The article discusses little-known facts from the lives of two great representatives of the Silver Age of Russian philosophy – Nikolai Berdyaev and Sergei Bulgakov – referring to the period when both were ardent Marxists. It discusses the beginning of the academic career of both thinkers, the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. In the archives of Karl and Luise Kautsky in Amsterdam (International Institute of Social History) there are two Berdyaev’s letters to Kautsky regarding polemics about Marx and Marxism, which unfolded between them after Kautsky’s decision to publish in the pages of Die Neue Zeit an article by Berdyaev “F.A. Lange and Critical Philosophy in Its Relation to Socialism” (1900). This correspondence has probably become the catalyst for Berdyaev’s transition from ‛orthodox’ to ‛critical’ Marxism. On the other hand, Bulgakov’s letters to Kautsky (and those of his wife, Helena Tokmakova, to Luisa Kautsky) refer to the time of a research internship of Bulgakov in Berlin in the years 1898–1900. He then met Kautsky and Bernstein families, and engulfed himself in theoretical problems of Marxism. The text of the speech is accompanied by a translation into Polish and provided with comments on two Berdyaev’s letters to Kautsky (February and May 1900).

The article deals with two issues: (1) the research method of father Georges Florovsky used in his study entitled The Ways of Russian Theology (1937), which is regarded a classic in its genre, and (2) the practice of scientific research conducted with the use of this method. The article is supplemented with Florovsky’s opinions, expressed in letters to his brother Anton, a professor at the Charles University in Prague, concerning the scientific achievements of the authors and scholars whom he met with or whom he came to work with after his departure to the USA (1948). The content of this correspondence has remained hitherto unpublished.

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie filozoficznych ujęć samotności na przykładzie dwóch filmów: Przełamując fale Larsa von Triera oraz Ofiarowania Andrieja Tarkowskiego. Podobieństwo między tymi filmami dostrzegł Slavoj Žižek. Ich bohaterowie, Bess i Aleksander, aby ocalić to, co dla nich w życiu najważniejsze, decydują się zawierzyć Bogu i dokonać irracjonalnego aktu ofiary. Oba obrazy stanowią egzemplifikację fenomenu samotności opisywanego przez Mikołaja Bierdiajewa czy egzystencjalistów. W pierwszej części artykułu opisuję samotność jako przedmiot zainteresowania filozofii samotności, w drugiej skupiam się na analizie filmów.