Search results

Filters

  • Journals
  • Authors
  • Keywords
  • Date
  • Type

Search results

Number of results: 2
items per page: 25 50 75
Sort by:
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The intercalation into interlayer spaces of montmorillonite (MMT), obtained from natural calcium bentonite, was investigated. Modification of MMT was performed by the poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) sodium salt (co-MA/AA). Efficiency of modification of MMT by sodium salt co-MA/AA was assessed by the infrared spectroscopic methods (FTIR), X-ray diffraction method (XRD) and spectrophotometry UV-Vis. It was found, that MMT can be relatively simply modified with omitting the preliminary organofilisation – by introducing hydrogel chains of maleic acid-acrylic acid copolymer in a form of sodium salt into interlayer galleries. A successful intercalation by sodium salt of the above mentioned copolymer was confirmed by the powder X-ray diffraction (shifting the reflex(001) originated from the montmorillonite phase indicating an increase of interlayer distances) as well as by the infrared spectroscopy (occurring of vibrations characteristic for the introduced organic macromolecules). The performed modification causes an increase of the ion exchange ability which allows to assume that the developed hybrid composite: MMT-/maleic acid-acrylic acid copolymer (MMT-co- MA/AA) can find the application as a binding material in the moulding sands technology. In addition, modified montmorillonites indicate an increased ability for ion exchanges at higher temperatures (TG-DTG, UV-Vis). MMT modified by sodium salt of maleic acid-acrylic acid copolymer indicates a significant shifting of the loss of the ion exchange ability in the direction of the higher temperature range (500–700°C).

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

B. Grabowska
S. Cukrowicz
Ż. Kurleto-Kozioł
K. Kaczmarska
D. Drożyński
M. Sitarz
A. Bobrowski
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

For research purposes and to demonstrate the differences between materials obtained from the carbonaceous additives to classic green moulding sands, five lustrous carbon carriers available on the market were selected. The following carbonaceous additives were tested: two coal dusts (CD1 and CD2), two hydrocarbon resins (HR1 and HR2) and amorphous graphite (AG1). The studies of products and material effects resulting from the high-temperature pyrolysis of lustrous carbon carriers were focused on determining the tendency to gas evolution, including harmful compounds from the BTEX group (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene). Moreover, the content of lustrous carbon (LC), the content of volatile matter and loss on ignition (LOI) of the carbonaceous additives were tested. The solid products formed during high-temperature pyrolysis were used for the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of elemental composition after the exposure to temperatures of 875oC in a protective atmosphere and 950oC in an oxidizing atmosphere. The conducted studies have indicated the necessity to examine the additives to classic green moulding sands, which is of particular importance for the processing, rebonding and storage of waste sand. The studies have also revealed some differences in the quantitative and qualitative composition of elements introduced to classic moulding sands together with the carbonaceous additives that are lustrous carbon carriers. It was also considered necessary to conduct a research on lustrous carbon carriers for their proper and environmentally friendly use in the widely propagated technology of classic green sand system.
Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Said, R.M., Kamal, M.R.M., Miswan, N.H. & Ng, S.J. (2018). Optimization of Moulding Composition for Quality Improvement of Sand Casting. Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (JAMT). 12(1), 301-310.
[2] Saikaew, C. & Wiengwiset, S. (2012). Optimization of molding sand composition for quality improvement of iron castings. Applied Clay Science. 67, 26-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2012.07.005.
[3] Kwaśniewska-Królikowska, D. & Holtzer, M. (2013). Selection criteria of lustrous carbon carriers in the aspect of properties of greensand system. Metalurgija. 52(1), 62-64.
[4] LaFay, V. & Crandell, G. (2009). Three Methods of Reducing Seacoal by Adding Graphite into Greensand Molds. Transactions of the American Foundrymen's Society. 117, 789.
[5] Lewandowski J.L. (2000). Lustrous carbon carrier, Przegląd Odlewnictwa, 10, 384-386. (in Polish)
[6] Lewandowski, J.L. (1998). The effect of coal dust on the toxicity of classic moulding sand. Przegląd Odlewnictwa, 10 322-325. (in Polish)
[7] Jelínek, P. & Beňo, J. (2008). Morphological forms of carbon and their utilizations at formation of iron casting surfaces. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 8(2008), 67-70.
[8] Major-Gabryś, K. (2019). Environmentally Friendly Foundry Molding and Core Sands. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 28(7), 3905-3911. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-019-03947-x.
[9] Holtzer, M. (2012). Technologies of moulding and core sands in the aspect of environmental protection. 3rd Conference Hüttenes-Albertus Poland. 19-40. (in Polish)
[10] Holtzer, M., Bobrowski, A., Grabowska, B., Eichholzb, S., & Hodorc, K. (2010). Investigation of carriers of lustrous carbon at high temperatures by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Archives of Foundry Engineering. 10(4), 61-68.
[11] Lewandowski, J.L. (1997). Materials for Foundry Moulds. Kraków: WN Akapit. ISBN: 83-7108-21-2. (in Polish)
[12] Holtzer, M. (2005). Can we eliminate coal dust from classic moulding sands? Przegląd Odlewnictwa. 12, 794-798. (in Polish).
[13] Naro, R.L. (2002). Formation and control of lustrous carbon surface defects in iron and steel castings. Transactions-American Foundrymens Society. 1, 815-834.
[14] Naro, R.L. (2002). An Update on the Formation and Control of Lustrous Carbon Surface Defects in Iron Castings. Ductile Iron News. 3.
[15] Campbell, J., & Naro, R.L. (2010). Lustrous Carbon on Gray Iron (10-136). Transactions of the American Foundrymen's Society, 118, 277.
[16] Jelinek, P., Buchtele, J., Fiala, J. (2004). Lustrous carbon and pyrolysis of carbonaceous additives to bentonite sands, Casting Technology, 66 World Foundry Congress, 455-467.
[17] Engelhardt, T. (2016). Low-emission additives to bentonite-bonded moulding sands. Przegląd Odlewnictwa. 66, 220-223. (in Polish)
[18] Holtzer, M., Żymankowska-Kumon, S., Kubecki, M., & Kwaśniewska-Królikowska, D. (2013). Harmfulness assessment of resins used as lustrous carbon carriers in bentonite moulding sands. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 58(3), 817-822. DOI: 10.2478/amm-2013-0078M.
[19] Stefański, Z. (2008). New coal dust substitutes for bentonite moulding sands used in manufacture of castings from malleable iron and aluminium alloys. Transactions of the Foundry Research Institute. 4, 5-18.
[20] Wang, Y., Huang, H., Cannon, F.S., Voigt, R.C., Komarneni, S. & Furness, J.C. (2007). Evaluation of volatile hydrocarbon emission characteristics of carbonaceous additives in green sand foundries. Environmental Science & Technology. 41(8), 2957-2963.
[21] Wang, Y., Cannon, F.S. & Li, X. (2011). Comparative analysis of hazardous air pollutant emissions of casting materials measured in analytical pyrolysis and conventional metal pouring emission tests. Environmental Science & Technology. 45(19), 8529-8535. DOI: 10.1021/es2023048.
[22] Jelinek, P., Buchtele, J., Kriz, V., Nemecek, S., Kriz, A., & Fiala, J. (2002). Morphology and Formation of Pyrolytic Carbon in Moulding Mixtures. Acta Metallurgica Slovaca. 8(4), 415-422.
[23] Michta-Stawiarska, T. (1998). Difficulties in stabilizing the properties of classic molding sands. Krzepnięcie Metali i Stopów. 35, PAN - Oddział Katowice PL. ISSN 0208-9386 (in Polish)
[24] Ji, S., Wan, L., & Fan, Z. (2001). The toxic compounds and leaching characteristics of spent foundry sands. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 132(3-4), 347-364, DOI: 10.1023/A:1013207000046.
[25] Orlenius, J. (2008). Factors Related to the Formation of Gas Porosity in Grey Cast Iron: Investigation of Core Gas Evolution and Gas Concentrations in Molten Iron. Research Series from Chalmers University of Technology, ISSN 1653-8891, Licentiate Theses.
[26] Bobrowski, A. & Grabowska, B. (2012). The impact of temperature on furan resin and binders structure. Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering. 38, 73-80.
[27] Poljanšek, I. & Krajnc, M. (2005). Characterization of phenol-formaldehyde prepolymer resins by in line FT-IR spectroscopy. Acta Chimica Slovenica. 52, 238-244.
[28] Bobrowski, A., Drożyński, D., Grabowska, B., Kaczmarska, K., Kurleto-Kozioł, Ż., & Brzeziński, M. (2018). Studies on thermal decomposition of phenol binder using TG/DTG/DTA and FTIR-DRIFTS techniques in temperature range 20–500° C. China Foundry. 15(2), 145-151.
[29] Liu, L., Cao, Y. & Liu, Q. (2015). Kinetics studies and structure characteristics of coal char under pressurized CO2 gasification conditions. Fuel. 146, 103-110.
[30] Sonibare, O.O., Haeger, T., & Foley, S.F. (2010). Structural characterization of Nigerian coals by X-ray diffraction, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. Energy. 35(12), 5347-5353.
[31] Schwan, J., Ulrich, S., Batori, V., Ehrhardt, H. & Silva, S.R.P. (1996). Raman spectroscopy on amorphous carbon films. Journal of Applied Physics. 80(1), 440-447.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

J. Kamińska
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Stachowicz
2
ORCID: ORCID
M. Kubecki
3

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
  2. Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poland
  3. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy, Gliwice, Poland

This page uses 'cookies'. Learn more