The study evaluated physicochemical properties of bio-waste as a potential biofuel in the form of leaves from ‘Regent’ grapevines grown on six different rootstocks and a control grown on its own roots for three years of cultivation. An elemental analysis was carried out, determining the content of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulphur in the leaves tested. A technical analysis of the biofuel was also carried out to determine the content of moisture, volatile matter, and ash. The calorimetric method was used to determine the higher heating value for the material. Fixed carbon and oxygen carbon was calculated based on the elemental and technical analyses. The study showed that the type of rootstock and the year of cultivation influence the amount of leaves obtained from the cultivation area. Leaf entrustment per hectare ranged from 1,140,868.02 in rootstock 161-49 to 1,265,286.7 Mg∙ha–1 in rootstock SO4. Regardless of the year of the study, shrubs grafted on 125AA rootstock and the control had the highest combustion heat of 17.5 MJ∙kg–1 and 17.6 MJ∙kg–1 respectively, while 5BB rootstock had the lowest combustion heat (16.4 MJ∙kg–1). Statistical analysis showed no significant effect of test year on the elemental and technical parameters evaluated. It was observed that regardless of the evaluated parameter and the type of rootstock in most parameters, the values in 2022 were the highest, while in 2021 they were the lowest.

^–1

Satellite-based irrigation performance is a valuable tool for improving yields in irrigated areas across the world and requires adequate land for long-term development. This study aimed to increase irrigation performance and yield gap variation of rainfed crops using the database of FAO’s Water Productivity Open Access Portal (WaPOR) and the Global Yield Gap Atlas. The evapotranspiration ( ET) performance of irrigation is expressed in equity ( CV of ET), reliability, adequacy ( CV of ET), and water productivity (kg∙m^-3</p>). The rainfed crops are interpreted in terms of metric tonnes/ha. Specifically, 20,325 km²</p> of suitable pastoral land across eight sub-classes was converted to rainfed rice, sugarcane, maize, and vegetable crops. Results showed that the R²</p> value was 0.97 at Baro Itang and –0.99 at Sor Metu, with the Baro Gambella sub-catchment having the largest yield gap of 4.435.2, 8.870.4, and 10.080∙106 kg when the yield increased by 1/3, 2/3, and 3/4. On the other hand, Gumero Gore had the smallest yield gap of 10,690, 29,700, and 33,750 kg, respectively. The management regime was 2.87, 0.87, and 0.35 kg∙m^-3</p> for growers in the estate, farmer association, and individual, respectively. The study concludes that no single irrigation technique can be considered the best, and a thorough analysis of spatiotemporal variation of the irrigation performance indicators and the yield gap in the water-scarce lower Baro watershed is required.

Pretreatment is aimed at making lignin structures, which in turn causes decrystallisation and depolymerisation of cellulose. This treatment allows to increase the energy potential of substrates. A properly selected method allows for obtaining larger amounts of biogas with a high content of biomethane. The aim of the study was to analyse selected pretreatment methods (ultrasonic and hydrothermal) for biogas yield, including biomethane, and to demonstrate the effectiveness of obtaining additional electricity and heat from these methods. It was based on the literature data. On basis the study, the following information was obtained: average yield of biogas and biomethane before and after treatment, difference in yield of biogas and biomethane after treatment, and the effect of treatment on the substrate used. Moreover, an estimate was made of the effectiveness of obtaining additional electricity and heat from selected pretreatment methods compared to hard coal. Based on the analysis of the ultrasonic treatment analysis, it was shown that the best result was obtained with the ultrasound treatment of the mixture of wheat straw and cattle manure with the following parameters: frequency 24 kHz, temperature 44.30°C, time 21.23 s. This allowed a 49% increase in biogas production. The use of pretreatment would therefore allow the production of more electricity and heat capable of replacing conventional heat sources such as coal.

According to the Water Framework Directive 2000/60 EC, the river basin is the basic unit for integrated water management at the basin level. In this sense, the knowledge of the morphometric parameters of the river takes on special importance. Morphometric analysis helps in understanding the geo-hydrological characteristics of a river basin. Various authors point out that the morphometric analyses of a drainage watershed demonstrate the dynamic equilibrium that has been achieved due to the interaction between matter and energy. The analysis of morphometric parameters also facilitates and helps to understand the hydrological relations of the basin. This paper deals with the morphometric analysis of sub-basins in the Klina River basin which is located in the northeastern part of the Dukagjini depression. To determine the morphometric parameters in the Klina River basin, the digital relief model from the Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS) platform with a resolution of 20 × 20 m and the ArcMap 10.5 software were used. The results reveal that the total number of streams is 753 of which 602 are 1^st order streams, 119 – 2^nd order, 23 – 3^rd order, 6 – 4^th order, 2 – 5^th order, and 1 – 6^th order streams. The mean bifurcation ratio is 3.81, drainage density is 1.52 km∙km^–2. The data and information presented in this study will be helpful and interesting in the plan of the management of Klina River basin which covers an area of 477 km² within which is estimated to live about 100,000 inhabitants.

The inequality between available water supplies and growing water demand from diverse sectors, as well as the predicted climate changes are putting significant pressures on Egypt’s food security. There is a nation-wide demand for new scientifically proven on-farm practices to boost water productivity of major food crops. The objective of this study was to explore the use of various deficit irrigation schemes to improve water productivity ( WP) of tomato cultivated in Egypt under distinct climate change scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, in three time-steps of the reference period (2006– 2016), 2030s, and 2050s. The AquaCrop model was used to simulate the influence of climate change on the tomato crop, as well as two deficit irrigation application schemes for the full growing season and the regulated application for the initial and maturity crop stages. With the same irrigation method, the predicted WP increased in a general pattern across all climate change scenarios. The combination of irrigation schedule with the 80% deficit irrigation can enhance WP near the optimum level (approximately 2.2 kg∙m^–3), especially during early and mature stages of the crop, saving up to 16% of water. The results showed that the expected temperature rise by 2050s would reduce the crop growth cycle by 3– 11 days for all irrigation treatments, resulting in a 1–6% decrease in crop evapotranspiration ( ET_c) and affecting the dry tomato yield with different patterns of increase and decrease due to climate change.

The article examines the influence of physicochemical traits on yield depending on the variety and year of cultivation. Four common to Poland grape cultivars, i.e. ‘Regent’, ‘Rondo’, ‘Seyval Blanc’, and ‘Solaris’, were evaluated by analysing, among others, number of clusters per bush, their weight, number of berries, and the yield per hectare, number of woody shoots, weight of woody shoots, and the diameter of woody shoots. Energy and emission parameters were evaluated by conducting technical evaluation (lower heating value, ash content, volatile matters content, moisture content, fixed carbon) and elemental analysis (carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulphur and oxygen contents) of one-year, two-year and three-year vine shoots. In addition, emission factors for CO, CO2, NOx, SO2 and dust were estimated. The study showed that there was no significant differences between years under study (2020, 2021 and 2022) and energy and emission parameters. It was observed that the highest LHV (lower heating value) occurred in the ‘Regent’ cultivar while the lowest level in the ‘Rondo’ cultivar. As regards energy-emission parameters, a significant influence of cultivar (‘Solaris’, ‘Rondo’, ‘Seyval Blanc’ and ‘Regent’) was shown on the parameters studied except for nitrogen content and NOx emission index. The interaction of year and cultivar showed no significant differences except for the moisture content.

This study aimed to investigate how great cormorants and grey herons affect the density and trophic diversity of soil nematodes under breeding colonies located in Stawy Raszyńskie Nature Reserve (central Poland). Soil samples from the colonies were compared to control samples from adjacent areas unaffected by birds. Samples were taken at each site (two colonies and two relevant control sites) to a depth of 20 cm, and the soil cores were split into topsoil (0–10 cm) and subsoil (10–20 cm). A modified Baermann method was used to extract nematodes from the soil. The soil under nests supported more abundant nematode communities, but with a lower trophic diversity compared to the control sites. The cormorants had a greater impact on nematodes than the herons. We found that the external nitrogen input, the higher organic matter content and abundance of ammonifying bacteria, as well as the lower soil pH under the colonies than in the control sites, affected the nematode trophic groups in different ways. Compared to the control sites, there were significantly more bacterivorous nematodes but fewer herbivorous nematodes under the colonies. No predatory nematodes were found under the bird colonies and, in the case of the cormorant colony, no omnivorous nematodes. No significant differences in the abundance of fungivorous nematodes between the impact and the control plots were noticed. The results indicate that allochthonous input under bird colonies promotes microbial activity and the most opportunistic trophic group of nematodes, which may at least temporarily enhance decomposition and mineralisation processes and consequently affect nutrient cycling in the wetland soil.

The aim of the research was to evaluate effects of different rootstocks and management practices to counteracting replant disease in an apple orchard. The experiment was conducted in the Experimental Orchard of the National Institute of Horticultural Research in Dąbrowice, Poland, in 2014–2020. Apple trees of the cultivar ‘Ligolina’ were planted in autumn of 2013 at spacing of 3.8 × 1.4 m in the rows of an apple orchard that had been grubbed up in spring. The following experimental setups were used: (i) two types of rootstocks of different growth vigour (M.9, P14); (ii) replacement of soil in rows of trees with virgin soil; (iii) fertigation with ammonium phosphate; (iv) control (cultivation in the exhausted soil). Replantation significantly limited the growth of apple trees by reducing the cross- sectional area of the tree trunk, and the number and length of annual shoots. Fruit yields of apple trees grown on the replantation site were significantly lower than those of the trees grown in virgin soil. The use of ammonium phosphate fertigation had a positive effect on the growth and yield on the replantation site, especially when it was combined with the use of a stronger-growing rootstock (P14). The most effective environmentally friendly method of eliminating the apple replant disease is the replacement of the exhausted soil with virgin soil, i.e. soil that has not been used for growing fruit trees before.

A machine learning model was developed to support irrigation decisions. The field research was conducted on ‘Gala’ apple trees. For each week during the growing seasons (2009–2013), the following parameters were determined: precipitation, evapotranspiration (Penman–Monteith formula), crop (apple) evapotranspiration, climatic water balance, crop (apple) water balance (AWB), cumulative climatic water balance (determined weekly, ΣCWB), cumulative apple water balance (ΣAWB), week number from full bloom, and nominal classification variable: irrigation, no irrigation. Statistical analyses were performed with the use of the WEKA 3.9 application software. The attribute evaluator was performed using Correlation Attribute Eval with the Ranker Search Method. Due to its highest accuracy, the final analyses were performed using the WEKA classifier package with the J48graft algorithm. For each of the analysed growing seasons, different correlations were found between the water balance determined for apple trees and the actual water balance of the soil layer (10–30 cm). The model made correct decisions in 76.7% of the instances when watering was needed and in 87.7% of the instances when watering was not needed. The root of the classification tree was the AWB determined for individual weeks of the growing season. The high places in the tree hierarchy were occupied by the nodes defining the elapsed time of the growing season, the values of ΣCWB and ΣAWB.

Aiming to create more sustainable cities it is necessary to understand and manage different ecological factors which influence human health. One of such factors is black carbon (BC) in atmosphere, which currently is not commonly monitored by environmental monitoring systems. The aim of this research was to estimate by indirect approach the relation between eBC (equivalent of black carbon) concentration and other air pollutants in order to define approximate level of eBC in more efficient approach. The study was conducted in Wrocław (Poland) in October 2021, and combined data on eBC concentration (measured by microaethalometer), air quality (from national environmental monitoring system) and traffic (from municipal traffic management system). Quantile regression was used to assess the relationship between the concentrations of pollutants. The obtained results show that for rise 1 mg∙m^–3 of carbon monoxide, eBC concentration rise between 4.2 and 8.0 μg∙m^–3, depending on the period of a day. Precision of eBC concentration evaluation is influenced by sun light which results in higher precision of defining a scaling factor for night hours. Outcomes of this study constitute an added value to understanding of interconnections between different factors describing environmental conditions in cities and might be helpful for more effective environmental assessment of human habitats.

A transition from generating electricity from conventional sources to generating it from renewables is one of drivers leading us towards a circular economy. Electricity is a specific product and regardless of where and how it is produced, it takes the same form. A novel aspect of the research is the examination of correlations and relationships between guarantees of origin. The research objective is to analyse the market for the guarantees of origin in the volatile price environment that we had late 2021 and early 2022. Therefore, we analysed demand for the guarantees in January 1, 2020 to June 30, 2022 and the correlation between the price of electricity and guarantees of origin. It was based on the secondary data analysis method and the use of Pearson’s correlation coefficient and a linear regression function. The authors of the study made a hypothesis that the trading volume would increase during the study period and that there would be a positive correlation between the price of energy and the guarantees of origin. A key finding of the study revealed a steady increase in the purchase of guarantees despite the rise in prices. The buying of the guarantees is not a top-down requirement, but rather a bottom-up action, which indicates growing social expectations towards enterprises to consume energy from renewable sources.

Plastic is one of the main pollutant sources that are difficult to decompose and then carried into the ocean and fragmented into smaller parts (microplastics) due to UV radiation and water currents. Their small size means that microplastics are often ingested by aquatic organisms, such as fish. This research aimed to determine the presence, abundance, and types of microplastics in the digestive tract of four dominant fishes landed at Lengkong Fish Auction Point, Cilacap, Central Java, i.e. threadfin ( Eleutheronema tetradactylum), mackerel ( Rastrelliger sp.), threadfin bream ( Nemipterus japonicus), and hairtail ( Trichiurus lepturus). We found microplastics in the digestive tract of four selected fishes with a frequency of occurrence of 100%. The concentration of microplastics in fish digestive tracts is relatively high, with a value range of 12 ±2.86 to 28.33 ±8.11 particles∙ind.^-1. Microplastics were found in films, fibres, fragments, and granule shape types with various colours: brown, purple, blue, black, green, transparent, and yellow. The polymers found were polystyrene (PS), nylon, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyurethane (PU), polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The present study provides baseline data for microplastics contamination in commercial fish species landed at Lengkong Fish Auction Point, Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia. The fact that we discovered PU, the most harmful polymer, piques our attention.

This paper is an attempt to devise a conceptual paradigm for the semantic relations in the meaning of words in various Slavonic languages and in some of their dialects. The source material are the data contained in The Etymological Dictionary of the Slavonic Languages. The Pre‐Slavonic Lexical Source – 20^th edition by O.N. Trubachov, Moscow: Nauka, 1994. These data are the starting point to present the two basic features in the form of the meaning dyad of the common root mьrz‐ > * morz‐. The first element of this dyad assumes the meaning of ‘cold, cool, frost’ as the outer conditions of its weather, nature character (the A feature) while the second element assumes the disgust, rejection as the relation (the B feature). Both these features and their mutual relations are described here with regard to the division of their levels and sublevels of meaning as well as with regard to the various shades of these meanings in creating a system. This system is the base of the nomination correlation presented in the paper. Gradually the signs arise, and they take part in the creation of the projections mentioned in the paper’s title. These signs refer to subject, object, object‐person, object‐thing, space, action, feature‐properties (attributive), features‐quality (characteristics) observed outside and felt inside.

The article focused on the place of feminized job/activity titles in the modern Ukrainian language, their perception and use. In particular, it contains analysis of lexicographical works which show the gradual increase in the number of such language units during the 20th – early 21st century within Ukrainian. This process has happened against the background of increased educational and professional opportunities for women. During that time feminized job/ activity titles have become so regular in the speech practice of Ukrainians that eventually they were introduced in dictionaries. However, for a long time these language units remained stylistically marked as ‘colloquial’ or ‘vernacular’. Scrolling through social networks shows that even today they are sometimes perceived as mocking or contemptuous words. The results of a poll illustrate that speakers associate them with feminist movements or political factors, but mostly recognize feminized job/activity titles as a manifestation of the synchronization of social and linguistic processes. Today, the main issues regarding feminized job/activity titles in Ukrainian are their further standardization and the possibility of neutralizing any stylistic colouring.

The article illustrates the destructive influence of language policy in the era of totalitarianism on the grammatical system of the Ukrainian literary language on the example of the endings of the genitive case of singular nouns in the 3rd declension. According to the “Ukrainian orthography” of various years of publication, we can trace the norm of using the endings of the genitive case of singular nouns of the 3rd declension over the past 100 years. The elimination of the ending ‐u from the grammatical system of word change of nouns of the 3rd declension in 1933 was recorded. This gives reasons to qualify this ending as repression. Founding on the historically determined regularities of the development of the grammatical system of the Ukrainian language, the need to return the ending ‐u to the edition of “Ukrainian orthography” in 2019 was justified. It was established that despite the democratization of society, the tendency towards the revival of national identity, the desire of Ukrainian‐oriented speakers to establish and return the specific foundations of Ukrainian literary languages, the re‐codification of the ending ‐и in the 21st century could not restore its active use in language practice. Based on the results of a questionnaire, we found out the main reasons for the non‐observance of the returned morphological norm by modern speakers. We concluded as to the disastrous consequences of the grammatical heritage formed in the Soviet period on the language practice of the third millennium. Ways to improve this situation are proposed.

The novel I/e_rus.olim by Elizaveta Mikhailichenko and Yury Nesis – representatives of Russian- ‐language literature in Israel – is seen by the author of the article as a writing experiment. The work, representing the Liternet, fits into the paradigm – well‐established in Russian‐Israeli literature – of the new cultural realism, which implies the concept of reality treated as a reflection in literature of the network world concept. However, the pair of authors go further – they identify the world at the same time with the network, hypertext, rhizome, simulacra and hyperreality. All the structural and interpretive elements of the novel permeate and complement each other, resulting in a picture of a multidimensional cultural‐historical reality, with its symbols and memories of the past, a reality recognized and “decoded” by the protagonists – repatriates in the difficult process of building a national self‐awareness.

This article focuses on the problem of rituality in contemporary political discourse. It describes the specificity of manifestations of rituality in political discourse on the example of the Russian variant. The material for research is served by the official public texts of utterances made by V.V. Zhirinovsky published in the party newspapers of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia in year 2021. The study was carried out using discourse analysis. In the theoretical part definitions of ambiguous terms are given, which undoubtedly include discourse, political discourse, and ritual. Their accepted definitions and concepts are indicated. Observations are made on the linguistic forms of ritual expression in politics, which are mainly associated with the performance of a specific political function. It has been proven that rituality in political discourse is opposed to informativeness and manifested in the fulfilment of the assigned specific political role and tasks in society.

The aim of the article is to reproduce and compare the peculiarities of the ethnocultural image of a vain person, as verbalized in Ukrainian and Polish phraseology. The subject of analysis is the structural‐semantic and functional peculiarities of Ukrainian and Polish phraseological units, in which vanity is conceptualized as an emotional state of superiority, arrogance, pride, and which have a pronounced negative connotation. The study found that in the common Ukrainian‐Polish perception, a vain person is a person who considers himself/herself superior to others, and, accordingly, others negatively evaluate this position. Most often, vanity in Polish and Ukrainian phraseology is conceptualized through the image of a person with their head raised high, puffed up, with protruding lips, whose appearance and habits resemble the behaviour of a beautiful pompous bird: a peacock or a rooster (in Ukrainian and Polish ethnoculture), a crane or a turkey (only in Polish), goldeneye or a screech‐owl (only in Ukrainian). Also common is the idea of a vain person who thinks he/she is the smartest, while others think that something is wrong with him/her. Comparing the analyzed phraseological units in the selected languages allows us to better understand the peculiarities of the image, which became the impetus for the creation of the phraseological nomination, to establish the regularities and mechanisms of the verbal explication of vanity in Ukrainian and Polish linguistic cultures.

In 2022, the Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences published three texts by the Russian writer and anthroposophist Nikolai Belotsvetov: The Book of the Russian Grail, In Defense of Anthroposophy, and The Mystery of Good and Evil in the Spiritual Experience of Self‐Knowledge, that were found in private archives. This article undertakes a consideration of the story of the Russian Grail contained in Belotsvetov’s text of the same title. Semantic category of this multidimensional symbol, constructed by Belotsvetov, allows for an original and still relevant account of the Parsifal Road as a historical perspective of Russia.

The issue of unconsciousness, correlated with the topic of a human’s sexual life, is one of the most significant philosophical trends in Nikolai Berdyaev. Focusing on this issue, the Russian thinker perceives the ambiguous assessment of psychoanalysis as the groundbreaking phenomenon of his times. Berdyaev’s attitude towards Sigmund Freud’s and Carl G. Jung’s theories oscillates between approval and negation, and is shaped on the plane of ontological deconstruction. According to Berdyaev, psychoanalysis allows people to realize the presence of gender energy as well as indicates the need for sublimation. However, the transformation of sex drive into the source of production is not possible without the spiritual principle – something that is not taken into consideration in psychoanalysis, which is, as Berdyaev claims, its greatest weakness.