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Middle/Upper Devonian brachiopod shell concentrations from the intra-shelf basinal carbonates of the Holy Cross Mountains (central Poland)

Stanisław Skompski Andrzej Baliński Michał Szulczewski Inga Zawadzka

Acta Geologica Polonica | 2018 | vol. 68 | No 4 | 607–633

Keywords Devonian brachiopods Holy Cross Mountains allochthonous origin of coquina

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Abstract

A huge isolated accumulation, more than 3 m thick and 10 m wide, of densely packed, uncrushed brachiopods has been found in Józefka Quarry within the Middle/Upper Devonian Szydłówek Beds deposited in a relatively deep environment of an intrashelf basin (Kostomłoty facies zone, western Holy Cross Mountains, Poland). The low-diversity assemblage is strongly dominated by the atrypide Desquamatia globosa jozefkae Baliński subsp. nov. and, to a lesser degree, by the rhynchonellide Coeloterorhynchus dillanus (Schmidt, 1941), which constitute 72.8% and 22.1% of the fauna, respectively. Less frequent are specimens representing the genera Hypothyridina, Schizophoria and Phlogoiderynchus. According to the conodont fauna found within the coquina bed, the stratigraphic position of the shell accumulation is close to the Givetian/ Frasnian boundary. The brachiopods are associated with numerous crinoids and less frequent bryozoans, receptaculitids (Palaeozoic problematica), sponges and solitary corals. Although it is difficult to entirely exclude the autochthonous nature of the brachiopod coquina member, its allochthonous origin and redeposition of the brachiopod shells to the deep basin by gravity flows is much more probable. Such conclusion is supported by the following facts: (1) the position of the complex in a succession of deep-marine basinal facies impoverished in oxygen; (2) its lateral thinning-out and composite internal stratification; (3) the lensshaped geometry of the coquina bed in the section perpendicular to the bedding dip; (4) high variability of the sediments preserved within the shells; and (5) the preferred orientation of the shells. The brachiopods mixed with crinoidal debris were probably transported by low-velocity, high-density, gravity-induced debris flows. Lack of fossils typical of the Middle Devonian shallows, such as massive stromatoporoids, amphiporoids and tabulates, indicates that the source area of the bioclastic material was not located in the shallowest part of the shelf, but most probably on a submarine sea-mount to the north of present-day Józefka, as suggested by earlier investigators. The triggering mechanism of the allochthonous deposition was an earthquake rather than storm activity. The enormous thickness of the brachiopod complex is probably caused by the sinking of bioclastic material, transported in succeeding depositional multi-events, in a soft, muddy bottom, typical of the Szydłówek Beds deposition.

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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Skompski

Andrzej Baliński

Michał Szulczewski

Inga Zawadzka

Evidence of Late Cretaceous/Cenozoic strike-slip faulting within the late Palaeozoic Holy Cross Mts. Fold Belt, Poland: Józefka releasing stepover

Stanisław Skompski Andrzej Konon Anna Wysocka Urszula Czarniecka

Acta Geologica Polonica | 2019 | vol. 69 | No 1 | 89-105 | DOI: 10.24425/agp.2019.126434

Keywords Strike-slip faulting Releasing stepover Holy Cross Mountains Buntsandstein

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to reconstruct the location mechanism of a Triassic sandstone wedge within folded Palaeozoic rocks. A vertically oriented Buntsandstein succession (Lower Triassic) from Józefka Quarry (Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland), steeply wedged within folded Devonian carbonates, is recognised as an effect of normal faulting within a releasing stepover. The sandstone succession, corresponding to the Zagnańsk Formation in the local lithostratigraphic scheme, is represented by two complexes, interpreted as deposits of a sand-dominated alluvial plain (older complex), and coarse-grained sands and gravels of a braided river system (younger complex). The sandstone complex was primarily formed as the lowermost part of the several kilometres thick Mesozoic cover of the Holy Cross Mountains Fold Belt (HCFB), later eroded as a result of the Late Cretaceous/Paleogene uplift of the area. Tectonic analysis of the present-day position of the deformed sandstone succession shows that it is fault-bounded by a system of strike-slip and normal faults, which we interpret as a releasing stepover. Accordingly, the formation of the stepover in the central part of the late Palaeozoic HCFB is evidence of a significant role of strike-slip faulting within this tectonic unit during Late Cretaceous/Paleogene times. The faulting was probably triggered by reactivation of the terminal Palaeozoic strike-slip fault pattern along the western border of the Teisseyre–Tornquist Zone.

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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Skompski

Andrzej Konon

Anna Wysocka

Urszula Czarniecka

Quaternary valley levels and river terraces in the western part of the Holy Cross Mountains

Jan Dzierżek Leszek Lindner Krzysztof Cabalski

Studia Quaternaria | 2019 | vol. 36 | Iss. 2 | 109-118 | DOI: 10.24425/sq.2019.126383

Keywords Holy Cross Mountains Quaternary palaeogeography valley sediments fluvial forms

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Abstract

According to the current state of research five sand-gravel accumulation levels of Quaternary age are visible in the morphology of the western part of the Holy Cross Mountains, within the Wierna Rzeka, Hutka and Bobrza river valley systems and the lower stretches of the Biała Nida and Czarna Nida river valleys. Two upper levels (V and IV) correspond to valleys formed during the Odranian Glaciation-Saalian, MIS6 and its reccesional phases under the influence of proglacial and extraglacial waters beyond the extent (to the east) of the maximal ice-sheet limit of this glaciation, reaching to the present-day Leśnica-Gnieździska-Łopuszno line. Two lower levels (III and II) are terraces that were typically formed during the climatic conditions thatprevailed during Vistulian stadials. Sands and gravels of the three upper levels (V−III) contain numerous debris flow deposits and cryoturbation structures documenting periglacial conditions during their accumulation. The lowermost level (I) is a typical Holocene floodplain.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Dzierżek

Leszek Lindner

Krzysztof Cabalski

Taxonomic revision of the Paradoxididae Hawle and Corda, 1847 from the Miaolingian (Cambrian) of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland: a morphometric approach to simply deformed trilobites

Jakub Nowicki Anna Żylińska

Acta Geologica Polonica | vol. 71 | No 4 | 371-391 | DOI: 10.24425/agp.2020.134566

Keywords Paradoxididae Miaolingian Cambrian Holy Cross Mountains Geometric morphometry Simple deformation Słowiec Hill

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Abstract

The taxonomy of simply deformed paradoxidids from the Miaolingian (Cambrian) of Słowiec Hill, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, is revised based on morphometric analysis. The material represents two species: Acadoparadoxides slowiecensis (Czarnocki in Orłowski, 1965) and Hydrocephalus? polonicus (Czarnocki in Orłowski, 1965). A new assemblage zone based on the combined although not precisely known ranges of these two taxa is suggested replacing the previous Paradoxides polonicus Zone of Orłowski (1975, 1988, 1992a). The Acadoparadoxides slowiecensis–Hydrocephalus? polonicus Assemblage Zone corresponds to the middle and upper part of the Wuliuan Stage (lower Miaolingian).

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Authors and Affiliations

Jakub Nowicki

1

Anna Żylińska

1

Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, PL-02-089 Warsaw, Poland

Record of the Pleistocene at karst sites of the Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains region – a review

Jan Urban Helena Hercman Katarzyna Ochman Andrzej Kasza

Studia Quaternaria | 2019 | vol. 36 | Iss. 2 | 87-108 | DOI: 10.24425/sq.2019.126382

Keywords karst sites caves U-series dating Pleistocene Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains

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Abstract

The objective of this paper is a review of data on reconstruction of the Pleistocene palaeogeography (environment) and stratigraphy based on studies of karst sites in the Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains. Although the number of known Pleistocene karst sites in this region is small, the investigations of them have played a crucial role in a research of the Pleistocene. The study of the Kozi Grzbiet site provided the first evidences for new climatostratigraphy and classification of glaciations in Poland. The explanation of genesis of cryogenic calcite crystals discovered in Chelosiowa Jama-Jaskinia Jaworznicka cave system started a new direction of palaeoenvironmental reconstructions of the last glacial period. Kadzielnia palaeontological site was one of the first Early Pleistocene fossil assemblages in karst studied in Poland, whereas Raj cave provided abundant palaeontological and archaeological material from the Last Glacial. Other sites are of less scientific importance, however some of them can be used in education and popularisation of geosciences. Small number of already studied sites does not exclude discoveries of next sites of high scientific importance.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Urban

Helena Hercman

Katarzyna Ochman

Andrzej Kasza

Fluid pathways within shallow-generated damage zones of strike-slip faults – evidence of map-scale faulting in a continental environment, SW Permo-Mesozoic cover of the Late Palaeozoic Holy Cross Mountains Fold Belt, Poland

Barbara Rybak-Ostrowska Andrzej Konon Vratislav Hurai Maciej Bojanowski Agnieszka Konon Michał Wyglądała

Acta Geologica Polonica | 2020 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 1-29 | DOI: 10.24425/agp.2019.126454

Keywords Strike-slip faulting Fluid pathways Continental environment Chmielnik releasing stepover Permo-Mesozoic cover Holy Cross Mountains Fold Belt

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Abstract

The damage zones of exhumed strike-slip faults dissecting Jurassic carbonates in the south-western part of the Late Palaeozoic Holy Cross Mountains Fold Belt reveal second-order faults and fractures infilled with syntectonic calcite. The subsequent development of a structural pattern of microscopic fault-related structures and calcite infillings reflects the activity of strike-slip faults that began in the Late Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) and lasted until the early Miocene (Langhian). The fabric of the syntectonic veins provides insights into the evolution of the permeable fault-related structures that were the main pathways for fluid flow during fault activity. Microstructural study of calcite veins coupled with stable isotope and fluid inclusion data indicates that calcite precipitated primarily in a rock-buffered system related to strike-slip fault movement, and secondarily in a partly open system related to the local activity of the releasing Chmielnik stepover or the uplift of the area. The presence of meteoric fluids descending from the surface into damage zones suggest that the strike-slip faulting might have taken place in a nonmarine, continental environment.

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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Rybak-Ostrowska

Andrzej Konon

Vratislav Hurai

Maciej Bojanowski

Agnieszka Konon

Michał Wyglądała

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Fluid pathways within shallow-generated damage zones of strike-slip faults – evidence of map-scale faulting in a continental environment, SW Permo-Mesozoic cover of the Late Palaeozoic Holy Cross Mountains Fold Belt, Poland

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Authors and Affiliations