoming” relative? This question accompanies the considerations undertaken in this article. It is the starting point for the reflection on the understanding of the designations of the expression “to become” in the metaphysical, epistemological and linguistic aspects. The results of this reflection are to serve adequate interpretations of the text. In the applicative part of the article both the fundamentals of text interpretation and the risks resulting from different cognitive perspectives are discussed. The source of these risks is seen primarily in misunderstanding the essence and the category of becoming.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Pawłowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Warszawski
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Abstract

In the paper, the authors present the shakedown analysis of the plate structures pre-loaded beyond the elastoplastic range. Two cases of loading are considered, namely: the structure is subjected to the action of two independent sets ofloads with constant points of application or one parameter set of loads moves slowly according to an a priori described program. As a result, the safe loading boundary or the shakedown load parameter are calculated, respectively, by means of the finite element method (FEM). Three examples confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms of analysis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Czesław Cichoń
Paweł Stąpór
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Abstract

Rocks of the Legoupil Formation in the Cape Legoupil area were folded about a N70E oriented axis. Later these rocks were affected only by brittle deformation which occurred in four stages: (1) jointing — set I, (2) dyking, (3) faulting and, (4) jointing — set II. Both, folding and subsequent brittle deformation, are hardly compatible with the Mesozoic-Cenozoic eastward subduction of the ancient Pacific ocean crust.

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Authors and Affiliations

Antoni K. Tokarski
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Abstract

This work attempts to reconstruct the culture that contributed to the philosophical way of thinking. My goal is to extract two important factors: religion carrying individual experience and the importance of certain ideas which are present in that culture. Sources of philosophical thinking can be found in the structure of polis. Only on its basis could the idea of the wise man and citizen as well as religion-oriented individual experience be raised. Greek polis paves the way for a new style of thinking by creating the conditions for its citizens to follow the ideal, regardless of the position they occupy in society. Sustainability, which should be a feature of a good citizen, is also the essence of society. Highly positioned wisdom as moral reflection tinged with religiosity allows thinking according to the laws of logos. Finally, the experience offered by the mystery cults leads to the transformation of their own existence and the emergence of a way of recognition of reality different than before. Undeniably, all the elements related to structure policies with its ideals contribute to the emergence of a new way of thinking in the form of philosophy. One could say that the philosophical objectivity is preceded by the subjectivity and rationality of its roots dating back to irrationality.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jadwiga Skrzypek-Faluszczak

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