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Abstract

By conducting an examination of the mapping process in metaphor comprehension, this article suggests that a set of superficially different metaphors can be considered to be isomorphic to an underlying generic metaphor. In other words, a set of seemingly different metaphors with different domains can be categorized under a single generic metaphor. The generic metaphor is in the general form of X is in some kind of semantic relationship with Y. When this generic metaphor is realized in specific-level forms, a number of metaphors are produced which are isomorphic to each other, although their domains could be completely different in appearance. In other words, there is a deep homogeneity among a set of concretely different metaphors. A generic metaphor can be seen as a semantic frame for all specific metaphors that are isomorphic to it. Since base and target domains of a given metaphor can be very different in terms of concrete features, the mapping of the base into the target must be mediated by the domain of its underlying generic metaphor.
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Authors and Affiliations

Omid Khatin-Zadeh
1
Hassan Banaruee
2
Babak Yazdani-Fazlabadi
3

  1. School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
  2. University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
  3. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Abstract

This paper sets out to characterise and analyse logical atomism of Bertrand Russell. Main tenets of that theory are described by reference to Russell’s lecture Facts and Propositions (1918) and to other publications by that author. The essential claims of Russell’s position are discussed and confronted with tenets of ontology of situations developed by Bogusław Wolniewicz, a position inspired by logical atomism of Ludwig Wittgenstein. The author argues that several of Russell’s theses on logical atomism can be interpreted in the light of Wolniewicz’s ontology of situations. Finally, some minor concluding remarks are offered that can help to develop an ontology conceived in the spirit of the ontology of logical atomism. 366 Janusz Kaczmarek
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Kaczmarek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Łódzki, Instytut Filozofii, ul. Lindleya 3/5, 90-131 Łódź
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Abstract

In this paper cation arrangement in two samples of aluminoceladonite, emerald‑green and dark-green were studied by Mössbauer, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra obtained in the region of the Si2p, Al2p, Fe2p, K2p, and O1s core levels provided information, for the first time highlighting a route to identify the position of Si, Al, K, and Fe cations in a structure of layered silicates. The XPS analysis showed the presence of Al in tetrahedral and octahedral coordination while the K2p line indicated the possibility of K+ substitution by other cations in interlayer sites. Mössbauer spectroscopy provided information about crystal chemistry with respect to the local electronic and geometric environment around the Fe atom and to distortions of the polyhedra. It turned out that iron was located mostly in the cis-octahedra position wherein about 75% of iron appeared in the form of Fe 3+. The most preferred cation combinations around Fe corresponded to 3Fe 3+ ions and MgFe 2+Fe 3+/2MgFe 3+. Raman spectroscopy illustrated aluminium substitution in silicon and iron positions wherein the concentration of the aluminium determined the degree of structural distortion within the layered system. These isomorphic substitutions implied a typical band arrangement in the hydroxyl region, which has not been observed in celadonites so far.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mariola Kądziołka-Gaweł
1
Mateusz Dulski
2
Maria Czaja
3
Tomasz Krzykawski
3
Magdalena Szubka
1

  1. Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
  2. Institute of Material Science, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
  3. Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland

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