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Number of results: 332
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Abstract

In the paper the model of the disturbing potential based on the lower-degree harmonic spherical polynomials and the local density model of topographic masses has been proposed. Topographic masses are represented by DTM. The model parameters are fixed by the use of quasigeoid heights as well as a dense network of gravity points. Preliminary analyses of the model's robustness of gravimetric data errors have also been included.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Trojanowicz
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

In this paper there are presented results of applying the methods of the time series analysis to the problem of recognizing small boats. It has been showed that the acoustic signals of the boats can be classified by means of clustering algorithms.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Przyborski
Andrzej Stateczny
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Abstract

The paper presents such a method of distribution of observations in a surveying network, which allows to meet requirements concerning the network with the possibly lowest direct costs of survey. As a result, a set of azimuths, sides, angles and GPS chords which can be measured in a given network is obtained; then the selection of a subset, which meets the above criteria may be performed. The OPTY98 computer system, which time of calculation may be accepted by an arbitrary network, has been developed for the proposed algorithm. Required data as well as obtained results are presented using the example of the Refe network.
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Stanisław Lisiewicz
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Abstract

The paper presents a concept of application of the RTK-GPS technique to surveys of railway tracks. The concept was examined during an experimental survey performed over a 2 km long track section. The test survey confirmed functionality and sufficient accuracy of the RTK-GPS method as applied to railway track measurements aimed at track regulation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Gocal
Michał Strach
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Abstract

The paper presents discusses a formula for the mean error m, of the refraction factor, determined basing on synchronie and bi-directional observations of vertical angles, performed for a section of trigonometric levelling. It turns out from analysis of the formula that the mean error of this factor is mostly influenced by mean errors of vertical angles and heights of distance meters and prisms over survey points. The error of a distance may be neglected; this leads to the simple working formula.
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Aleksander Skórczyński
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Abstract

According to analyses of results of surveying measurements, description of undefined subsidence, performed with the use of S. Knothe's model is characterised by the sufficient coherence with results of measurements since the moment when the full subsiding trough becomes visible on the terrain surface. Lower coherence with results of measurements appears in the initial period after commencement of exploitation. In order to improve the quality of description within the initial phase of subsidence, a mathematical model has been developed, which is based on relations between the coefficient of the velocity of subsidence and the time co-ordinate, and from geometric co-ordinates. Obtained solutions have been verified basing on results of surveying measurements, with the use of a special computer software.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Strzałkowski
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

One of the basic processes in photogrammetry consists of identification and measurements of conjugate (homologous) points located within image overlapping. In analytical photogrammetry this process is solved manually by an observer. In digital photogrammetry this process is solved automatically by software and it is called image matching. This process has considerable importance for automation of orientation or aerial triangulation of photographs. The accuracy of image matching process influences the accuracy of determination of image orientation elements and computed point coordinates. This article presents the author's idea concerning matching of digital images with regard to correlation between neighbouring pixels. First, the problem of correlation between point co-ordinates will be examined in analytical photogrammetry, what will simplify considerations related to digital photo gram metry.
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Authors and Affiliations

Chinh Ke Luong
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Abstract

The problems of identification of objects have been strictly bound with sea navigation for a long time. The article presents a method of object identification by means of artificial neural networks. The classification of objects is effected on the basis of a radio signal. A comparison between classical methods and neural methods has been made. The results of research performed have been presented on real data, and a detailed analysis of the probabilistic network and its identification.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Stateczny
Tomasz Praczyk
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Abstract

Climate atlases summarize large sets of quantitative and qualitative data and are results of complex analytical cartographic work. These special geographical publications summarize long term meteorological observations, provide maps and figures which characterise different climate elements. Visual information is supplemented with explanatory texts. A lot of information on short and long term changes of climate elements were provided in published Lithuanian atlases (Atlas of Lithuanian SDR, 1981; Climate Atlas of Lithuania, 2013), as well as in prepared but unpublished Lithuanian Atlas (1989) and in upcoming new national atlas publications (National Atlas of Lithuania. 1 st part, 2014). Climate atlases has to be constantly updated to be relevant and to describe current climate conditions. Comprehensive indicators of Lithuanian climate are provided in different cartographic publications. Different time periods, various data sets and diverse cartographic data analysis tools and visualisation methods were used in these different publications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Donatas Valiukas
Audronė Galvonaitė
Algimantas Česnulevičius
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Abstract

The summary of research activities concerning reference frames and reference networks performed in Poland in a period of 2011–2014 is presented. It contains the results of research on implementation of IUGG2011 and IAU2012 resolutions on reference systems, implementation of the ETRS89 in Poland, operational work of permanent IGS/ EUREF stations in Poland, operational work of ILRS laser ranging station in Poland, active GNSS station networks in Poland, maintenance of vertical control in Poland, maintenance and modernization of gravity control, and maintenance of magnetic control in Poland. The bibliography of the related works is given in references.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jaroslaw Bosy
Jan Krynski
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Abstract

The quarrying industry is changing the local landscape, forming deep open pits and spoil heaps in close proximity to them, especially lignite mines. The impact can include toxic soil material (low pH, heavy metals, oxidations etc.) which is the basis for further reclamation and afforestation. Forests that stand on spoil heaps have very different growth conditions because of the relief (slope, aspect, wind and rainfall shadows, supply of solar energy, etc.) and type of soil that is deposited. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) technology deliver point clouds (XYZ) and derivatives as raster height models (DTM, DSM, nDSM=CHM) which allow the reception of selected 2D and 3D forest parameters (e.g. height, base of the crown, cover, density, volume, biomass, etc). The automation of ALS point cloud processing and integrating the results into GIS helps forest managers to take appropriate decisions on silvicultural treatments in areas with failed plantations (toxic soil, droughts on south-facing slopes; landslides, etc.) or as regular maintenance. The ISOK country-wide project ongoing in Poland will soon deliver ALS point cloud data which can be successfully used for the monitoring and management of many thousands of hectares of destroyed post-industrial areas which according to the law, have to be afforested and transferred back to the State Forest.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Hawryło
Marta Szostak
Piotr Wężyk
Wojciech Krzaklewski
Marek Pająk
Marcin Pierzchalski
Piotr Szwed
Michał Ratajczak
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Abstract

The adjustment problem of the so-called combined (hybrid, integrated) network created with GNSS vectors and terrestrial observations has been the subject of many theoretical and applied works. The network adjustment in various mathematical spaces was considered: in the Cartesian geocentric system on a reference ellipsoid and on a mapping plane. For practical reasons, it often takes a geodetic coordinate system associated with the reference ellipsoid. In this case, the Cartesian GNSS vectors are converted, for example, into geodesic parameters (azimuth and length) on the ellipsoid, but the simple form of converted pseudo-observations are the direct differences of the geodetic coordinates. Unfortunately, such an approach may be essentially distorted by a systematic error resulting from the position error of the GNSS vector, before its projection on the ellipsoid surface. In this paper, an analysis of the impact of this error on the determined measures of geometric ellipsoid elements, including the differences of geodetic coordinates or geodesic parameters is presented. Assuming that the adjustment of a combined network on the ellipsoid shows that the optimal functional approach in relation to the satellite observation, is to create the observational equations directly for the original GNSS Cartesian vector components, writing them directly as a function of the geodetic coordinates (in numerical applications, we use the linearized forms of observational equations with explicitly specified coefficients). While retaining the original character of the Cartesian vector, one avoids any systematic errors that may occur in the conversion of the original GNSS vectors to ellipsoid elements, for example the vector of the geodesic parameters. The problem is theoretically developed and numerically tested. An example of the adjustment of a subnet loaded from the database of reference stations of the ASG-EUPOS system was considered for the preferred functional model of the GNSS observations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Roman Kadaj
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Abstract

Population data are generally provided by state census organisations at the pre- defined census enumeration units. However, these datasets very are often required at user- defined spatial units that differ from the census output levels. A number of population estimation techniques have been developed to address these problems. This article is one of those attempts aimed at improving county level population estimates by using spatial disaggregation models with support of buildings characteristic, derived from national topographic database, and average area of a flat. The experimental gridded population surface was created for Opatów county, sparsely populated rural region located in Central Poland. The method relies on geolocation of population counts in buildings, taking into account the building volume and structural building type and then aggregation the people total in 1 km quadrilateral grid. The overall quality of population distribution surface expressed by the mean of RMSE equals 9 persons, and the MAE equals 0.01. We also discovered that nearly 20% of total county area is unpopulated and 80% of people lived on 33% of the county territory.
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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Calka
Elżbieta Bielecka
Katarzyna Zdunkiewicz
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Abstract

Lexical knowledge sources are indispensable for research, education and general information. The transition of the reference works to the digital world has been a gradual one. This paper discusses the basic principles and structure of knowledge presentation, as well as user access and knowledge acquisition with specific consideration of contributions in German. The ideal reference works of the future should be interactive, optimally adapted to the user, reliable, current and quotable.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wolf Günther Koch
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Abstract

Considering the recent mass movement of people fleeing war and oppression, an analysis of changes in migration, in particular an analysis of the final destination refugees choose, seems to be of utmost importance. Many international organisations like UNHCR (the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) or EuroStat gather and provide information on the number of refugees and the routes they follow. What is also needed to study the state of affairs closely is a visual form presenting the rapidly changing situation. An analysis of the problem together with up-to-date statistical data presented in the visual form of a map is essential. This article describes methods of preparing such interactive maps displaying movement of refugees in European Union countries. Those maps would show changes taking place throughout recent years but also the dynamics of the development of the refugee crisis in Europe. The ArcGIS software was applied to make the map accessible on the Internet. Additionally, online sources and newspaper articles were used to present the movement of migrants. The interactive map makes it possible to watch spatial data with an opportunity to navigate within the map window. Because of that it is a clear and convenient tool to visualise such processes as refugee migration in Europe.
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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Calka
Bruce Cahan
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Abstract

The known standard recursion methods of computing the full normalized associated Legendre functions do not give the necessary precision due to application of IEEE754-2008 standard, that creates a problems of underflow and overflow. The analysis of the problems of the calculation of the Legendre functions shows that the problem underflow is not dangerous by itself. The main problem that generates the gross errors in its calculations is the problem named the effect of “absolute zero”. Once appeared in a forward column recursion, “absolute zero” converts to zero all values which are multiplied by it, regardless of whether a zero result of multiplication is real or not. Three methods of calculating of the Legendre functions, that removed the effect of “absolute zero” from the calculations are discussed here. These methods are also of interest because they almost have no limit for the maximum degree of Legendre functions. It is shown that the numerical accuracy of these three methods is the same. But, the CPU calculation time of the Legendre functions with Fukushima method is minimal. Therefore, the Fukushima method is the best. Its main advantage is computational speed which is an important factor in calculation of such large amount of the Legendre functions as 2 401 336 for EGM2008
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Authors and Affiliations

Elena Novikova
Alexander Dmitrenko
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Abstract

The article presents a framework for integrating historical sources with elements of the geographical space recorded in unique cartographic materials. The aim of the project was to elaborate a method of integrating spatial data sources that would facilitate studying and presenting the phenomena of economic history. The proposed methodology for multimedia integration of old materials made it possible to demonstrate the successive stages of the transformation which was characteristic of the 19th-century space. The point of reference for this process of integrating information was topographic maps from the first half of the 19th century, while the research area comprised the castle complex in Kórnik together with the small town – the pre-industrial landscape in Wielkopolska (Greater Poland). On the basis of map and plan transformation, graphic processing of the scans of old drawings, texture mapping of the facades of historic buildings, and a 360° panorama, the source material collected was integrated. The final product was a few-minute-long video, composed of nine sequences. It captures the changing form of the castle building together with its facades, the castle park, and its further topographic and urban surroundings, since the beginning of the 19th century till the present day. For a topographic map sheet dating back to the first half of the 19th century, in which the hachuring method had been used to present land relief, a terrain model was generated. The transition from parallel to bird’s-eye-view perspective served to demonstrate the distinctive character of the pre-industrial landscape.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Lorek
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Abstract

One of the major tasks in digital photogrammetry is image matching technique for finding corresponding points in a stereopair. Area-based matching has been acknowledged as being more precise than feature-based matching. Least squares multi-point matching (LSMM) is one of the Global Image Matching (GIM) which was developed from the Least-squares Single point matching (LSSM) so called area-based matching. LSMM method has been more reliable than LSSM one because the relationship between the different neighbouring points is considered in simultaneous computation. LSMM is just for the simultaneous determination of the horizontal parallaxes at the node points of the regular rectangular nets for the purpose of the establishing the DEM. This paper undertakes a trial of improving the accuracy of LSMM by consideration of the correlated pixels and terrain height differences.
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Authors and Affiliations

Chinh Ke Luong
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Abstract

W systemach informacji geograficznej, w tym w systemie informacji topograficznej wyróżnia się relacje zachodzące między atrybutami obiektów oraz relacje dotyczące wzajemnego położenia przynajmniej dwu obiektów w przestrzeni geograficznej. Relacje przestrzenne moża rozpatrywać w dwu aspektach. Pierwszy z nich to relacje metryczne zachodzące między obiektami w przestrzeni geograficznej. Drugi, pochodny względem pierwszego, to relacje typologiczne zachodzące między reprezentacjami obiektów w bazie danych. Relacje typologiczne są odporne na rozciąganie, skalowanie i rotacje. Są one idealizacją relacji metrycznych opartych na obliczeniach dokonywanych na współrzędnych. Wydzielenie relacji przestrzennych i ich opis jest obecnie jednym z ważnych celów badań związanych z systemami informacji geograficznej. W pracy skupiono uwagę na relacjach typologicznych istotnych dla systemu informacji topograficznej realizowanwego w przestrzeni dwuwymiarowej. Rozpatruje się cztery rodzaje obiektów przestrzennych: punkt, linia, obszar oraz obszar z enklawą. Każdy z obiektów ma określoną strukturę, istotną dla utworzenia relacji między nimi. Wyróżniono 42 dwuczłonowych (binarnych) relacji elementarnych i 36 relacji złożonych. Relacje elementarne są niepodzielne i stanowią minimalny zbiór na podstawie, którego można tworzyć potrzebne z punktu widzenia bazy danych topograficznych relacje złożone. Z każdą relacją przestrzenną związano jej oznaczenie opisowe i graficzne. W proponowanym modelu można utworzyć dowolną liczbę relacji złożonych. Model jest otwarty na inne, niezbyt często rozpatrywane rodzaje relacji. Planuje się aby rozszerzyć model o relacje w przestrzeni trójwymiarowej, relacje temporalne a także relacje dotyczące zbiorów rozmytych.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Buczkowski
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Wcięcie wstecz stanowi szczególnie użyteczną konstrukcję geodezyjną ze względu na zredukowanie obserwacji terenowych do pomiaru dwóch kątów na punkcie wyznaczanym. Należy jednak zauważyć, że w przypadku kiedy trzy punkty o znanych współrzędnych i punki wyznaczany leżą na tym samym okręgu kola pozycja jest niewyznaczalna. Niewyznaczalność pozycji powoduje konieczność przeprowadzenia analiz dokladnościowych przed założeniem tych konstrukcji. W przedstawionej pracy ustalono ogólne charakterystyki dokladnościowe dla bezpośredniego dokonywania tych analiz. Podano ogólne funkcje pozwalające na bezpośrednie wyznaczanie średniego błędu pozycji, dokładności odległości centralnej i dokładności azymutu centralnego. Ustalono także funkcje określające błąd wyznaczenia pozycji w dowolnym kierunku i podano orientację oraz wielkości półosi standardowych elips błędów. Załączone przykłady numeryczne ilustrują praktyczne zastosowania otrzymanych funkcji.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Martusewicz
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Abstract

Modelowanie obiektów rzeczywistości geograficznej, stanowiących geokomonenty, zasadza się na wyróżnieniu trzech składowych tych obiektów: geometrii, atrybutów i ich wartości. Uporządkowany zbiór elementarnych obiektów, zwanych tu topograficznymi, zawiera baza danych topograficznych, jako podstawowy komponent fizyczny systemu informacji topograficznej. Wizualizacja kartograficzna danych może odbywać się na trzech poziomach, związanych ze stopniem przetworzenia graficznego obrazu - od prezentacji danych nieprzetworzonych (szkieletowa), poprzez prezentację uproszczoną, do prezentacji pełnej, ukierunkowanej na spelniene wymogów percepcji wzrokowej. Przedmiotem zainteresowania jest tu poziom trzeci - prezentacja pełna, będąca najdalej przetworzonym obrazem mapy, powstającej wewnątrz systemu informacji topograficznej, jako modelu rzeczywistości. Przyjęto model znaku kartograficznego skonstruowany jako triada: nośnik, znaczenia, przdmiot, interpretant. Wskazano na rolę znaczenia, pozwalającego na poprawne odczytanie relacji semantycznych, pomiędzy nośnikiem znaczenia a obiektem rzeczywistości geograficznej. Znak kartograficzny składa się z dwóch zasadniczych typów elementów: konturów i wypełnień figur geometrycznych. W konstruowaniu znaku różnicowaniu podlegają atrybuty tych elementów, które określono jako komponenty graficzne znaku. Atrybuty te, zwane zmiennymi graficznymi, uporządkowano i scharakteryzowano na podstawie wyróżnień MacEachrena. Rozłączność nośników znaczenia warunkuje jednoznaczność odbioru treści mapy. Elementarnym warunkiem poprawnej prezentacji jest więc nie nakładanie się zakresów pojęciowych wizualizowanych obiektów. Na etapie klasyfikacji treści bazy danych dokonuje się wyróżnienia atrybutów obiektów topograficznych. Następnie należy wskazać relacje, które tym cechom odpowiadają i ujawnić odpowiedni poziom pomiarowy wartości cech. Każdej z tych relacji (w sensie ontologicznym) przyporządkowuje się zmienną graficzną i stosuje się ją w odniesieniu do komponentów graficznych konkretnego znaku. Obiekty zapisane w bazie danych jako obszary (platy płaszczyzny) mogą być prezentowane przez znaki powierzchniowe bądź punktowe. Redukcja wymiarów (również dla obiektów liniowych) może nastąpić na drodze uogólnienia strukturalnego lub w końcowym etapie prezentacji kartograficznej. Zestawiono własności nośników znaczenia, dzięki którym zagwarantowane będzie zachowanie tzw. szkieletu strukturalnego w prezentacjach graficznych. Pewien stopień uporządkowania odbioru grafiki mapy wprowadza pojęcie barwy nadrzędnej, przyporządkowanej kategoriom tematycznym poszczególnych geokomponentów. W artykule zawarto propozycję tych barw, wskazując jako najważniejsze odejście od prezentacji tzw. sytuacji w barwie czarnej. W zapewnieniu prawidłowej interpretacji znaku pomagać też powinna jego poglądowość, która jest pochodną izomorfizmu postaci. Przejawia się ona poprzez nawiązanie zmiennych graficznych komponentów znaku do fizjonomicznych cech obiektu, a także, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do obiektów roślinnych, do rzeczywistego wyglądu tych obiektów na zdjęciach lotniczych. Sformułowano też wskazówki zapewniające taki dobór zmiennych graficznych, który zagwarantuje równowagę wizualną pomiędzy szczegółami prezentowanymi na mapie. Podreślając trwałość zapisu obrazu graficznego, a jednocześnie łatwość jego modyfikcji wskazano kierunki automatyzacji redakcji map topograficznych. Zaznaczono, iż mapa topograficzna, poprzez poprawnie skomponowany system znaków kartograficznych, ma poprawnie informować ale też ujawniać swoją estetykę.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Głażewski

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