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Abstract

The spatial distribution of snow thickness on glaciers is driven by a set of climatological, meteorological, topographical and orographic conditions. This work presents results of snow accumulation studies carried out from 2006 to 2009 on glaciers of different types: valley glacier, ice plateau and ice cap. In order to determine snow depth, a shallow radio echo−sounding method was used. Based on the results, the following snow distribution patterns on Svalbard glaciers have been distinguished: precipitation pattern, precipitation−redistribution pattern, redistribution pattern and complex pattern. The precipitation pattern assumes that the snow distribution on glaciers follows the altitudinal gradient. If the accumulation gradient is significantly modified by local factors like wind erosion and redeposition, or local variability of precipitation, the accumulation pattern turns into the precipitation−redistribution pattern. In the redistribution pattern, local factors play a crucial role in the spatial variability of snow depth. The complex pattern, however, demonstrates the co−existence of different snow distribution patterns on a single glacial object (glacier/ice cap/ice field).
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Authors and Affiliations

Mariusz Grabiec
Tomasz Budzik
Dariusz Puczko
Grzegorz Gajek
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Abstract

RADAR plays a vital role in military applications since its origin in the 2nd world war. Recently it has been used in surface inception, health monitoring, infrastructure health monitoring, etc. In these applications, Ultra-wideband RADAR systems are more popular than traditional RADAR systems. Impulse RADAR is a special kind of ultra-wideband RADAR, which is mostly used for surface penetration, through-wall imaging, antimissile detection, anti-stealth technology, etc. because of its high resolution and low center frequency. Out of all these applications, impulse RADAR has been used intensively as a ground-penetrating RADAR for the detection of land mines, underlying pipelines, buried objects, etc. This report has attempted to provide the steps for designing the impulse ground penetrating RADAR (GPR) as well as provides the value of crucial parameters required in the design process of commercial GPR systems.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Saket Kumar
1
Amit Kumar
2
Vikrant Singh
3
Abhishek Kumar Singh
4

  1. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India
  2. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) College of Engineering, Pune, India
  3. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, IIT Guwahati, India
  4. School of Advanced Sciences, Department of Physics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Naidu, India
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Abstract

From the construction made in the “white box” technology, first of all tightness is required - on the structural elements there should not be any cracks or scratches, through which water could penetrate, which in consequence may lead to deformation of structural elements and even loosing of their load-bearing capacity. Among the methods enabling the location of weakened places in watertight concrete, the ground penetrating radar (GPR) method is effective because the local occurrence of water in the structure evokes a clear and unambiguous anomaly on the radargram. In addition, the GPR method allows you to indicate places where water flows without the necessity of excluding the object from use and interference in the construction layers. The designation of such locations will make it possible to undertake technical activities that can facilitate the takeover of water and thus ensure the desired load-bearing capacity and usability of the object. Using the GPR method, you can also designate places that have already been deformed – discontinuities or breaking. The article presents a case study of investigations that determine the causes of leakage of tunnels made in the “white box” technology in: twice within the bottom slab of the tunnel (1 GHz air-coupled and 400 MHz ground-coupled antenna) and once in the case of tunnel walls (1.6 GHz ground-coupled antenna).

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Lejzerowicz
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Wutke
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Abstract

Cam Mountain in An Giang Province, Vietnam, is a granite peak that is severely fractured and eroded on its slopes and summit. Trees cover the top of the mountain and around the side of the mountain. The roads are the primary means of transportation for indigenous people and tourists daily. Recently, there has been a phenomenon of large-sized boulders rolling down from the top of the mountain, causing an accident and killing tourists. To investigate the internal causes of landslides on a 2.3 km road stretch, geophysical profiles using GPR and seismic refraction methods were conducted to clarify the current status of geological structures beneath the road surface. The refractive seismic data analysis revealed four distinct layers based on elastic wave propagation velocity. Velocity values range from 1000 to 3000 m/s for the 2 upper layers corresponding to the weathered, broken, and highly fractured rock layers and in the lower 2 layers from 3000 to more than 4500 m/s, respectively corresponding to less fractured rock on the depth of more than 50 m. According to GPR data, the structural cross-section to an average depth of 30 m is a more complex picture. Detected 6 layers with different degrees of fracture cracking and showing different structural zones. In a few places are the drainage creeks from the mountain. These places need to be monitored regularly to have a basis for predicting landslides and rockfalls in the area of Cam Mountain. Landslides occur in geological rocks which are of different ages: claystone, mudstone, siltstone, shale, or marlstone. The rock-falls occur in more compact rocks: metamorphic or igneous rocks.
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Authors and Affiliations

Giang Van Nguyen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dung Quang Nguyen
2
ORCID: ORCID
Thanh Ngoc Le
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. BinhDuong University,Vietnam
  2. Institute of Geography and Resource in HCM city, VAST, Vietnam
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Abstract

W artykule przedstawiono zalety i ograniczenia systemu Seismobile zebrane w wyniku wstępnych badań terenowych. Jest to system mobilny przystosowany do wykonywania równocześnie pomiarów sejsmicznych oraz georadarowych. Ta cecha wyróżnia ten system od dotychczas opracowanych strimerów. W pracy przedstawiono metodykę pomiarową systemu Seismobile, obejmującą przygotowanie sprzętu, akwizycję danych oraz wykonanie pomiaru danych sejsmicznych. Na podstawie dotychczasowych testów omówiono zalety systemu Seismobile, do których należy zaliczyć m.in. ograniczenie pracochłonności podczas pomiarów, bezprzewodową komunikację pomiędzy elementami systemu, niezależność modułów pomiarowych od siebie, możliwość zmiany rozstawu w zależności od zadania badawczego, mobilny wzbudnik, możliwość zastosowania dowolnego typu czujników sejsmicznych, zapis danych na powszechnie dostępnych kartach pamięci SDHC, stację dokującą służącą do archiwizowania i ładowania baterii modułów pomiarowych. System Seismobile, podobnie do innych tego typu urządzeń, posiada również różnego rodzaju ograniczenia, głównie o charakterze technicznym. Przygotowanie systemu do pierwszego pomiaru jest czasochłonne i wymaga dość dużego nakładu pracy. Zestawy czujników na metalowych podstawach mogą być niestabilne w trudnych warunkach terenowych, a ich kontakt z ośrodkiem jest słabszy niż w przypadku geofonów wbijanych w grunt. Czas pracy baterii modułów pomiarowych ulega skróceniu z upływem czasu. Mogą też występować problemy z rejestracją poprawnego sygnału GPS w trudnych warunkach terenowych, wykorzystywanego do lokalizacji systemu i synchronizacji czasu pracy jego elementów. Niezależnie od wskazanych ograniczeń wyniki uzyskiwane systemem Seismobile wskazują na jego dużą przydatność w badaniach defektów płytkiego podłoża.

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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Barnaś
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Abstract

The main scientific goal of this work is the presentation of the role of selected geophysical methods (Ground-Penetrating Radar GPR and Electrical Resistivity Tomography ERT) to identify water escape zones from retention reservoirs. The paper proposes a methodology of geophysical investigations for the identification of water escape zones from a retention fresh water lake (low mineralised water). The study was performed in a lake reservoir in Upper Silesia. Since a number of years the administrators of the lake have observed a decreasing water level, a phenomenon that is not related to the exploitation of the object. The analysed retention lake has a maximal depth between 6 and 10 m, depending on the season. It is located on Triassic carbonate rocks of the Muschelkalk facies. Geophysical surveys included measurements on the water surface using ground penetration radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) methods. The measurements were performed from watercrafts made of non-metal materials. The prospection reached a depth of about 1 to 5 m below the reservoir bottom. Due to large difficulties of conducting investigations in the lake, a fragment with an area of about 5,300 m 2, where service activities and sealing works were already commenced, was selected for the geophysical survey. The scope of this work was: (1) field geophysical research (Ground-Penetrating Radar GPR and Electrical Resistivity Tomography ERT with geodesic service), (2) processing of the obtained geophysical research results, (3) modelling of GPR and ERT anomalies on a fractured water reservoir bottom, and (4) interpretation of the obtained results based on the modelled geophysical anomalies. The geophysical surveys allowed for distinguishing a zone with anomalous physical parameters in the area of the analysed part of the retention lake. ERT surveys have shown that the water escape zone from the reservoir was characterised by significantly decreased electrical resistivities. Diffraction hyperboles and a zone of wave attenuation were observed on the GPR images in the lake bottom within the water escape zone indicating cracks in the bottom of the water reservoir. The proposed methodology of geophysical surveys seems effective in solving untypical issues such as measurements on the water surface.

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Authors and Affiliations

Radosław Mieszkowski
ORCID: ORCID
Emilia Wójcik
Mikołaj Kozłowski
Paweł Popielski
ORCID: ORCID

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