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Number of results: 35
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Abstract

The poor energy situation in most African countries manifests itself in very low access to energy and high energy poverty. To address these problems, and drive towards achieving universal energy access, African nations have, in recent time, directed attention to governance issues in energy resource development through building relevant institutions, strengthening legal frameworks, designing policies, ensuring cooperation, and harnessing investments. The concern for a governance approach to energy development is partly due to the submission that the core reason for poor energy delivery is ineffective energy governance. This study is based on Southern Africa and intends to examine the current energy access situation and explore the existing energy governance initiatives. The study used three measures of energy access (national, rural and urban) and energy consumption in order to examine the existing energy situation. The governance actions were examined by looking at national energy policies, energy partnerships (private sector, development partners), and sub-regional power pools. The study observes that the generally poor energy situation in Africa is evident in the Southern African countries. Governance actions are found to be multisource and multilevel. While these actions confirm the seriousness of the stakeholders in addressing the poor energy situation; results have been minimal. Thus, there is a need for more vigorous efforts in implementing the energy policies, engaging the private sector and creating productive cooperation among energy delivery stakeholders.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yekeen Adeeyo Sanusi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Chukwudi Bernhard Ohadugha
2
Valda Itunu Martins
2
Sheriffdeen Akande Olaide
1

  1. Urban and Regional Planning, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
  2. Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
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Abstract

In the era of an aging society, age friendly cities planning is gaining in importance. Due to the low mobility of these people, it is important to plan their immediate living environment, ensuring access to facilities and areas that meet the basic needs of this special group of urban space users. The paper analyzes the potential accessibility of older people to green areas, sports and recreation facilities, service and commercial facilities, culture and health care facilities, and public transport stops, in order to delimit problem areas characterized by functional and spatial deficits in this area. In addition, the level and quality of accessibility of older people to the abovementioned elements of development.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Lechowska
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Abstract

In the Act on Revitalization of 9 October 2015, for the first time in Poland, the legal act introduced the necessity to apply the principles of universal design (Article 3 paragraph 2 point 3). The practice of investment processes in crisis areas shows that the requirements set out in the Act are not properly implemented. Regeneration processes require attention to improve the quality of life of residents. The article presents issues related to the implementation of universal design principles during revitalization processes. There is a noticeable lack of interest in this issue despite the fact that it is one of the three tasks set before local governments in the Revitalization Act, after social participation and support for people at risk of exclusion in the area of housing. The reasons for this state should be seen in a small knowledge of the issue, deficiencies in the educational process of designers and poor control on the part of local governments and central authorities. This is due to conservation conditions, which often misinterpret the right to protect cultural heritage. The self-government as its own task should guarantee the possibility of using the positive effects of the revitalization process, in particular the implementation of residents’ rights to an independent and dignifi ed life, which is required by the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Wysocki
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Abstract

Access logs may offer service providers a lot of information about specific users. Depending on the type of the service offers, the operator is capable of obtaining the user’s IP, location, communication habits, device information and so on. In this paper, we analyze a sample instant messenger service that is operating for a certain period of time. In our sandbox, we gathered enough data to correlate user communication habits with their localization, and even contacts. We show how seriously metadata may impact the user’s privacy and make some recommendations about mitigating the quantity of data collected in connection with this type of services.

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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Glet
Kamil Kaczyński
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Abstract

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) with Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) is one of the promising techniques proposed for 5G systems. It allows multiple users with different channel coefficients to share the same (time/frequency) resources by allocating several levels of (power/code) to them. In this article, a design of a cooperative scheme for the uplink NOMA Wi-Fi transmission (according to IEEE 802.11 standards) is investigated. Various channel models are exploited to examine the system throughput. Convolutional coding in conformance to IEEE 802.11a/g is applied to evaluate the system performance. The simulation results have been addressed to give a clear picture of the performance of the investigated system.

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Authors and Affiliations

Hind Salim Ghazi
Krzysztof Wesołowski
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Abstract

In this study, the concepts of simultaneous user association and resource allocation in non-orthogonal multiple access systems have been investigated. Subscribers are randomly distributed in them. In the paper, a novel cooperative energy harvesting model is introduced so that user equipment near to the base stations acts as relay for further subscribers. In order to consider the local limitations of alternative energy resources, it was assumed that alternative energy would be shared among the base stations by means of the dynamic grid network. In this architecture, non-orthogonal resource allocation and user association frameworks should be reconfigured because conventional schemes use orthogonal multiple access. Hence, this paper suggests a novel approach to joint optimum cooperative power allocation and user association techniques to achieve a maximum degree of energy efficiency for the whole system in which the quality of experience parameters are assumed to be bounded during multi-cell multicast sessions. The model was also modified to develop joint multi-layered resource control and user association that can distinguish the service pattern in cooperative energy heterogeneous systems with non-orthogonal multiple access to obtain more resource optimality than in the current approaches. The effectiveness of the suggested approach is confirmed by numerical results. Also, the results reveal that non-orthogonal multiple access can provide greater energy efficiency than the conventional orthogonal multiple access approaches such as e.g. the MAX-SINR scheme.

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Authors and Affiliations

S.H. HosseiniNazhad
M. Shafieezadeh
A. Ghanbari
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Abstract

Urban green spaces (UGS) play an important role in the structure of urbanized areas. Providing adequate access to them may contribute to shaping more pro-health behaviours among city residents. There are many proven benefits of access to UGS. They can have a significant impact on improving mental and physical health. The proximity of green areas in a city has a positive impact on basic environmental indicators: they improve air quality, contribute to reducing the urban heat island effect and are places conducive for socializing. In a world dominated by cars and a sedentary lifestyle, it is difficult to find time to be physically active. Therefore, the presence of park spaces can significantly affect the provision of the required minimum levels of physical activity. The subject of interest of this article is a review of selected academic publications, whose authors attempted to create objective tools for measuring the accessibility of green spaces in an urban environment. The study contains a tabular list of selected research methods and defines the basic purpose of each study and data source. Green area accessibility indices can be an important tool in shaping the spatial policy of cities. Summarizing the academic achievements in this field may constitute an incentive to conduct research of a similar nature and significance in Poland. Effective mapping of accessibility indices may become a clear tool for communication between local governments responsible for making key decisions in cities and the Polish academic community.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karolina Dudzic-Gyurkovich
1
ORCID: ORCID
Carlos Marmolejo Duarte
2
ORCID: ORCID
Damian Poklewski-Koziełł
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture
  2. Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona School of Architecture, Architecture Technology Department, Centre for Land Policy and Valuations
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Abstract

The state of development, the existing and emerging forms of development, the intensity and legibility of settlement systems, all this is essential for the living conditions of urban residents, their surroundings and peripheral systems. The purpose of the article is to assess the accessibility to market and public services by estimating the distance to these services from housing facilities in Poland. The use of the residential dispersion ratio (RDR) and an analysis of the spatial distribution of municipalities with the highest values of the coefficient allows to identify areas where accessibility to public and market services is weak.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Gibas
Krystian Heffner
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Abstract

Optimization in mine planning could improve the economic benefit for mining companies. The main optimization contents in an underground mine includes stope layout, access layout and production scheduling. It is common to optimize each part sequentially, where optimal results from one phase are treated as the input for the next phase. The production schedule is based on the mining design. Access layout plays an important role in determining the connection relationships between stopes. This paper proposes a shortest-path search algorithm to design a network that automatically connects each stope. Access layout optimization is treated as a network flow problem. Stopes are viewed as nodes, and the roads between the stopes are regarded as edges. Moreover, the decline location influences the ore transport paths and haul distances. Tree diagrams of the ore transportation path are analyzed when each stope location is treated as an alternative decline location. The optimal decline location is chosen by an enumeration method. Then, Integer Programming (IP) is used to optimize the production scheduling process and maximize the Net Present Value (NPV). The extension sequence of access excavation and stope extraction is taken into account in the optimization model to balance access development and stope mining. These optimization models are validated in an application involving a hypothetical gold deposit, and the results demonstrate that the new approach can provide a more realistic solution compared with those of traditional approaches.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jie Hou
Guoqing Li
Nailian Hu
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Abstract

The paper focuses on the issue of the planning of recreational and leisure areas in the context of green spaces in the city. The study examines urban indicators created for sporting and recreational spaces as well as urban green areas. In addition, the current recreational potential of green areas in the city of Krakow is also assessed. The study period includes the years 1945–2021. The paper considers risks associated with the interpretation of rankings of the degree to which green areas are available in the city and subsequently provides a number of conclusions. The key conclusion in the paper is that Kraków possesses an immense recreational and leisure potential that is not evenly distributed in the city. This potential can be used in the design of urban recreational areas. One problem examined here is the issue of asymmetric access to such areas. Finally, the paper looks at the concept of ‘available green space’ and attempts to redefine it.
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Authors and Affiliations

Laura Kochel
1
ORCID: ORCID
Miłosz Zieliński
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Economics, College of Public Economy and Administration, Department of Spatial Development
  2. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Chair of Landscape Architecture
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Abstract

The matter of the accessibility of the human living environment and adapting it to (often highly diverse) user needs is not new, yet not all of its fields have had proper models and universal design guidelines prepared for them. Open learning and recreation zones that are accessible to all users and which correspond to their various needs are a sign of a new way of thinking about the role of urban spaces. This paper is intended to both familiarise readers with a model solution — Darrell’s Dream Boundless Playground and formulate guidelines that could aid in the construction of new, barrier-free spaces of this type.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paulina Tota
1

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Institute of Urban Design
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Abstract

The fate of European citizens living in the United Kingdom was a key issue linked with Britain’s departure from the European Union. Official statistics show that some outflow has taken place, but it was no Brexodus. This article investigates Brexit’s impact within a theoretical (push–pull) framework using a survey of long-term Polish migrants in the UK (CAPI, N = 472, conducted in 2018). Our results show that the perception of Brexit as a factor discouraging migrants from staying in the UK was limited. Still, those with experience of living in other countries, those remitting to Poland, and those on welfare benefits, were more likely to find Brexit discouraging. However, many claimed that the referendum nudged them towards extending their stay instead of shortening it. In general, when asked about what encourages/discourages them from staying in the UK, the respondents mainly chose factors related to the job market. Therefore, we argue, in line with Kilkey and Ryan (2020), that the referendum was an unsettling event – but, considering the strong economic incentives for Polish migrants to stay in the UK, we can expect Brexit to have a limited influence on any further outflows of migrants, as long as Britain’s economic situation does not deteriorate.

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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Jancewicz
Weronika Kloc-Nowak
ORCID: ORCID
Dominika Pszczółkowska
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Abstract

This paper draws on an anthropological perspective on social security to explore the complex ways in which Czech- and Slovak-speaking migrants living in Glasgow negotiated their healthcare concerns and built security in the city and beyond. It is based on 12 months of ethnographic research conducted in 2012 with migrants who moved to Glasgow after 2004. Inquiring into healthcare issues and the re-sulting insecurities from the migrants’ perspective and in their everyday lives, the paper demonstrates how these issues were largely informed by migrants’ experiences of ‘uncaring care’ in Glasgow, rather than due to their lack of knowledge or understanding of the Scottish/UK health system. Furthermore, the findings reveal how these migrants drew on multiple resources and forms of support and care – both locally and transnationally – in order to mitigate and overcome their health problems. At the same time, the analysis also highlights constraints and limitations to the actors’ care negotiations, thus going be-yond a functional approach to social security, which tends to overlook instances of ‘unsuccessful’ or unrealised care arrangements. In conclusion, I propose that migrants’ care negotiations can be best understood as an ongoing process of exploring potentialities of care by actively and creatively opening up, probing, rearranging and trying out sources of support and care in their efforts to deal with per-ceived risks and insecurities in their everyday lives.

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Authors and Affiliations

Taulant Guma

Authors and Affiliations

Rana M. Nassar
1
Ashraf A. M. Khalaf
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ghada M. El-Banby
2
Fathi E. Abd El-Samie
3 4
Aziza I. Hussein
5
ORCID: ORCID
Walid El-Shafai
3 6

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minia 61111, Egypt
  2.   Department of Industrial Electronics and Control Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf 32952, Egypt
  3. Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf 32952, Egypt
  4. Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdurrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia
  5. Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Effat University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  6.  Security Engineering Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract

This research proposed a model of Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) scheme which is one of the techniques used in reducing collision and usually prioritized due to its contention window to determine the impact of distance change on the IEEE 802.11 ah standard. The proposed model was analyzed using the Markov Chain approach to determine the effect of distance change on collisions levels while the numerical were simulated using MATLAB. Moreover, the Markov chain solution was used to evaluate parameters such as throughput, energy consumption, and delay. The results showed the increment in RAW slot duration and the distance change for each station can reduce the performance on the standard and the scenario when the RAW slot duration was changed by 50 ms performed better than 100 ms and 250 ms.
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Authors and Affiliations

Doan Perdana
1
Amirah Amaliah Sakhrul
1
Bayu Erfianto
1
Abdul Aziz Marwan
1

  1. Telkom University, Indonesia
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Abstract

This study explores the accessibility to foreigners of the information written in Italian on how to apply for a residence permit, considering the negative consequences that failure or partial comprehension of the texts could have on their lives. The results show, from the lexical viewpoint, how potentially difficult it might be to understand these texts: in the corpus used, only approximately 10% of the lemmas correspond to the CEFR A2 level and 33% of the lemmas fall within the basic vocabulary, as defined by De Mauro in the Grande Dizionario Italiano dell’Uso.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yuka Naito
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Università degli Studi di Pavia
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Abstract

This is a preliminary analysis of issues resulting from comparing two images present in the Indian tradition, in their Buddhist (‘device’ guarding the relics of the Buddha) and Epic (‘device’ guarding the Elixir of Immortality) variants. Both images are located within the range of the notions of the sacred. That complicates but does not prevent the reconstruction of ideological messages directed to their prospective recipients. They are illustrated by the fate of the ‘holy substance’ obtained after breaking into and destroying both devices. The first one sanctifies the principles of free access and free participation, the second – of inherited privilege and inherited exclusion.
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Authors and Affiliations

Artur Karp
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

This paper compares the idea of the Human Smart City, that Polish cities plan to implement in terms of sustainable mobility, with the solutions implemented by leading Polish cities in this field. Documents developed by the European Commission — Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs) — are an important element contributing to the development of active mobility. This study investigates to what extent Polish cities — which implement sustainable mobility as an element of the smart city idea — are simultaneously applying measures to increase the accessibility of active mobility forms and the directions, tools and methods that are used. The analysis includes solutions developed in eight Polish cities — beneficiaries of the competition of the Ministry of Development Funds and Regional Policy ‘Human Smart City: Smart cities co-created by residents’. These are compared with solutions implemented by three cities that are leaders in sustainable mobility implementation in Poland.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Elżbieta Krasowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Szewczenko
2
ORCID: ORCID
Barbara Rożałowska
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin Faculty of Architecture
  2. Silesian Technical University Faculty of Architecture
  3. Silesian Technical University Faculty of Organization and Management
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Abstract

A novel non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme is proposed to improve the throughput and the outage probability of the cognitive radio (CR) inspired system which has been implemented to adapt multiple services in the nextgeneration network (5G). In the proposed scheme, the primary source (PS) had sent a superposition code symbol with a predefined power allocation to relays, it decoded and forwarded (DF) a new superposition coded symbol to the destination with the other power allocation. By using a dual antenna at relays, it will be improved the bandwidth efficiency in such CR NOMA scheme. The performance of the system is evaluated based on the outage probability and the throughput with the assumption of the Rayleigh fading channels. According to the results obtained, it is shown that the outage probability and throughput of the proposed full-duplex (FD) in CR-NOMA with reasonable parameters can be able deploy in practical design as illustration in numerical results section.

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Authors and Affiliations

Thanh-Nam Tran
Dinh-Thuan Do
Miroslav Voznak
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Abstract

In order to minimize the receiver complexity and improve the performance of the spectral amplitude coding - optical code division multiple access system, a novel one-dimensional zero cross-correlation code using Pascal’s triangle matrix has been suggested. This research article shows that the position of chip “1” in the code sequences is one of the important factors affecting system performance. In fact, mathematical results show that, for the all-wavelength direct detection, it is possible to reduce the number of filters without sacrificing system performance. In addition, compared to one-wavelength direct detection, the signal-to-noise ratio value is increased with an increasing weight by using wide-bandwidth filters as decoders. Performance of the proposed system in terms of the minimum bit error rate is validated using the OptiSystem software. Compared with the previous systems at 622 Mbps, the suggested system gave the best values of bit error rate of around 10−43, 10−35, and 10−26 for higher, medium, and lower service demand, respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Samia Driz
1
Benattou Fassi
1
Chahinaz Kandouci
1
Fodil Ghali
1

  1. Telecommunications and Digital Signal Processing Laboratory, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel Abbes, 22000 Algeria
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Abstract

Along with the growth of the population of a city, the need for the availability and accessibility of green areas for all population categories, regardless of age, financial capabilities, legal requirements, time, physical barriers, and most importantly — distance, increases, as green areas are important for maintaining physical and mental health of city residents. In Lviv, the area of public green areas per inhabitant significantly exceeds state norms. However, due to the uneven distribution of these areas in the city’s structure, some of the residents have problems with accessing them. Proposals of the development of the city’s green areas do not account for accessibility, which makes it impossible to improve it in the future due to the impossibility of reserving land for the development of such greened zones. In order to equalize the anthropogenic load and ensure that all residents have access to natural areas, an assessment of the territory of the city of Lviv was carried out in accordance with the green area pedestrian accessibility standard. Zones with an urgent need for the development of public-use green areas use were identified and methods of solving of this problem were proposed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Halyna Petryshyn
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nataliya Danylko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maryna Peleshchak
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lviv Polytechnic National University, Department of Urban Planning and Urban Design
  2. Lviv City Council, Office of Architecture and Urban Planning
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Abstract

The aim of this article is to provide an empirical test of the model of non-economic transfers by migrants such as values, attitudes, behaviours, lifestyles, transnational social networks, know-how, skills and knowledge. The first part of the article discusses the current state of Polish society, identifies the direc-tion of social change in Poland since 1989 and analyses the mutual dependency between social change and migration. The second section offers the analytical model and describes how existing empirical data from official statistics and research reports as well as the author’s own research projects have been analysed. The crucial element of the model is the notion of ‘closure’, defined as any factor that makes the migrants’ non-economic transfers difficult or impossible. Within each of the three categories of closure – socio-economic, cultural and psycho-social – more specific barriers to non-economic trans-fers are tested, e.g., lack of cohesive policy towards return migrants, social narratives on migration or ‘homecomer syndrome’. The analysis leads to the conclusion that, however difficult the measurement of the impact of return migration on social change at this stage, return migrants’ transfers are accelerating the process of social change in Poland towards the model of well-developed, post-modern Western societies, whereas closures impede this process.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mariusz Dzięgielewski
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Abstract

This article proposes and examines a solution in which the base-station for the fifth generation radio access network is simplified by using a single millimeter-wave oscillator in the central-station and distributing its millimeter-wave signal to the base-stations. The system is designed in such a way that the low-phase-noise signal generated by an opto-electronic oscillator is transmitted from the central-station to multiple base-stations via a passive optical network infrastructure. A novel flexible approach with a single-loop opto-electronic oscillator at the transmitting end and a tunable dispersion-compensation module at the receiving end(s) is proposed to distribute a power-penalty-free millimeter-wave signal in the radio access network. Power-penalty-free signal transmission from 10 MHz up to 45 GHz with an optical length of 20 km is achieved by a combination of a tunable dispersion-compensation module and an optical delay line. In addition, measurements with a fixed modulation frequency of 39 GHz and discretely incrementing optical fiber lengths from 0.625 km to 20 km are shown. Finally, a preliminary idea for an automatically controlled feedback-loop tuning system is proposed as a further research entry point.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. A. Ilgaz
K. Vuk Baliž
B. Batagelj

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