The never before published paper is one of the last writings of Juliusz Żórawski (1898–1967), professor architect and theoretician of architecture. The notion of limited complexity introduced here relates to individual characteristics of the conceptual abilities of man. Tasks of architecture are based on prognoses, and this brings with it the risk of making errors. The author criticises J. Fourastié’s prognoses related to the Earth’s overpopulation in 3000 AD, which would force building new cities above the ground, contrary to human psychosomatic nature and habitude.
This paper is an attempt to explain the concept of emergence of spatial systems. It indicates basic features of this concept, such as: coevolution, selforganization, patterns, sudden changes, hierarchy. The emergence of complex systems is very fruitful approach to the theoretical reconstruction of the processes of space economy. It should be included in the discussion on evolutionary economics and geography. Recently, in both disciplines creative research is carried out on this subject matter.
The article discusses the expansion of the influence of the museum as a culture forming structure on the example of one of the most beautiful cities in Eastern Europe. Lviv is considered a regional metropolis, its cultural influence extends across Western Ukraine. The paper presents the evolution of the museum’s function in the spatial development of Lviv and urban conditions of expanding this function in a modern city. The need for the placement of museum complexes on the outskirts of Lviv’s city center was determined.
Linguistic materials of uncertain syntactic status in a corpus of blog posts – This article proposes an analysis of some modalities of the interfrastic connection in the linguistic productions of bloggers. In particular, attention is focused on cases that present a structural interest as they fall into an intermediate space between autonomy and syntactic-semantic integration. More specifically, it focuses on cases of hypercoding and hypocoding of the the syntactic linking of clauses, as well as on cases of deviant coding.
The aim of this paper is to analyse various animal-specifi c complex lexical units together with patterns that can be held responsible for their underlying conceptual structure. Many examples of the data investigated in the paper seem to represent compounds as they are traditionally understood in the literature of the subject (see, among others, Bauer 2003; Katamba and Stonham 2006; Lieber and Štekauer 2009; Fàbregas and Scalise 2012; Bauer et al. 2013); however, others do not meet the basic criteria for compoundhood as postulated by, for example, Altakhaineh (2016). In my research I use the term animal-specifi c complex lexical units with reference to all animal-related composite expressions being the result of the working of metaphor-metonymy interaction.
This article presents our key arguments about the usefulness of the concept of superdiversity for reimag-ining migration in European societies, based on the example of migration from Poland to the UK. We argue that, despite some criticism of ‘superdiversity’, this concept is beneficial to avoid over-simplifi-cations related to ethno-nationalised homogeneity as the prevailing ascribed feature of Polish migrants, offering a helpful lens through which the complexities and fluidity of contemporary migrant populations and receiving societies may be investigated. Our main point is that such the reimagination might be commenced through applying the concept of superdiversity in research on migrants from Poland in Great Britain. The concept of superdiversity is also beneficial to understand complexities associated with the urban contexts in which migrants settle, their adaptation pathways as well as the intersectional factors shaping migrants’ lives and experiences.
The awareness of the growing importance of the complexity in creating a new type of a modern enterprise strategy and in introducing changes within planning, control and organizational structures contributed to undertaking studies on relationships occurring between the complexity of a modern enterprise and its flexibility in the sector of industrial automation, as well as filling the gap relating to the cognitive impact of poor complexity management on the flexibility of the company. The main objective of the research work is to check whether there is an important relationship between the complexity of the business and its flexibility in the industrial automation sector. Quantification of the relationship between these two quantities – the complexity and flexibility – happened by the use of the Multidimensional Correspondence Analysis (MCA) and Perceptual Maps. The study which has been carried out indicated that the flexibility and complexity functions in the enterprise management rise, however, the knowledge of these issues is highly insufficient. The research discovered that the obstacles which hamper striking a balance between the flexibility and complexity in their advanced stages exert a devastating impact on the quality of the process management. Reducing the flexibility at its higher levels generates a context in which the market risk is enhanced. Companies characterised by improper flexibility management bear higher workforce costs and their processes of decision-making last longer. Methodical and systematized study of flexibility and complexity will decrease the destructive influence of the interaction between these two categories.
In this work, the spectrophotometric studies on the kinetics of redox reaction between gold(III) bromide complexes and sodium nitrite, were carried out. From the kinetic curves collected under different conditions of reactants concentration, addition of bromide ions, temperature, pH and ionic strength, corresponding rate constants have been determined. The obtained results suggest the complex path of the [AuBr4]– reduction consisting of two parallel, bimolecular reactions where different reductant species (HNO2 and NO2–) take place and consecutive step with the metallic gold production. The second-order rate constants at 20oC are equal to 2.948 and 0.191 M–1·s–1, respectively. The values of activation enthalpy and activation entropy for the first and the second parallel step of the reaction were found to be ΔH‡ = 29.18 kJ·mol–1 and ΔS‡ = –13.95 J·mol–1·K, and ΔH‡ = 40.75 kJ·mol–1 and ΔS‡ = –31.06 J·mol–1·K, respectively. It was found that the reaction accelerates significantly with the increase of pH and is inhibited with the increase of Br– concentration. The substitutive, inner-sphere mechanism of electron transfer in the studied system was also suggested.
Most of the medieval Italian cities are civitas born of the ruins of the ancient Roman civilization. Their beauty ist the origin for deep esthetical experiences, to which Sławomir Gzell gave the name bellezza. There are a few characteristic features composing the "picturesqueness", painterliness and harmony of those cities, which lead the observer to strong emotions and constant, sensual exploration. The author contemplates the aspects creating the phenomrnon of beauty of Italian cities and towns - which are the metapfor of human desires and deepest cravings.
The paper presents the meaning of complexity as a notion in psychology, and its influence on architectural theory in the 1960s, focusing on the notion of optimal complexity. A commentary is presented on the two texts („Network of straight lines” and „Limited complexity”) by professor architect Juliusz Żórawski from 1967, where he has introduced the term of limited complexity in relation to architecture, and where he criticizes excessively far reaching forecasts of future development. Żórawski’s concepts are parallel to those of R. Venturi at that time.
The article reveals the problems of the formation and implementation of Ukraine’s energy policy
from the beginning of its independence to the present day. The specificities of the fuel and energy
sector of the country’s economy, the main stages of formation, macroeconomic conditions and the
problems of its transformation were analyzed. The slow and contradictory processes of reforming
Ukraine’s fuel and energy complex throughout the period of its independence and the fact that the
inconsistency with the main directions of the economic policy did not ensure its effective transformation
have been proven. The results of the OECD assessment of progress towards the main
objectives implementation of the Ukraine’s Energy Strategy have been presented. It was noted that
the results of the research suggest that the progress in achieving the goals of Ukraine’s Energy Strategy
is ambiguous, therefore the strategy needs to be refined accordingly. There are two main factors
moving away from the formal and declarative nature of Ukraine’s energy policy to its realistic model.
Firstly – an international factor associated with Ukraine’s extending involvement in international cooperation
within the energy sector, Ukraine’s international commitments to reform the energy sector
towards increasing energy efficiency, green energy, etc. Another – the crisis factor – as a result of the
energy policy of the Russian Federation. It was noted that the role of these factors in the future will
remain determining. The need to improve Ukraine’s energy policy, taking the current trends in the
development of the world energy system, new challenges and threats to politico-military and energy
confrontation with the Russian Federation into account, has been proven.