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Air Quality Index and Its Significance in Environmental Health Risk Communication

Małgorzata Kowalska Leszek Ośródka Krzysztof Klejnowski Jan E. Zejda Ewa Krajny Marek Wojtylak
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2009 | vol.35 | No 1 | 13-21
Keywords Air quality index daily mortality environmental epidemiology
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Abstract


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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata Kowalska
Leszek Ośródka
Krzysztof Klejnowski
Jan E. Zejda
Ewa Krajny
Marek Wojtylak

Predicting air quality trends in Malaysia’s largest cities: the role of urban population dynamics and COVID-19 effects

Wong Ming Wong Shian-Yang Tzeng Hao-Fan Mo Wunhong Su
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2024 | 50 | 2 | 65-74 | DOI: 10.24425/aep.2024.150553
Keywords Air quality index; COVID-19; Malaysia; Cluster Analysis; Generalized Additive Mixed Model;
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Abstract

This paper aims to explore the relationship between the Air Quality Index (AQI), COVID-19 incidence rates, and population density within Malaysia’s ten most populous cities from January 2018 to December 2021. Data were sourced from the Department of Statistics Malaysia, the World Air Quality Index Project, and Our World in Statistics. The methodology integrated population-based city classification and AQI assessment, cluster analysis through SPSS, and Generalized Additive Mixed Model (GAMM) analysis using R Studio despite encountering a data gap in AQI for five months in 2019. Cities were organized into three clusters based on their AQI: Cluster One included Ipoh, Penang, Kuala Lumpur, and Melaka, Cluster Two comprised Kuantan, Seremban, Johor Bahru, and Kota Bharu, Cluster Three featured Kota Kinabalu and Kuching. GAMM analysis revealed prediction accuracies for AQI variations of 58%, 60%, and 41% for the respective clusters, indicating a notable impact of population density on air quality. AQI variations remained unaffected by COVID-19, with a forecasted improvement in air quality across all clusters. The paper presents novel insights into the negligible impact of COVID-19 on AQI variations and underscores the predictive power of population dynamics on urban air quality, offering valuable perspectives for environmental and urban planning.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wong Ming Wong
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shian-Yang Tzeng
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hao-Fan Mo
3
ORCID: ORCID
Wunhong Su
4
ORCID: ORCID
  1. International College, Krirk University, Thailand
  2. School of Economics and Management, Quanzhou University of Information Engineering, China
  3. JinWen University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
  4. 4School of Accounting, Hangzhou Dianzi University, China

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