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Abstract

The galvanic sludges contain a number of toxic heavy metals, potentially mobilized as chemically active ions under environmental conditions as. This study explores the application of fly ash-based geopolymers for the removal of Zn ions from galvanizing sludge. In this study, geopolymers, synthesized via the geopolymerization method, were used to remove Zn from post-galvanized sewage sludge. Two types of geopolymers were used, derived from ash from coal combustion and biomass combustion. Structural, morphological, and surface properties were characterized using FTIR and SEM, respectively. In addition, BET and Langmuir isotherms, along with analyses such as t-Plot and BJH method for porous solids were conducted. The results indicate that the geopolymer derived from coal combustion ash is a more effective sorbent for Zn(II) ions, exhibiting a removal efficiency of 99.9%, compared to 40.7% for the geopolymer derived from biomass combustion ash. The FTIR spectra analysis reveals the presence of bonds between the -OH and/or Si-OH groups on the geopolymers’ surface and the Zn(II) ions. The environmentally and economically advantageous process maximizes the recovery of a valuable component at minimal cost, yielding relatively clean monometallic waste suitable for reuse.
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Authors and Affiliations

Elżbieta Sitarz-Palczak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
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Abstract

The one-part geopolymer binder was synthesis from the mixing of aluminosilicate material with solid alkali activators. The properties of one-part geopolymers vary according to the type and amount of solid alkali activators used. This paper presents the effect of various sodium metasilicate-to-sodium aluminate (NaAlO2/Na2SiO3) ratios on fly ash-based one-part geopolymer. The NaAlO2/Na2SiO3 ratios were set at 1.0 to 3.0. Setting time of fresh one-part geopolymer was examined through Vicat needle apparatus. Mechanical and microstructural properties of developed specimens were analysed after 28 days of curing in ambient condition. The study concluded that an increase in NaAlO2 content delayed the setting time of one-part geopolymer paste. The highest compressive strength was achieved at the NaAlO2/Na2SiO3 ratio of 2.5, which was 33.65 MPa. The microstructural analysis revealed a homogeneous structure at the optimum ratio. While the sodium aluminium silicate hydrate (N-A-S-H) and anorthite phases were detected from the XRD analysis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ooi Wan-En
1 2
Yun-Ming Liew
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Heah Cheng Yong
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Ho Li-Ngee
2 4
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Ong Shee-Ween
1 2
Andrei Victor Sandu
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP), Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGEOGTECH), Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP), Centre of Excellence Frontier Materials Research, FRONTMATEKANGAR, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  5. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 700050, Iasi, Romania
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Abstract

Geopolymer is widely studied nowadays in various scope of studies. Some of the ongoing studies are the study of the various materials towards the geopolymer strength produced. Meanwhile, some of the studies focus on the mixing of the geopolymer itself. This paper discussed the phase analysis of metakaolin/dolomite geopolymer for different solid to the liquid ratio which was, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0, and the properties that affected the geopolymer based on the phases. The constant parameters in this study were the percentage of metakaolin and dolomite used. The metakaolin used was 80% meanwhile dolomite usage was 20%. Besides that, the molarity of NaOH used is 10M and the alkaline activator ratio used is 2.0. All the samples were tested at 28 days of curing. The results show that the 0.8 solid to the liquid ratio used gave better properties compare to other solid to liquid ratio. The phases analyzed were quartz, sillimanite, mullite, and faujasite. The 0.8 S/L ratio shows the better properties compared to others by the test of phase analysis, compressive strength morphology analysis, and functional group analysis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ahmad Syauqi Sauffi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wan Mastura Wan Ibrahim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID
Masdiyana Ibrahim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Romisuhani Ahmad
1
ORCID: ORCID
Fakhryna Ahmad Zaidi
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Engineering Technology, P. O. Box 77, d/a Pejabat, Pos Besar, 01007 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology, School of Material Engineering, P. O. Box 77, d/a Pejabat, Pos Besar, 01007 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
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Abstract

This paper discussed the effect of the addition of silica fume (2 wt.% and 4 wt.%) and alumina (2 wt.% and 4 wt.%) on the properties of fly ash geopolymer concrete. The fly ash geopolymer concrete achieved the highest 28-day compressive strength with 2 wt.% of silica fume (39 MPa) and 4 wt.% of alumina (41 MPa). The addition of 2 wt.% of silica fume increased the compressive strength by 105% with respect to the reference geopolymer (without additive). On the other hand, the compressive strength surged by 115% with 4 wt.% of alumina compared to the reference geopolymer. The addition of additives improved the compactness of the geopolymer matrix according to the morphology analysis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Fong Sue Min
1
Heah Cheng Yong
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Liew Yun Ming
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Hasniyati Md Razi
4
Foo Wah Low
5
Ng Hui-Teng
1 2
Ng Yong-Sing
1 2

  1. Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600 Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Reactor Technology Center, Technical Support Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia
  5. Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia
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Abstract

For ages, concrete has been used to construct underwater structures. Concrete laying underwater is a very complex procedure important to the success or failure of underwater projects. This paper elucidates the influence of alkali activator ratios on geopolymers for underwater concreting; focusing on the geopolymer concrete synthesized from fly ash and kaolin activated using sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions. The geopolymer mixtures were designed to incorporate multiple alkali activator ratios to evaluate their effects on the resulting geopolymers’ properties. The fresh concrete was molded into 50 mm cubes in seawater using the tremie method and tested for its engineering properties at 7 and 28 days (curing). The control geopolymer and underwater geopolymers’ mechanical properties, such as compressive strength, water absorption density, and setting time were also determined. The differences between the control geopolymer and underwater geopolymer were determined using phase analysis and functional group analysis. The results show that the geopolymer samples were optimally strengthened at a 2.5 alkali activator ratio, and the mechanical properties of the control geopolymer exceeded that of the underwater geopolymer. However, the underwater geopolymer was determined to be suitable for use as underwater concreting material as it retains 70% strength of the control geopolymer.
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Authors and Affiliations

Fakhryna Hannanee Ahmad Zaidi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Romisuhani Ahmad
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
3 2
ORCID: ORCID
Wan Mastura Wan Ibrahim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Ikmal Hakem Aziz
3 2
ORCID: ORCID
Subaer Junaidi
4
ORCID: ORCID
Salmabanu Luhar
5 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Sungai Chuchuh, 02100 Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Geopolymer & Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Taman Muhibbah, 02600 Jejawi, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Universitas Negeri Makassar, Geopolymer & Green Material Group, Physics Department, FMIPA, Indonesia
  5. Frederick Research Center, P.O Box 24729, 1303 Nicosia, Cyprus
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Abstract

The density, compressive strength, and thermal insulation properties of fly ash geopolymer paste are reported. Novel insulation material of glass bubble was used as a replacement of fly ash binder to significantly enhance the mechanical and thermal properties compared to the geopolymer paste. The results showed that the density and compressive strength of 50% glass bubble was 1.45 g/cm3 and 42.5 MPa, respectively, meeting the standard requirement for structural concrete. Meanwhile, the compatibility of 50% glass bubbles tested showed that the thermal conductivity (0.898 W/mK), specific heat (2.141 MJ/m3K), and thermal diffusivity (0.572 mm2/s) in meeting the same requirement. The improvement of thermal insulation properties revealed the potential use of glass bubbles as an insulation material in construction material.
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Authors and Affiliations

Noor Fifinatasha Shahedan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Norsuria Mahmed
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Liew Yun Ming
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ikmal Hakem A Aziz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aeslina Abdul Kadir
3
ORCID: ORCID
Andrei Victor Sandu
4
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Fathullah Ghazali
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Center of Excellence Geopolyme & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Johor, Malaysia
  4. Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
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Abstract

This paper reports on the flexural properties of thin fly ash geopolymers exposed to elevated temperature. The thin fly ash geopolymers (dimension = 160 mm × 40 mm × 10 mm) were synthesised using12M NaOH solution mixed with designed solids-to-liquids ratio of 1:2.5 and Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio of 1:4 and underwent heat treatment at different elevated temperature (300°C, 600°C, 900°C and 1150°C) after 28 days of curing. Flexural strength test was accessed to compare the flexural properties while X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to determine the phase transformation of thin geopolymers at elevated temperature. Results showed that application of heat treatment boosted the flexural properties of thin fly ash geopolymers as the flexural strength increased from 6.5 MPa (room temperature) to 16.2 MPa (1150°C). XRD results showed that the presence of crystalline phases of albite and nepheline contributed to the increment in flexural strength.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yong-Sing Ng
1 2
Yun-Ming Liew
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Cheng-Yong Heah
1 3
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Hui-Teng Ng
1 2
Lynette Wei Ling Chan
4

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CeGeoGTech), Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Ceramic Research Company Sdn Bhd (Guocera-Hong Leong Group), Lot 7110, 5½ Miles, Jalan Kapar, 42100 Klang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Abstract

Kaolin-based geopolymers are alternatives for producing high-strength ceramics for construction materials. Creating high-performing kaolin ceramics utilizing the regular technique requires a high handling temperature (higher than 1200°C). Thus, the structure and properties such as pore size and distribution are affected at higher sintering temperatures. Along these lines, information with respect to the sintering system and related pore structure is essential for advancing the properties of the previously mentioned materials. This study investigated the microstructure and the density of a kaolin-based geopolymer at various sintering temperatures. The unsintered sample has the highest density of 1610 kg/cm3, while the samples sintered at 1100°C haves the lowest density of 1203 kg/cm3. The result also shows that increasing the sintering temperature to 1100°C resulted in increasing the water absorption of the kaolin-based geopolymer ceramic.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.I.I. Ramli
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.A.A.M. Salleh
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
I.H. Aziz
1
ORCID: ORCID
N.S.M. Zaimi
1
ORCID: ORCID
S.F.M. Amli
1
M.M.A.B. Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Malaysia
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Abstract

Non-destructive testing (NDT) is generally used to estimate the compressive strength of concrete material without compromising its structural integrity. However, the available testing methods on the market have particular limitations that may restrict the accuracy of the results. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a new technique for measuring the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete using infrared imaging analysis and Thermal Diameter Variation (TDV) rate. The compressive strength range was designed within the target strength of 20, 30 and 40 MPa. The infrared image was captured on the preheated concrete surface using FLIR-ONE infrared camera. Based on the correlation between TDV rate and compressive strength, higher accuracy was obtained in the orange contour with an R2 of 0.925 than in the red contour with an R2 of 0.8867. It is apparent that infrared imaging analysis has excellent reliability to be used as an alternative NDT by focusing on the warmer region during the procedure.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andri Kusbiantoro
ORCID: ORCID
A.H. Ismail
1
ORCID: ORCID
S.K. Jema’in
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Muthusamy
2
ORCID: ORCID
F.F. Zainal
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Johor, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Pahang, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Centre of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
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Abstract

This paper details a finite element analysis of the behaviour of Si-Al geopolymer concrete beam reinforced steel bar under an impulsive load and hyper velocity speed up to 1 km/s created by an air blast explosion. The initial torsion stiffness and ultimate torsion strength of the beam increased with increasing compressive strength and decreasing stirrup ratio. The study involves building a finite element model to detail the stress distribution and compute the level of damage, displacement, and cracks development on the geopolymer concrete reinforcement beam. This was done in ABAQUS, where a computational model of the finite element was used to determine the elasticity, plasticity, concrete tension damages, concrete damage plasticity, and the viability of the Johnson-Cook Damage method on the Si-Al geopolymer concrete. The results from the numerical simulation show that an increase in the load magnitude at the midspan of the beam leads to a percentage increase in the ultimate damage of the reinforced geopolymer beams failing in shear plastic deformation. The correlation between the numerical and experimental blasting results confirmed that the damage pattern accurately predicts the response of the steel reinforcement Si-Al geopolymer concrete beams, concluded that decreasing the scaled distance from 0.298 kg/m3 to 0.149 kg/m3 increased the deformation percentage.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nurul Aida Mohd Mortar
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Kamarudin Hussin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafiza Abdul Razak
3
ORCID: ORCID
Sanusi Hamat
4
ORCID: ORCID
Ahmad Humaizi Hilmi
4
Noorfifi Natasha Shahedan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Long Yuan Li
5
ORCID: ORCID
Ikmal Hakem A. Aziz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Malaysia
  5. University of Plymouth, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
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Abstract

An alternative for Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) consumption is the production and integration of green cement. In other words, the clinker consumption has to be replaced with new low-carbon binders. A possible solution was introduced by the geopolymerisation technology. However, the alkaline activation of geopolymers offers the possibility of obtaining greener materials with high properties, superior to OPC, but due to the high price of sodium silicate, their industrial use is limited. In the past few years, a new activator has been discovered, namely phosphoric acid. This study approaches the obtaining of coal ash-based geopolymers activated with acid solution cured at room temperature. Accordingly, phosphoric acid, 85% by mass, was diluted in distilled water to obtain a corresponding activation solution for H3PO4/Al2O3 ratio of 1.0 and two types of geopolymers were ambient cured (22°C ±2°C). Moreover, to evaluate the geopolymerisation potential of this system (coal ash – phosphoric acid), SEM and EDS analysis was performed to investigate their morphologic characteristics.
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Authors and Affiliations

D.D. Burduhos Nergis
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Vizureanu
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
S. Lupescu
1
ORCID: ORCID
D.P. Burduhos Nergis
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.C. Perju
1
ORCID: ORCID
A.V. Sandu
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. "Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Blvd . Mangeron, No. 51, 700050, Iasi, Romania
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Center of Excellence, Geopolymer & Green Technology (CeGeoGTech), School of Material Engineering, Perlis, Malaysia
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Abstract

This study summarised the recent achievement in developing fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete. The factor of replacing Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) which is due to the emission of carbon dioxide that pollutes the environment globally is well discussed. The introduction towards metakaolin is presented. Besides, the current research trend involved in geopolymer also has been reviewed for the current 20 years to study the interest of researchers over the world by year. Factors that contribute to the frequency of geopolymer research are carried out which are cost, design, and the practicality of the application for geopolymer concrete. Besides, the importance of steel fibers addition to the geopolymer concrete is also well discussed. The fundamental towards metakaolin has been introduced including the source of raw material, which is calcined kaolin, calcined temperature, chemical composition, geopolymerisation process, and other properties. Alkali activators which are mixing solution between sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) have been reviewed. The mechanical properties of fibers reinforced metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete which is compressive and flexural are thoroughly reviewed. The compressive and flexural strength of fiber-reinforced metakaolin geopolymer concrete shows some improvement to the addition of steel fibers. The reviews in this field demonstrate that reinforcement of metakaolin geopolymer concrete by steel fibers shows improvement in mechanical performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Meor Ahmad Faris
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Ratnasamy Muniandy
ORCID: ORCID
Shamala Ramasamy
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Subaer Junaedi
4
ORCID: ORCID
Andrei Victor Sandu
5
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Faheem Mohd Tahir
1 3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Center of Excellent Geopolymer and Green Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Universitas Negeri Makasssar, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Indonesia
  5. Gheorge Asachi Technical University of Lasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Lasi, Romania
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Abstract

Geopolymer is formed from the alkali activation of materials rich in Si and Al content with the addition of a silicate solution to enhance the properties of the materials. This paper presents research on the mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer filler in epoxy resin by varying different solid to liquid ratios using sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate as the alkaline activator. However, the common problem observed from the solid to liquid ratio is the influence of curing time and compressive strength of geopolymer to have the best mechanical property. The mix design for geopolymers of solid to liquid ratio is essential in developing the geopolymer’s mechanical strength. A series of epoxy filled with fly ash-based geopolymer materials with different solid to liquid ratio, which is prepared from 0.5 to 2.5 solid to liquid ratio of alkaline activator. The tensile strength and flexural strength of the epoxy filled with fly ash-based geopolymer materials is determined using Universal Testing Machine under tensile and flexural mode. It was found that the optimum solid to liquid ratio is 2.0, with the optimum tensile and flexural strength value. However, both the tensile and flexural properties of epoxy filled with fly ash-based geopolymer suddenly decrease at a 2.5 solid to liquid ratio. The strength is increasing with the increasing solid to liquid ratio sample of geopolymer filler content.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Yusrina Mat Daud
1 4
ORCID: ORCID
Meor Ahmad Faris
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 4
ORCID: ORCID
Farah Farhana Zainal
1 4
ORCID: ORCID
Saloma Hasyim
5
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Taqiyuddin Lokman
2

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), School of Materials Engineering, (UniMAP), 02600 Jalan Kangar-Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatic, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, 02600 Jalan Kangar-Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  5. Sriwijaya University, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Indonesia
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Abstract

This paper elucidated the potential of electron backscatter diffraction analysis for ground granulated blast furnace slag geopolymers at 1000°C heating temperature. The specimen was prepared through the mechanical ground with sandpaper and diamond pad before polished with diamond suspension. By using advanced technique electron backscatter diffraction, the microstructure analysis and elemental distribution were mapped. The details on the crystalline minerals, including gehlenite, mayenite, tobermorite and calcite were easily traced. Moreover, the experimental Kikuchi diffraction patterns were utilized to generate a self-consistent reference for the electron backscatter diffraction pattern matching. From the electron backscatter diffraction, the locally varying crystal orientation in slag geopolymers sample of monoclinic crystal observed in hedenbergite, orthorhombic crystal in tobermorite and hexagonal crystal in calcite at 1000°C heating temperature.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ikmal Hakem Aziz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sorachon Yoriya
3
ORCID: ORCID
Rafiza Abd Razak
4
ORCID: ORCID
Rosnita Mohamed
1
ORCID: ORCID
Madalina Simona Baltatu
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Geopolymer & Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. National Metal and Material Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 114, Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Rd., Khlong 1, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
  4. Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02100 Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia
  5. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 700050, Iasi, Romania
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of an investigation of the gases emission of moulding sands with an inorganic (geopolymer) binder with a relaxation additive, whose main task is to reduce the final (residual) strength and improves knocking-out properties of moulding sand. The moulding sand without a relaxation additive was the reference point. The research was carried out using in accordance with the procedure developed at the Faculty of Foundry Engineering of AGH - University of Science and Technology, on the patented stand for determining gas emissions. Quantification of BTEX compounds was performed involving gas chromatography method (GC).The study showed that the introduction of relaxation additive has no negative impact on gas emissions - both in terms of the total amount of gases generated, as well as emissions of BTEX compounds. Among the BTEX compounds, only benzene is emitted from the tested moulding sands. Its emission is associated with the introduction a small amount of an organic hardener from the group of esters.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Bobrowski
S. Żymankowska-Kumon
K. Kaczmarska
D. Drożyński
B. Grabowska
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Abstract

Currently, one of the main challenges of civil engineering and science materials engineers is to develop a sustainable substitute for Ordinary Portland Cement. While the most promising solution is provided by the geopolymerisation technology, most of the studied geopolymers are based on natural raw materials (kaolin). The metakaolin is mainly preferred because of its rapid rate of dissolution in the activator solution, easy control of the Si/Al ratio, and white color. However, its high cost prevents it from being widely used in geopolymer composites or other materials that can become an industrial alternative for Ordinary Portland Cement. Several studies have shown that geopolymers with good performance can also be obtained from secondary raw materials (industrial wastes such as coal ash or slag). This explains why countries with rapidly developing economies are so interested in this technology. These countries have significant amounts of industrial waste and lack a well-developed recycling infrastructure. Therefore, the use of these by-products for geopolymers manufacturing could solve a waste problem while simultaneously lowering virgin raw material consumption. This study evaluates the effect of replacing different amounts of coal ash with sand on the microstructure of sintered geopolymers. Accordingly, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis were involved to highlight the morphological particularities of room-cured and sintered geopolymers.
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Authors and Affiliations

D.D. Burduhos-Nergis
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Vizureanu
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
D.C. Achitei
1
ORCID: ORCID
A.V. Sandu
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
D.P. Burduhos-Nergis
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.M.A.B. Abdullah
4 5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, D. Mangeron 41, 700050 Iasi, Romania
  2. Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, Dacia Blvd 26, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
  3. Romanian Inventors Forum, St. P. Movila 3, 700089 Iasi, Romania
  4. Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
  5. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
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Abstract

In this research, the effect of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) on the geopolymerization of fly ash type F (low calcium) has been studied. The variations of Na2SiO3 used in the synthesized geopolymers were 19, 32, and 41wt%. The fly ash from three different power plant sources was characterized using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Fly ash-based geopolymers were tested for mechanical strength and setting time. The best geopolymer was obtained by adding 32% Na2SiO3, produced a compressive strength of 21.62 MPa with a setting time of 30 hours. Additions of 19wt% Na2SiO3 failed to form geopolymer paste while the addition of 41wt% Na2SiO3 decreased the mechanical strength of the geopolymer. Higher calcium content in low calcium fly ash produces stronger geopolymer and faster setting time.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ririn Eva Hidayati
1
Fitria Sandi Faradilla
1
Dadang Dadang
1
Lia Harmelia
1
Nurlina Nurlina
2
Didik Prasetyoko
1
Hamzah Fansuri
1

  1. Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Anlytics , Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
  2. Universitas Tanjungpura, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Pontianak 78111, Indonesia
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Abstract

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the mechanical properties and microstructure of geopolymer repair materials mixed using fly ash (FA) and concrete substrates. An optimal combination of FA and concrete substrate was determined using the compressive test of geopolymer mortar mixed with various concrete substrate classes. It was found that the contribution of (C35/45) concrete substrates with the FA geopolymer mortar increases the 28-day bonding strength by 25.74 MPa. The microstructure analysis of the samples using scanning electron microscopy showed the denser structure owing to the availability of high calcium and iron elements distribution. These metal cations (Ca2+ and Fe3+) are available at OPC concrete substrate as a result from the hydration process reacted with alumina-silica sources of FA and formed calcium aluminate silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H) gels and Fe-bonding linkages.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Ikmal Hakem A. Aziz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Warid Wazien Ahmad Zailani
3
ORCID: ORCID
Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Heah Cheng Yong
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Andrei Victor Sandu
4
ORCID: ORCID
Loke Siu Peng
1

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
  4. “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Romania
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Abstract

Dolomite can be used as a source of aluminosilicate to produce geopolymers; however, this approach is limited by its low reactivity. This study analyzes the viability of producing geopolymers using dolomite/fly-ash with sodium silicate and NaOH solutions (at multiple concentrations) by determining the resultant geopolymers’ compressive strengths. The dolomite/fly-ash-based geopolymers at a NaOH concentration of ~22 M resulted in an optimum compressive strength of 46.38 MPa after being cured for 28 days, and the SEM and FTIR analyses confirmed the denser surface of the geopolymer matrix. The synchrotron micro-XRF analyses confirmed that the Ca concentration exceeded that of Si and Mg, leading to the formation of calcium silicate hydrate, which strengthens the resulting geopolymers.
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Authors and Affiliations

Emy Aizat Azimi
1
M.A.A. Mohd Salleh
1
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ikmal Hakem A. Aziz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kamarudin Hussin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jitrin Chaiprapa
2
ORCID: ORCID
Petrica Vizureanu
3
ORCID: ORCID
Sorachon Yoriya
4
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Nabiałek
5
ORCID: ORCID
Jerzy J. Wyslocki
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (Unimap), Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CeGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Synchrotron Light Research Institute (SLRI), 111 University Avenue, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
  3. ”Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Blvd. D. Mangeron 71, 700050 Lasi, Romania
  4. National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), 114 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
  5. Czestochowa University of Technology, Department of Physics, 42-200, Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

Low calcium fly ash is used as the main material in the mixture and the crumb rubber was used in replacing fine aggregates in geopolymer mortar. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) which were high alkaline solution were incorporated as the alkaline solution. The fly ash reacted with the alkaline solution forming alumino-silicate gel that binds the aggregate to produce a geopolymer mortar. The loading of crumb rubber in the fly ash based geopolymer mortar was set at 0% (CRGM-0), 5% (CRGM-5), 10% (CRGM-10), 15% (CRGM-15), and 20% (CRGM-20), respectively. NaOH solution (12M) and Na2SiO3 solution ratio is set constant at 2.5 for all geopolymer mixture and the fly ash to alkali activator ratio was kept at 2.0. The CRGM at 28 days of curing time was exposed to elevated temperature at 200°C, 400°C, 600°C and 800°C. The weight loss of the CRGM increases with increasing temperature at all elevated temperatures. However, the density and compressive strength of CRGM decrease with an increase of crumb rubber loading for all elevated temperature exposure. The compressive strength of CRGM reduced due to the fact that rubber decomposes between 200°C and 600°C thereby creating voids. CRGM-15 and CRGM-20 showed cracks developed with rough surface at 800°C. Image obtained from scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that, the CRGM changed significantly due to the decomposition of crumb rubber and evaporation of the free water at 400°C, 600°C and 800°C.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ahmad Azrem Azmi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID
Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali
3
ORCID: ORCID
Romisuhani Ahmad
4
ORCID: ORCID
Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya
4
ORCID: ORCID
Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim
4
ORCID: ORCID
Mohammad A. Almadani
5
ORCID: ORCID
Jerzy J. Wysłocki
6
ORCID: ORCID
Agata Śliwa
7
ORCID: ORCID
Andre Victor Sandu
8
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, University Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
  4. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  5. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering – Rabigh Branch, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  6. Department of Physics, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-200, Czestochowa, Poland
  7. Division of Materials Processing Technology and Computer Techniques in Materials Science, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  8. Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 41 D. Mangeron St., 700050 Iasi, Romania
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Abstract

Geopolymer is synthesized by polycondensation of SiO4 and AlO4 aluminosilicate complexes, tetrahedral frames linked with shared sialate oxygen. This paper studies the effect of the solids-to-fluids (S/L) and Na2SiO3/NaOH proportions on the preparing of metakaolin inorganic membrane geopolymer. By consolidating a mixture of metakaolin with sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate and foaming agent, the geopolymer membrane was made in required shape about 1 cm and cured at 80°C for 24 hours. After the curing process, the properties of the samples were tested on days 7. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution were utilized as an alkaline activator with a NaOH fixation fixed at 10 M. The geopolymer inorganic membrane tests were set up with various S/L proportions (0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4) and Na2SiO3/NaOH proportions (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5). Aluminium (Al) powder as a foaming agent was used to create bubbles in porous structure and provide details on the development of membrane geopolymers. This metakaolin membrane, based on the geopolymer, was synthesized by a suspension that depends on the fast cementing mechanism of high-temperature slurries. Porous geopolymeric circles provided a homogeneous composition and quantitative distribution of pores. The water absorption, density, impact toughness testing and microstructure analyses were studied. However, considering the promising results, an adjustment in the mix design of the metakaolin inorganic membrane geopolymer mixtures could increase their mechanical properties without negatively affecting the mechanical properties and porosity, making these sustainable materials a suitable alternative to traditional porous cement concrete.
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Authors and Affiliations

Masdiyana Ibrahim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Wan Mastura Wan Ibrahim
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Ahmad Syauqi Sauffi
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Petrica Vizureanu
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, 02100, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CeGeoGTech), 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 700050, Iasi, Romania
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Abstract

Setting time in geopolymers is known as the time taken for the transition phase of liquid to solid of the geopolymer system in which is represented in the initial setting and final setting. Setting time is significant specifically for application in the construction field. This study intends to determine the setting time of high calcium fly ash geopolymers and the properties of the geopolymers after setting (1-day age). This includes the determination of heat evolved throughout geopolymerization using Differential Scanning Calorimeter. After setting properties determination includes compressive strength and morphology analysis at 1-day age. High calcium fly ash was used as geopolymer precursor. Meanwhile, for mixing design, the alkali activator was a mixture of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide (concentration varied from 6M-14M) with a ratio of 2.5 and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 2.5. From this study, it was found that high calcium fly ash geopolymer with 12M of NaOH has a reasonable setting time which is suitable for on-site application as well as an optimal heat evolved (–212 J/g) which leads to the highest compressive strength at 1-day age and no formation of microcracks observed on the morphology. Beyond 12M, too much heat evolved in the geopolymer system can cause micro-cracks formation thus lowering the compressive strength at 1-day age.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rosnita Mohamed
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafiza Abd Razak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Liyana Ahmad Sofri
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ikmal Hakem Aziz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Noor Fifinatasha Shahedan
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Geopolymer & Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
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Abstract

This paper details the properties, microstructures, and morphologies of the fly ash-based alkali-activated material (AAM), also known as geopolymers, under various steam curing temperatures. The steam curing temperature result in subsequent high strengths relative to average curing temperatures. However, detailed studies involving the use of steam curing for AAM remain scarce. The AAM paste was prepared by mixing fly ash with an alkali activator consisting of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The sample was steam cured at 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, and 80°C, and the fresh paste was tested for its setting time. The sample also prepared for compressive strength, density, and water absorption testings. It was observed that the fastest time for the fly ash geopolymer to start hardening was at 80°C at only 10 minutes due to the elevated temperature quickening the hydration of the paste. The compressive strength of the AAM increased with increasing curing time from 3 days to 28 days. The AAM’s highest compressive strength was 61 MPa when the sample was steam cured at 50°C for 28 days. The density of AAM was determined to be ~2122 2187 kg/m3, while its water absorption was ~6.72-8.82%. The phase analyses showed the presence of quartz, srebrodolskite, fayalite, and hematite, which indirectly confirms Fe and Ca’s role in the hydration of AAM. The morphology of AAM steam-cured at 50°C showed small amounts of unreacted fly ash and a denser matrix, which resulted in high compressive strength.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rafiza Abd Razak
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Sh. Nur Syamimi Sy. Izman
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zarina Yahya
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Alida Abdullah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rosnita Mohamed
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Geopolymer and Green Technology, Center of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Kangar, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
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Abstract

This research was conducted to examine the corrosion behaviour of mild steel bar embedded in geopolymer paste based fly ash Class F during curing and non-curing process. The geopolymer paste was fabricated by blending in the fly ash with alkaline activators (NaOH solution with molarity of 12 M, 2.5 ratio of solution Na2SiO3/NaOH). The paste was produced in 50 mm × 50 mm × 50 mm mould where the mild steel bar of 100 mm (length) × 12 mm (diameter) was embedded at the center of geopolymer paste. This is to comprehend the corrosion behaviour of mild steel embedded in geopolymer paste with and without curing process. Process of curing is carried out for 24 hours at a temperature of 60°C in oven. While on the contrary, the non-curing process will only be leave at room temperature. Both samples were tested after 28 days of curing to determine the corrosion behaviour, phase analysis and morphology analysis. In accordance with the morphology analysis, it shows that the fly ash was totally reacted with alkaline solutions in curing geopolymer paste sample while the non-curing geopolymer paste has shown the unreacted fly ash with high number of pores. The phase analysis of mild steel embedded in this geopolymer paste during curing and without curing process has proven that the presence of new crystallographic peak which also known as passive layer occurred. The potential values result by OCP testing shows the curing sample has highest potential values as compared to the non-curing sample ones.
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Authors and Affiliations

Fatin Shahira Shaharudin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Farah Farhana Zainal
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nur Farhana Hayazi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Noraziana Parimin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nur Izzati Muhammad Nadzri
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sri Hastuty
2
ORCID: ORCID
Andri Kusbiantoro
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universitas Pertamina, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jakarta 12220, Indonesia
  3. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Johor, Malaysia

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