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Number of results: 28
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Abstract

The Old Believers appeared on the Polish territories in 18th century. They are a bilingual community. They use Russian dialect and Polish language, depending on communicative situation. Polish influence on the Old Believers’ dialect increased after two World Wars, when they became separated from their co-religionists in other countries and had more often contacts with Polish neighbours. In Old Believers’ Russian dialect more and more Polish elements are noticable, especially in lexis. In the technical terminology there are a lot of borrowings from Polish language caused above all by the civilization progress. The aim of this article is to analyze the lexis borrowed from Polish language in the field of technics in Russian dialect of the Old Believers of Suwałki-Augustów Region and furthermore confront it with the material gathered in “Słownik gwary staroobrzędowców mieszkających w Polsce” (1980 a.d.). The gathered material was analyzed paying special attention to assimilation to the Russian dialect.

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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Grupa-Dolińska
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Abstract

Polish has been influenced by other languages in a variety of ways – bringing in not only new words but also syntactic borrowings. Syntactic calques from English, increasingly common in recent years, often lead to unnatural-sounding or unnecessarily complex sentence structures in Polish.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mariusz Górnicz
1

  1. Institute of Specialized and InterculturalCommunication, University in Warsaw
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Abstract

This article deals with the etymology of three Polish words: przyzwoity, wyśmienity and rubaszny. All three should probably be considered native formations. Przyzwoity (in the older version przywoity, also przyzwoisty) in genetic terms should probably be combined with the verb wić: *przy‑wić > * przy‑wój > * prz‑woj‑ity. Wyśmienity – according to A. Brückner's hypothesis – derives from the hypothetical preform of pol. * wyśmień ‘height’. Rubaszny, on the other hand, is also the result of native derivational processes and derives from the Polish adjective gruby in the sense of undelicate, simple, unsophisticated, uncouth, coarse, rude’: * (g)ruby > * (g)rubacha > * (g)rubaszny.
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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Fałowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Jagielloński Kraków
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Abstract

The article opens a series of etymological research deal with selected lexical units with not clear etymology in the Polish language. Two lexemes - berek and zbereźnik are analysed in this paper. The first of them could be borrowed from Hebrew or may have an etymological connection with the verb brać. The second one, due to the phonetic feature (pleophony -ere-), probably comes from the Ukrainian language (cf. in Hutsul culture beréza means a main figure among carollers; the staroste (master of ceremonies) at the wedding’).
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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Fałowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Eastern Slavonic Studies, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The subject of this review is the monograph of Marta Vojteková on the new compounds with initial baseoids of foreign origin in contemporary Polish.
The author describes Polish lexicon occurring in the Polish press in 2001–2005 excerpted from the work by Teresa Smółkowa (ed.), Nowe słownictwo polskie. Materiały z prasy lat 2001–2005. Vojteková presents the set of 276 baseoids occurring as the initial part of compounds gathered as a dictionary, which can serve as a starting point for the preparation new neological sources or for further linguistic research on baseoids.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sylwia Sojda
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. The Institute of Liguistics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Abstract

The author discusses the importance of Wiesław Boryś' etymological dictionary of the Polish language for research on the semantic derivation in Polish and Macedonian conducted at the Research Center of Areal Linguistics at the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Skopje.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zuzanna Topolińska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Macedońska Akademia Nauk i Sztuk, Centrum Badawcze Lingwistyki Arealnej im. Božidara Vidoeskiego, Skopje
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Abstract

The hydronym Szywra refers to the small river in the Warta basin flowing in the central part of Greater Poland. Although its name remained unclear for most of the researchers, it was believed to be of Pre-Slavic or Balto-Slavic origin. The paper reveals that these hypotheses were based on the wrong interpretation of the source material, and provides a new etymology for the name Szywra. Based on the critical analysis of all of the reachable records of names referring to the river Szywra, it has been proven that its Polish name is an adaptation of the former German name Schieferbach. Such a process was possible due to the long-term bilingual situation in the region of Greater Poland.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Swoboda
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Abstract

This paper is devoted to the surname changes performed through administrative channels in the interwar period. The research is based on the announcements of the “Official Gazette of the Republic of Poland” in 1929. The author describes main reasons for the decisions of surname changes taking into account characteristics of avoided surnames and chosen demographic tendencies, especially those connected with the age and profession of applicants. People of Jewish origin, Poles and representatives of other nationalities showed different motives for surname changes. Jews most frequently changed their surnames due to legal reasons — they wanted to legalize the unlawful use of a surname of the so-called ritual father. The changes carried out under the motive of assimilation occurred definitely less often. Non-Jewish applicants changed mainly appellative names, especially those derived from words related to animals. After comparing tendencies occurring before and after World War II one concludes that besides legal and assimilation factors which are particular to the pre-war decades (connected with the ethnic, legal and religious situation of the time), the remaining reasons for the surname changes are universal and do not distinguish the pre-war period from that of the post-war.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Woźniak
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Abstract

The International Classification of Function, Health and Disability (ICF) underscores a functional approach to aphasia assessment and therapy. The widespread uptake of the ICF necessitates a reflection whether the existing knowledge base on the Polish language of aphasia will permit speech‑language pathologists in Poland to make a strong contribution to this international trend. Using the PRISMA‑ScR methodology, a scoping review was conducted to describe and summarise the current state of research on the impact of aphasia on the subsystems of the Polish language and its mental processing. The findings indicate that although empirical studies of the Polish language of aphasia have so far addressed all the language subsystems, the level of scientific evidence in this area is low and the resulting knowledge base is incomplete and fragmented. There are significant research gaps, particularly in regard to pragmatics and discourse in aphasia, which need to be filled, so that the new empirical evidence can be used to develop functionally oriented and consequence‑based clinical tools and methods.
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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Dębski
1
Paulina Wójcik-Topór
1
Magdalena Knapek
1

  1. Jagiellonian University
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Abstract

The article characterises the artistic language of Vasily Shukshin, laying special emphasis on the role of dialectisms in his short stories, as well as in literature in general. However, the main focus of the article is to point out and analyse the types of equivalents that were used in the Polish renditions by the following translators: I. Bajkowska, Z. Gadzinianka, J. Landesberg, K. Latoniowa, T. G. Lipszyc, E. Niepokólczycka, J. Olszowska, I. Piotrowska, B. Reszko, D. Rymsza‑Zalewska, I. Szpak, A. Wolnicka. Translators utilise various translation equivalents but they do not fully recreate the qualities of the original units. Translators predominantly tend to convey the denotative meaning. As a result translations lose the local flavour of a Siberian village.
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Bibliography

References:

Alekseyeva I., Vvedeniye v perevodovedeniye, Sankt‑Peterburg, Moskva 2004.

Bayramova T.F., «Kak budto perom vytaskivayu iz bumagi zhivyye golosa lyudey…» Osobennosti yazyka prozy Vasiliya Makarovicha Shukshina, [v:] http://www2.bigpi.biysk.ru/wwwsite/viewpage.php?page_id=262.

Chesnokova V.A., Yazyk Shukshina kak obʺyekt perevoda, [v:] Tvorchestvo V.M. Shukshina: entsiklopwdicheskiy slovarʹ‑spravochnik, nauch. red. A.A. Chuvakin, Barnaul: Izdatelʹstvo Altayskogo universiteta 2004, t. 1.

Dejna K., W sprawie tzw. dialektów kresowych, „Język Polski” 1984, nr LXIV.

Fedorov A.I., Sibirskaya dialektnaya frazeologiya, Novosibirsk 1980.

Fedorov A.V., Osnovy obshchey teorii perevoda (lingvisticheskiye problemy), Sankt‑Peterburg 2002.

Gak V.G., «Koverkaniye» ili poddelka, [v:], Tetradi perevodchika, red. L.S. Barkhudarov, Moskva 1966, vyp. 3.

Gierczyńska D., Z zagadnień przekładu rosyjskiej „prozy wiejskiej” na język polski, „Słupskie Prace Humanistyczne” 1996, nr 15a.

Gorn V.F., Vasiliy Shukshin: Lichnostʹ. Knigi, Barnaul 1990.

Intervʹyu s sozdatelem slovarya russkikh govorov Altaya Lyudmiloy Shelepovoy, [v:] https://altapress.ru/afisha/story/intervyu‑s‑sozdatelem‑slovarya‑russkih‑govorov‑altaya‑lyudmiloy-shelepovoy‑106055.

Handke K., Terytorialne odmiany polszczyzny, [w:] Współczesny język polski, red. J. Bartmiński, Lublin 2001.

Komissarov V.N., Sovremennoye perevodovedeniye. Uchebnoye posobiye, Moskva 2002.

Kozinkina O.O., Razgovornaya leksika kak osobaya cherta poetiki V.M. Shukshina, [v:] http://www.pglu.ru/upload/iblock/4fd/uch_2014_vi_08.pdf.

Levitskiy R., K voprosu o perevode dialektnoy i prostorechnoy leksiki, „Przegląd Rusycystyczny” 1985, z. 3 (27).

Lewicki R., Przekład wobec zjawisk podstandardowych. Na materiale polskich przekładów współczesnej prozy rosyjskiej, Lublin 1986.

Lewicki R., Zagadnienia lingwistyki przekładu, Lublin 2017.

Marszałek M., Dialektyzmy dońskie w rosyjsko‑niemieckiej perspektywie leksykograficznej, Bydgoszcz 2002.

Pawlak E., Wasilij Szukszyn, Warszawa 1981.

Rylʹskiy M., Isskustvo perevoda: statʹi, zametki, pisʹma, Moskva 1986.

Shanskiy N.M., Leksikologiya sovremennogo russkogo yazyka, Moskva 1972.

Shelepova L., Leksika russkikh govorov Altaya na slavyanskom fone (po materialam „Istoriko‑etimologicheskogo slovarya russkikh govorov Altaya”), „Vestnik NGU” 2012, t. 11.

Shveytser A.D., Teoriya perevoda, Moskva 1988.

Terlecka M.K., Problem ochrony i reintrodukcji popielicy w Polsce, Krosno 2012.

Tołkaczewski F., Samobytnostʹ Shukshina po‑angliyski (k voprosu o perevode okkazionalizmov), „Slavia Orientalis” 2019, nr 2.

Vinogradov V.S., Perevod: Obshchiye i leksicheskiye voprosy: Uchebnoye posobiye, Moskva 2004.

Vlakhov S., Florin S., Neperevodimoye v perevode, Moskva 1980.
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Authors and Affiliations

Filip Tołkaczewski
1

  1. Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy
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Abstract

We talk about technology, lexicography, and long-forgotten word senses in Polish with Prof. Włodzimierz Gruszczyński from the PAS Institute of the Polish Language, where work is underway on the Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the 17th and 18th Centuries.

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Authors and Affiliations

Włodzimierz Gruszczyński
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Abstract

The subject of this review article is the monograph of the academician Zuzanna Topolińska Polski ~ macedoński: konfrontacja (nie tylko) gramatyczna. 10: Spirala ewolucji (Wrocław: Wrocławskie Towarzystwo Naukowe, 2015), dedicated to the history and typology of Polish, Macedonian and other Slavic languages, refl ecting the many years of fruitful experience of Zuzanna Topolińska in research in this area, as well as in linguistic theory. The author of the review article emphasizes the novelty of this monograph, and the relevance of the issues considered in it, as well as the great importance of the book for Slavic and General linguistics.

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Authors and Affiliations

Предраг Пипер
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Abstract

The author supports the thesis that the semantic derivation presents the basic mechanism enriching our lexical resources.
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Bibliography

Boryś W., 2005, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie.
Murgoski Z., 2011, Tolkoven rečnik na sovremeniot makedonski jazik, vtoro prošireno i preraboteno izdanie, Skopje.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zuzanna Topolińska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Macedońska Akademia Nauk i Sztuk, Centrum Badawcze Lingwistyki Arealnej im. Božidara Vidoeskiego, Skopje
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Abstract

This article researches the debatable issue in semasiology, particularly the origin of an idiom captured in four Slavic languages: Ukrainian zbyty z pantelyku, Russian sbit’ s pantalyku, Belarusian zbits’ z pantalyku, Polish zbić z pantałyku. The subject of analysis is fictional texts and lexicographical sources in which this phraseological unit first appeared. All etymological hypotheses developed by language experts during 19th-20th centuries were dedicated to the explanation of the word «pantelyk». The difficulty of revealing the figurative basis of the expression is due to the fact that this keyword does not belong to the Slavic vocabulary. This circumstance made it complicated to explain how the term «pantelyk» influenced the original figurative meaning of the idiom «seduce out of the right way». The new etymological version, offered by the article’s author, is that the idiom zbyty z pantelyku can be reconstructed as a semantic chain: throw off a course → seduce out of the right way → to throw into confusion → zbyty z pantelyku. The word «pantelyk», which wasn’t a part of any dialect, is a nonce formation or an occasional expression that emerged as a result of a burlesque travesty genre in the poem Eneyida by Ivan Kotlyarevsky.

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Authors and Affiliations

Людмила Даниленко
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Nowadays, the Polish Old Believers live in a language island. Language islands are detached from their ethnolinguistic roots and suffer a constant shortage of language structures. On the one hand, they acquire the language of the dominant group; on the other hand, it is important for them to preserve the language of their ancestors. The Old Believers’ Russian dialect has been influenced by the Polish language for over a century. As a result of the territorial proximity of the Old Believers’ homeland with the compact Belarusian language territory as well as exposure to Belarusian language and its dialects, “Polish” Old Believers’ speech bears many features characteristic for them. The main aim of this paper is to present the prepositions of space in the local dialect of Old Believers in Poland and to describe their characteristics. The “Polish” Old Believers’ narratives investigated in this paper contain many examples of use of the prepositions of space typical for their indigenous dialects as well as the Belarusian language and dialects. There are also many examples of use of such prepositions that can be considered as a result of Polish influence on the Russian dialect of Old Believers living in Poland.

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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Jaskólski
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Abstract

The article is devoted to the problem of language interaction in Polish and East Slavic languages phraseology. Polish had a signifi cant impact on the formation of the phraseology of the East Slavic languages of the late XVI – early XIX century, which led to the emergence of similar Polish-Ukrainian-Belarusian-Russian phraseological units. It is often very difficult to determine the donor language. In some cases, the idiom (or proverb) could migrate from one language to another, enriching itself with new elements (in terms of vocabulary or semantics) and returning to the donor language in a new capacity. In the search for the source of phraseology in the article the authors propose to consider the date of the earliest fixation of the unit, the extended context of its use, which may contain linguistic or ethnographic details that help to identify the donor language. The article investigates the origin of one of the most obscure and recalcitrant items in Slavic phraseology: Polish zbić z pantałyku, Belorussian збіць з панталыку, Ukrainian збити з пантелику and Russian сбить с панталыку. In all four languages the meaning is ‘to confuse, befuddle, baffle’. This phraseological expression is shown to be first attested in Ukrainian at the end of the 18th cent.; from Ukrainian it was borrowed into Russian and then migrated into Polish. It is proposed that the expression originated in Ukrainian vernacular on the basis of Polish loanword pontalik ‘ornament, jewel’ adopted in Ukrainian as пантелик.

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Authors and Affiliations

Елена Николаева
ORCID: ORCID
Сергей Николаев
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The subject of the presented article is Bulgarian, Polish and Russian emotive verbs, treated in perspective of syntactic valence. The author examines the grammatical forms of propositional argument in the sentences with emotive verbs that represent pre- dicate-argument structure P (x, q). All forms are divided into several types: observance, compression and splitting. The author shows that in this area we have to deal with analog reflection of propositional structure, or more or less compression of proposition argument, or its dismemberment and doubling syntactic position. The author takes into account the regularity of the implementation of each grammatical form, quoting the relevant quantitative data.

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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksander Kiklewicz
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Abstract

The author of the article focuses her attention on the Polish-language part of the Suprasl Lexicon published in 1722 by the Basilian convent publishing house in Suprasl. In terms of origin the regional vocabulary constitutes two groups. One group, with its parallels in Old Church Slavonic (OCS), exhibits a common Slavonic occurrence. In formal terms, the words register West Slavonic features such as the Polish suffix -ro- in skowroda (OCS сковрада, Ruthenian сковoрoда) or -ło- in tłokno (OCS тлакно, Ruthenian толокно). The provenance of the other group of regional vocabulary is more limited in rangeand we should search for references in the West Ruthenian languages developing within the Polish language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (e.g., brozna, bystrzynia, czerha, muraszczka, muraszcznik, niedonosek, powodyr, przekidczyk, radno). The majority of the analyzed words have been found in 19th-century sources (e.g., dialect dictionaries, Adam Mickiewicz’s literary texts). However, the analysis proves that their chronology begins as early as in the 17th-18th centuries.

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Authors and Affiliations

Lilia Citko
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Abstract

The article analyzes some selected themes that may have been of interest to the Polish expatriates in Brazil, judging by the content of the Gazeta Polska w Brazylii [ The Polish Newspaper in Brazil] after it resumed publication in July 1893 until the end of the year. The analysis reveals that the range of topics which the editors thought attractive to their readers was fairly broad. It included, apart from Brazilian and Polish affairs, information about developments in Germany, Russia, Austro-Hungary, France and Italy.
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Bibliography

„Gazeta Polska w Brazylii” 1893, nr 1–24.
Kaczmarek M., Geneza i rozwój prasy polonijnej oraz emigracyjnej, „Rocznik Prasoznawczy” 2012, t. 6.
Kozłowska J., Polacy w Brazylii, „Rocznik Naukowo-Dydaktyczny WSP w Krakowie. Prace Geograficzne X” 1983, z. 88.
Kula M., Polonia brazylijska, Warszawa 1981. Kula M., Polono-Brazylijczycy i parę kwestii im bliskich, Warszawa 2012.
Kula M., Polska diaspora w Brazylii, [w:] Polska diaspora, red. A. Walaszek, Kraków 2001.
Mazurek J., Kraj a emigracja. Ruch ludowy wobec wychodźstwa chłopskiego do krajów Ameryki Łacińskiej (do 1939 roku), Warszawa 2006.
Mazurek J., Specyfika polskiej emigracji do Brazylii, „Niepodległość i Pamięć” 2020, nr 2.
Mazurek J., Wenczenowicz T.J., de Oliveira M., Polacy pod Krzyżem Południa, Warszawa 2009.
Michalik-Sztumska M., Wychodźstwo polskie w Brazylii. Stan badań nad zagadnieniem, „Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Zeszyty Historyczne” 2010, z. 11.
Olszycki M., Historyczne uwarunkowania obecności Polaków w Brazylii, „Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne” 2019, nr 4.
Osowska L., Polskie placówki typograficzne w Brazylii, „Acta Universitatis Nicolai Coper-nici. Bibliologia” 1998, t. 2–3, s. 184.
Paczkowski A., Prasa polonijna w latach 1870–1939. Zarys problematyki, Warszawa 1977.
Pitoń J., Najstarsze towarzystwa polonijne i ich dorobek, [w:] Emigracja polska w Brazylii. 100 lat osadnictwa, red. A. Olcha, Warszawa 1971.
Wójcik W., 75 lat prasy polskiej w Brazylii, „Rocznik Historii Czasopiśmiennictwa Pol-skiego” 1968, z. 2.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Landmann
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wydział Logistyki i Transportu, Międzynarodowa Wyższa Szkoła Logistyki i Transportu we Wrocławiu, ul. Sołtysowicka 19B, PL 51-168 Wrocław
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Abstract

This article deals with Echo z Polski [ The Echo from Poland] (the title was subsequently altered to Echo Polskie), the first Polish-language newspaper in the United States, published in 1893–1865 in New York. While at first its pages were predominantly filled with news from Poland, it gradually broadened its coverage in an effort to become the leading paper of the Polish- American community.
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Authors and Affiliations

Daniel Kiper
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski, Al. Racławickie 14, PL 20-950 Lublin
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Abstract

This is a survey of Polish-language Jewish newspapers and periodicals published in Galicia prior to 1918 taking into account the general background of multilingual Jewish press in this autonomous province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It appears that the total amount of Jewish periodical publications in that period was 182, including 31 in Polish. This survey also attempts to establish the publication frequency and longevity of each periodical and identify the communities or sponsors that supported them.

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Authors and Affiliations

Sabina Kwiecień
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Abstract

The article is devoted to the analysis of the meaning of the Old Polish lexeme gędźba, which was inherited from the Proto‑Slavic * gǫdьba against the background of its equivalents in Old Bohemian and Old Russian. The inspiration was the text of prof. W. Boryś on the Proto‑Slavic musical vocabulary. Semantic analysis has shown that in Old Polish, Old Bohemian and Old Russian languages, the continuants of the Proto‑Slavic * gǫdьba had a meaning limited to playing a specific type of instrument, as in Proto‑Slavic. So the words did not refer to the notion of music in the general sense, but only to a certain part of it. This testifies to the absence of a general notion of music in the Middle Ages in the Polish language area and is a continuation of the original Slavic state. But the old concept, which was called gędźba, had some characteristics that have been transfered to the later concept „music”, called a new word borrowed from the Latin.
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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Raszewska‑Żurek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Chair of General and Indoeuropean Linguistics, Institute of Linguistics, Translation and Hungarian Studies, Faculty of Phililogy, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The author considers problems of the book by Krystyna Waszakowa on the cognitive and communicative aspects of the study of modern Polish word-‑formation. The researcher focuses her attention on the possibility of using the cognitive semantics model of Ronald Langacker and the cognitive‑discourse model of Elena Kubryakova for the analysis of mechanisms of forming the semantics of word‑formation derivatives. Perspectives of the cognitive-‑communicative approach to the study of modern Polish word‑formation derivation Krystyna Waszakowa discusses in connection with the achievements of Slavic descriptive and structural derivatology.
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Bibliography

Dokulil M., 1962, Tvořeni slov v češtine. I: Teorie odvozováni slov, Praha: Československá akademie věd.
Puzynina J., 1967, Pojęcie regularnej i nieregularnej konstrukcji morfemowej a fakty słowotwórcze, „Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego”, zesz. 25, s. 91–102.
Tezisy 1967: Tezisy Prazhskogo lingvisticheskogo kruzhka, [in:] Prazhskiy lingvisticheskiy kruzhok : sbornik statey, sost., red., avt. predisl. N.A. Kondrashov, Moskva: Progress, pp. 17–41.
Waszakowa K., 2017, Kognitywno‑komunikacyjne aspekty słowotwórstwa. Wybrane zagadnienia opisu derywacji w języku polskim, Warszawa: Wydział Polonistyki Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.
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Authors and Affiliations

Євгенія Карпіловська
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Інститут української мови Національної академії наук України, Київ
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Abstract

The component of the cause for the emotional state of the person experiencing the emotion is built into the structure of the class of verba sentiendi. Most emotive verbs can be classed as P(x, q) predicates, where q is the position of the propositional argument in which the content qualifying the causal component is expressed. The syntactic characteristics of sentences (conjunctions, prepositions) often do not communicate unequivocally the causal function. This paper demonstrates the existence in languages of contextual syntactic conditions which foster the use of explicit exponents of causality (e.g., Pol. ponieważ / bo // z powodu; Bulg. защото / понеже // поради / заради / по повод), appearing in alteration with the exponents of cohesion typical of the given verb. Also brought to attention is the use in sentence structures of other lexical means serving a similar function, like Pol. wynikający / płynący; Bulg. причинен / предизвикан. In conclusion it is stated that the research which takes into account the semantic structure of the predicate allows for analyzing phenomena that are usually not included in descriptions of case government of verbs.

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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata Korytkowska
ORCID: ORCID

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