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Number of results: 19
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Abstract

The Polish Institute of Advanced Studies (PIASt) began functioning within the structure of the Polish Academy of Sciences on 2 January 2017. We caught up with its director, Prof. Przemysław Urbańczyk, to discuss the Institute’s objectives.

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Authors and Affiliations

Przemysław Urbańczyk
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Abstract

The Randomized Earned Value Method enable to control the time and cost of works during the implementation of a construction project. The method allows to assess the compliance of the current advancement in time and actually incurred costs with the adopted plan. It also allows to predict the date and amount of the project completion costs. Individual assessment indicators (BCWS, BCWP, ACWP) are calculated after the ongoing control of the progression of works. In the case of randomly changing of implementation conditions, the calculated in this way values of the indicators may be unacceptable because of overlarge differences in comparison to actual values. Therefore, it is proposed an EVM enhancement and additional risk conditions analysis. In this approach data from the quantity survey of works are randomized based on analysis of variations between actually measured and planned values of duration and cost of implemented works. It is estimated the randomized values of individual indicators after successive controls of the progress of works. After each project advancement control the duration and cost of the works that remain to be performed are estimated. Moreover, new verified overall time and total cost of the project implementation are also estimated. After the last inspection, randomized values of the final date and total cost of completion of the project are calculated, as well as randomized values of time extension and total cost overrun. Of course, for randomized values, standard deviations of individual quantities are calculated. Therefore, the risk of time and the risk of cost of the project implementation are presented in the risk charts. The proposed approach provides a better assessment of the progress of works under risk conditions. It is worth to add that the method does not require significant changes to the typical construction management process, however, it ensures realistic consideration of the influence of random factors on the course and results of individual works and the entire project.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Kasprowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Starczyk-Kołbyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Military University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00–908 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

In this new era, we are facing a major problem regarding wastewater in the environment, which has an adverse effect on human life. Wastewater from tanning industries is one of the major contributors to the pollution in aquatic systems. Tannery industries have always contributed to the world’s economy and trade despite facing criticism due to environmental pollution. Tanning effluent consists of organic, inorganic (chromium, nitrogenous compounds), and a large amount of solid content like TDS, TSS, TVS. To overcome these significant challenges, there have been few advancements related to tannery wastewater treatment. This article aims to provide a brief review on electrocaogulation based treatment technologies for eliminating the impurities from tannery wastewater. This review consists of the background with characteristics of tannery wastewater, the alternatives for treating the tannery effluent over the years along. A detailed description of the advanced technologies based on electrocoagulations is implemented to overcome the drawbacks of the existing methods.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rishi Kumar Verma
1
Kajal Gautam
1
Sakshi Agrahari
1
Sushil Kumar
1

  1. Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT), Chemical Engineering Department, Allahabad – 211004, India
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Abstract

The paper presents the impact of exceeding the railway rails lifespan which usually causes a railway structural failure, thus an accident. The research highlights the rails’s high degradation, especially on the running area, consisting in 60-70% weight loss by advanced wear of the rail, followed by fatigue fracture caused by alternating cyclic stresses that initiates the crack and also by tensile stresses resulting in the crack growth. The chemical composition, structural and mechanical properties were analyzed in order to establish the causes that led to the railway rails rupture.
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Authors and Affiliations

A.C. Berbecaru
1
ORCID: ORCID
G. Coman
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Ciucă
1
ORCID: ORCID
I.A. Gherghescu
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.G. Sohaciu
1
ORCID: ORCID
C. Grădinaru
1
ORCID: ORCID
C. Predescu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Politehnica University of Bucharest, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 313 Splaiul Independenței, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
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Abstract

In the paper I show why we should consider Stoicism as the historical source of St. Thomas’s distinction between ‘conscience’ and ‘synderesis’. I claim that the Stoic terms syntērēsis and syneidēsis became, through the ages, the Thomistic synderesis and conscientia. The Stoic syntērēsis meant ‘self-preservation’, and in all animals this ‘first instinct’ refers to the body. The man is the only creature, which, because of its ‘rational nature’, preserves not necessarily its body but rather its soul, i.e. a system of values. Such preservation of someone’s axiological integrity equals ‘salvation’, and thus assimilates Stoicism to Christianity. In the Stoic system, human values follow ‘the nature’ (or ‘the human nature’ in particular), and in Thomism, they follow ‘synderesis’, or the natural inclination toward the good. In both cases we find a natural instinct that transforms itself into a rational structure of conscience. I also argue that, thanks to the moral phenomena of ‘adaptation’ (oikeiōsis) and ‘advancement’ (teleiōsis), the Stoic ethics is not completely egocentric, but incorporates also social duties.

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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Kowalik
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The research focused on TiO2 nanostructures environmental applications due to the special characteristics that displayed degradation of the organic compounds into environmentally friendly products through exposure to UV light. The protocol behind obtaining the nanostructures involved the use of a Ti material exposed to alkaline treatment and advanced oxidation using NaOH solution and acetone. These studied nanostructures were analyzed extensively by using methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for characterizing the elements, compounds and morphological properties of the material. These differences in morphology is attributed to different NaOH solution concentrations. The Ti sheets were immersed into NaOH and acetone mixed solutions for 72 hours. The best results were recorded by using 30% NaOH solution. After obtaining the 3D structures, which improve specific surface and contact area with the environment, the samples were tested under UV light in order to degrade methylene blue in order to determine their photocatalytic performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

C.I. Tarcea
1
ORCID: ORCID
C.M. Pantilimon
1
ORCID: ORCID
G. Coman
1
ORCID: ORCID
A.A. Turcanu
1
ORCID: ORCID
A.M. Predescu
1
ORCID: ORCID
E. Matei
1
ORCID: ORCID
A.C. Berbecaru
1
ORCID: ORCID
C. Predescu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University Politehnica of Bucharest, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Processing and Ecometallurgy, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042, Bucharest, Romania
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Abstract

Industry 4.0 is expected to provide high quality and customized products at lower costs by increasing efficiency, and hence create a competitive advantage in the manufacturing industry. As the emergence of Industry 4.0 is deeply rooted in the past industrial revolutions, Advanced Manufacturing Technologies of Industry 3.0 are the precursors of the latest Industry 4.0 technologies. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of technological evolution of manufacturing industry based on the relationship between the usage levels of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies and Industry 4.0 technologies. To this end, a survey was conducted with Turkish manufacturers to assess and compare their manufacturing technology usage levels. The survey data collected from 424 companies was analyzed by machine learning approach. The results of the study reveal that the implementation level of each Industry 4.0 technology is positively associated with the implementation levels of a set of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tuğba Sari
1

  1. Konya Food and Agriculture University, Department of Management Information Systems, Turkey
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Abstract

The Quaternary overburden of the giant Belchatów browncoal mine has provided - and still provides - one of the world's best exposures of Pleistocene glacial sediments. The exceptional geological setting - a graben that has been active from the beginning of the Alpine orogeny - provides conditions for preservation of terrestrial glacial deposits that are unique. Outcrops in Pleistocene glaciation-related sediments are commonly small, but the well preserved glacial sediments in the Belchatów mine can be studied without significant interruptions in the walls for several kilometers. In addition, the ongoing exploitation provides an opportunity to obtain a 3-D picture of the faciès and facies transitions that have no counterpart elsewhere. The stratigraphie relationships between a large number of glacial and interglacial units, some of which have a limited lateral extent, could thus be unraveled. It appears that the glacigenic succession comprises at least eight (but probably more) stratigraphie levels with glacial diamictons, thus recording an unmatched history of a glaciated area.
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Authors and Affiliations

Antonius J. (Tom) van Loon
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Abstract

Nowadays, information security management systems are important parts of managing a system for better handling of the information security. In scenarios and situations where safety management is done by managing protection of malwares, it is important to manage security issues properly. Cryptography is an approach which makes possible for a recipient to encrypt and decrypt the information. A combination of two different strategies for encryption and decryption in the text encoding will be transformed into the used all content. The encryption and decryption key of the content decryption key is used. There are different types of information. A number, such as finding two large prime numbers with that product. The number, the size of the RSA key is large enough to make, it's hard to pinpoint these numbers. The key, known as the RSA public key, is the most prominent open encryption. Calculations were used for information exchange. In this paper, we created a program for simulation and testing of apply cryptography of Advance Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm with Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) algorithm for better performance. In this study, this program is an application of a new algorithm to be the AES&RSA principle of using a public key instead of a private key for cryptography, and the testing of encryption and decryption for the AES&RSA algorithm resulted in time is no different on the AES algorithm and more secure encryption and decryption. The results indicated that the time needed for encoding and decoding of AES&RSA algorithm has been reduced (i.e., efficiency has been improved).
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Authors and Affiliations

Santi Pattanavichai
1

  1. Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Information Technology Department, Thailand
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Abstract

The Elastic Optical Networks (EON) provide a solution to the massive demand for connections and extremely high data traffic with the Routing Modulation and Spectrum Assignment (RMSA) as a challenge. In previous RMSA research, there was a high blocking probability because the route to be passed by the K-SP method with a deep neural network approach used the First Fit policy, and the modulation problem was solved with Modulation Format Identification (MFI) or BPSK using Deep Reinforcement Learning. The issue might be apparent in spectrum assignment because of the influence of Advanced Reservation (AR) and Resource Periodic Arrangement (RPA), which is a decision block on a connection request path with both idle and active data traffic. The study’s limitation begins with determining the modulation of m = 1 and m = 4, followed by the placement of frequencies, namely 13 with a combination of standard block frequencies 41224–24412, so that the simulation results are less than 0.0199, due to the combination of block frequency slices with spectrum allocation rule techniques.
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Authors and Affiliations

R.J. Silaban
1
M. Alaydrus
1
U. Umaisaroh
1

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Mercu Buana, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Abstract

Lane detection is one of the key steps for developing driver assistance and vehicle automation features. A number of techniques are available for lane detection as part of computer vision tools to perform lane detection with different levels of accuracies. In this paper a unique method has been proposed for lane detection based on dynamic origin (DOT). This method provides better flexibility to adjust the outcome as per the specific needs of the intended application compared to other techniques. As the method offers better degree of control during the lane detection process, it can be adapted to detect lanes in varied situations like poor lighting or low quality road markings. Moreover, the Piecewise Linear Stretching Function (PLSF) has also been incorporated into the proposed method to improve the contrast of the input image source. Adding the PLSF method to the proposed lane detection technique, has significantly improved the accuracy of lane detection when compared to hough transform method from 87.88% to 98.25% in day light situations and from 94.15% to 97% in low light situations.
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Bibliography

[1] V. Gaikwad, S. Lokhande, “Lane departure identification for advanced driver assistance,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems., 2015, 16(2): 910–918.
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[8] Prashanth Viswanath, Pramod Swami, “A Robust and Real -Time Image Based Lane Departure Warning System,” IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics, 2016.
[9] Minghua Niu, Jianmin Zhang, Gen Li, “Research on the Algorithms of Lane Recognition based on Machine Vision,” International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, 2015, 8(4).
[10] Gulivindala Suresh,Chanamallu Srinivasa Rao, “Localization of Copy-Move Forgery in Digital Images through Differential Excitation Texture Features,” International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, 2019, 12(2).
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[12] D. Kragic, L. Petersson and H.I. Christensen, “Visually guided manipulation tasks,” Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 2002, 40(2/3):193-203.
[13] J.W. Lee, “A machine vision system for lane departure detection. Computing,” Vision Image Understanding, 2002, 86(1): 52–78.
[14] J. Melo, A. Naftel, A. Bernardino, J. Santos, “Detection and classification of highway lanes using vehicle motion trajectories,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2006, 7(2): 188–200.
[15] Chaiwat Nuthong; Theekapun Charoenpong, “Lane detection using smoothing,” 3rd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, 2010, 989-993.
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[18] H. Xu, H. Li, “Study on a robust approach of lane departure warning algorithm,” IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing System (ICSPS), 2010, 201–204.
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[31] P.Maya, C.Tharini, “Performance Analysis of Lane Detection Algorithm using Partial Hough Transform,” 21st International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT'2020), 2020, Egypt.
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Authors and Affiliations

P. Maya
1
C. Tharini
2

  1. B S Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
  2. B S Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology,Chennai, India
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Abstract

This paper deals with a Continuous Stiffness Degradation (CSD) version of advanced analysis of braced steel framing. It is based on the gradual stiffness degradation concept of frame and truss members. A novelty of the approach presented herein is related to the introduction of the bracing member response in the whole range of its behaviour in tension and compression, including the post-limit range. The validation of the proposed advanced analysis is performed for braced framework with rolled angle section braces. The validation of the brace force-deformation model has been presented in the author’s earlier publication. The basis for the presented CSD advanced analysis is briefly summarized and its difference with regard to the Refined Plastic Hinge (RPH) version of advanced analysis is emphasized. Experimental investigations dealing with tests on portal braced sub-frame specimens are referred to briefly. Results of the experimental investigations are presented in the form of a frame global response and they are used for the validation of the developed computational model.

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Authors and Affiliations

A.M. Barszcz
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Abstract

Cracks in concrete are inevitable but fortunately cracking enables the structures to get rid of its bending moment peaks. The reduction is due to the redistribution of the load induced moments and cut of the temperatureimposed moments. However, cracking becomes completely harmless if the crack widths are controlled properly by reinforcement. In this regard a method for crack width prediction is presented in this paper which thanks its reliability is widely accepted in the standards EN 13084, CICIND and DIN 1056.

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Noakowski
A. Harling
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Abstract

Industry 4.0 promises to make manufacturing processes more efficient using modern technologies like cyber-physical systems, internet of things, cloud computing and big data analytics. Lean Management (LM) is one of the most widely applied business strategies in recent decades. Thus, implementing Industry 4.0 mostly means integrating technologies in companies that already operate according to LM. However, due to the novelty of the topic, research on how LM and Industry 4.0 can be integrated is still under development. This paper explores the synergic relationship between these two domains by identifying six examples of real cases that address LM-Industry 4.0 integration in the extant literature. The goal is to make explicit the best practices that are being implemented by six distinct industrial sectors
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Authors and Affiliations

Beatrice Paiva Santos
1
Daisy Valle Enrique
1 2
Vinicius B.P. Maciel
1
Tânia Miranda Lima
1
Fernando Charrua-Santos
1
Renata Walczak
3

  1. Electromechanical Department, C-MAST, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
  2. Industrial Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
  3. University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Influenced by the dynamic pressure of the front abutment pressure and the lateral abutment pressure, large deformation of surrounding rock occurs advancing working face in the entry heading adjacent to the active longwall mining face. Based on the cause analysis of entry large deformation, a new technology was put forward to solve the problem, and the designing method of drilling hole parameters for directional hydraulic fracturing was formed. Holes are drilled in the entry or in the high drainage entry to a certain rock layer over the adjacent working face, hydraulic cutting or slotting at the bottom of a borehole were also applied in advance to guide the hydraulic fractures extend in expected direction, through which the hard roof above the coal pillar can be cut off directionally. As a result, the stress concentration around the entry was transferred, and the entry was located in a destressing area. The field test at Majialiang coal mine indicates that the propagation length of cracks in single borehole is more than 15 m. After hydraulic fracturing, the large deformation range of the entry is reduced by 45 m, the average floor heave is reduced by 70%, and the average convergence of the entry’s two sides is reduced by 65%. Directional hydraulic fracturing has a better performance to control the large deformation of the dynamic pressure of the entry heading adjacent to the advancing coal face. Besides, it can improve the performance of the safety production.

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Authors and Affiliations

Bingxiang Huang
Xinglong Zhao
Jian Ma
ORCID: ORCID
Tianyuan Sun
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Abstract

Wireless sensor network is a dynamic field of networking and communication because of its increasing demand in critical Industrial and Robotics applications. Clustering is the technique mainly used in the WSN to deal with large load density for efficient energy conservation. Formation of number of duplicate clusters in the clustering algorithm decreases the throughput and network lifetime of WSN. To deal with this problem, advance distributive energy-efficient adaptive clustering protocol with sleep/wake scheduling algorithm (DEACP-S/W) for the selection of optimal cluster head is presented in this paper. The presented sleep/wake cluster head scheduling along with distributive adaptive clustering protocol helps in reducing the transmission delay by properly balancing of load among nodes. The performance of algorithm is evaluated on the basis of network lifetime, throughput, average residual energy, packet delivered to the base station (BS) and CH of nodes. The results are compared with standard LEACH and DEACP protocols and it is observed that the proposed protocol performs better than existing algorithms. Throughput is improved by 8.1% over LEACH and by 2.7% over DEACP. Average residual energy is increased by 6.4% over LEACH and by 4% over DEACP. Also, the network is operable for nearly 33% more rounds compared to these reference algorithms which ultimately results in increasing lifetime of the Wireless Sensor Network.
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Bibliography

[1] K. Sohraby, D. Minoli, T. Znati, “Wireless sensor networks: technology, protocols, and applications,” John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
[2] K. Pavai, A. Sivagami and D. Sridharan, "Study of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks,” 2009 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Control and Telecommunication Technologies, Trivandrum, Kerala, 2009, pp. 522-525.
[3] D. Goyal and M. R. Tripathy, "Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey,"2012 Second International Conference on Advanced Computing & Communication Technologies, Rohtak, Haryana, 2012, pp. 474-480.
[4] NasirSaeed, Ahmed Bader, T.Y. Al-Naffouri, Mohamed-slim Alouini, “When Wireless Communication Faces COVID-19: Combating the Pandemic and Saving the Economy,” Research Gate Journal, May 2020.
[5] Jitendra Singh, Rakesh Kumar, “Clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks: A review,” 2nd International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development, May 2015.
[6] S. Misra and R. Kumar, "A literature survey on various clustering approaches in wireless sensor network," IEEE 2nd International Conference on Communication Control and Intelligent Systems (CCIS), Mathura, 2016, pp. 18-22.
[7] S. Mishra, R. Bano, S. Kumar and V. Dixit, "A literature survey on routing protocol in wireless sensor network," IEEE International Conference on Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS), Coimbatore, 2017, pp. 1-4.
[8] Kalyani Wankhede, Sumedha Sirsikar, “Review of Clustering Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks,” International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Computer (IJAFRC), Volume 1, Issue 11, November 2014, pp.126-133.
[9] Sangho Yi, Junyoung Heo, Yookun Cho and Jiman Hong b, “PEACH: Power-efficient and adaptive clustering hierarch protocol for wireless sensor networks,” Computer Communications, ELSEVIER, 23 June 2007, pp. 2842–2852.
[10] K. T. Kim and H. Y. Youn, “Energy-Driven Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (EDACH) for Wireless Sensor Networks,” International Federation of Info. Processing, vol. 3823, Dec. 2005, pp. 1098–1107.
[11] V. Loscri, G. Morabito and S. Marano, “A Two-Level Hierarchy for Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy(TL-LEACH),” IEEE Proceedings of Vehicular Technology Conference, vol. 3, 2005, pp. 1809-1813.
[12] S. Nasr, M. Quwaider, “LEACH Protocol Enhancement for Increasing WSN Lifetime,” 2020 11th International Conference on Information and Communication Systems (ICICS), April 2020, pp. 102-107.
[13] M. Kaddi, Z. Khalili, M. Bruchra, “A Differential Evolution Based Clustering and Routing Protocol for WSN,” 2020 International Conference on Mathematics and Information Technology, March 2020, pp. 190-195.
[14] G. Malshetty, B. Mathapati, “Efficient Clustering in WSN-Cloud using LBSO (Load Based Self Organised) technique,” Third International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics(ICOEI), October 2019, pp. 1243-1247.
[15] K. Dubey, A. Yadav, P. Kumar, P. Shekar, P. Rajput, S. Kumar, “Power Optimization Algorithm for Heterogeneous WSN using Multiple Attributes,” Proceedings of Third International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC), August 2019, pp. 294-299.
[16] O. Younis, S. Fahmy, “HEED: A Hybrid Energy-Efficient Distributed Clustering Approach for Ad Hoc Sensor Networks,” IEEE Transactions on mobile computing, vol. 3(4) , 2004, pp. 1-36
[17] A. Manjeshwar, D. P. Agrawal, “TEEN: A Routing Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks,” 15th International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS), 23–27 April 2001, pp. 2009–2015.
[18] A. Manjeshwar, D. P. Agrawal, “APTEEN: A Hybrid Protocol for Efficient Routing and Comprehensive Information Retrieval in Wireless Sensor Networks,” 2nd International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing,” April 2002, pp. 195–202.
[19] Chirihane Gherbi, Zibouda Aliouat, Mohamed Benmohammed, “A Novel Load Balancing Scheduling Algorithm For Wireless Sensor Networks,” Journal of Network And Systems Management (2019) 27, pp. 430–462.
[20] Heinzelman W,Chandrakasan A and Balakrishnan H, "Energy-Efficient Communication Protocols for Wireless Microsensor Networks," Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaaian International Conference on Systems Science (HICSS), January 2000.
[21] JiuqiangXu, Wei Liu, Fenggao Lang, Yuanyuan Zhang, Chenglong Wang, “Distance Measurement Model Based on RSSI in WSN,” Scientific Research Journal on Wireless Sensor Network, August 2010, pp. 606-611
[22] Nazir Babar, Hasbullah Halabi & Madani Sajjad, “Sleep/wake scheduling scheme for minimizing end-to-end delay in multi-hop wireless sensor networks,” EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2011, art. no 92. doi: 10.1186/1687-1499-2011-92.

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Authors and Affiliations

Shankar D. Chavan
1
Shahaji R. Jagdale
1
Dhanashree A. Kulkarni
1
Sneha R. Jadhav
1

  1. Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri, Pune
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Abstract

This paper is entirely devoted to practical aspects of direct design and assessment of safety and serviceability of steel planar framework using advanced analysis. The development of advanced analysis has been driven by a desire for a more accurate representation of the behaviour of planar framework by considering the beam and spring numerical modelling technique together with plasticity and geometrically nonlinear effects as well as structural imperfections accounted for. The validated 2D version of CSD advanced analysis developed by the author is used in this paper for its practical application towards the resistance and serviceability assessment of existing simple construction framework. This steel braced frame was a subject of technical expertise. The same structure geometry but with different joint detailing is then considered to show how the effect of joint properties may affect the braced frame performance. Results of investigations are presented in the form of frame global response at both the ultimate limit state and the serviceability limit state, and also in the form of member local responses. Conclusions with regard to general design and assessment practice are drawn.

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Authors and Affiliations

A.M. Barszcz

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