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Innovative Technology of Tight Liquidation of Workings on the Example of the Wieliczka Salt Mine

Andrzej Gonet Stanisław Antoni Stryczek
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 1 | 3-12 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2021.136688
Keywords salt mine water hazard safety pillar Wieliczka
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Abstract

The authors of the paper describe the way in which the longitudinal working Gussmann was mined in level V and the longitudinal working Kosocice in level VI, which in both cases resulted in a water flux from behind the northern boundary of the salt deposit. Only after concrete dams were seated on both levels, the brine flux was stopped leaving a direct contact of the dams with the pressurized water around the mine. For the sake of controlling water beyond the dams, steel pipelines were conducted through both dams and equipped with gauges before the dams. Their use in a saline environment, the developing corrosion increased the possibility that the tightness of the pipelines would be damaged. For this reason a decision was made to protect the mine by making a tight reconstruction of the safety pillar in both levels along the longitudinal working for about 600 m from the dams eastwards. For this purpose the pipeline injection method was applied. As the volume of voids to be tightly filled equaled to about 3800 m3, the task had to be divided into stages. Because of considerable distances of the liquidated workings from the closest shaft, the sealing slurries were prepared in a special injection center on the surface from where they were transported to the destination with a pumping pipeline through the Kościuszko shaft. The most important aspect of liquidating the end parts of the longitudinal working was to properly select the sealing slurries in view of their best cooperation with the rock mass, and such parameters as tightness, durability and cost. At the end stage of works, both longitudinal workings were equipped with dams, which were sealed up with the hole injection method. The innovative technology was implemented in the Wieliczka Salt Mine to reconstruct the safety pillar in levels VI and V in the most westward workings, the mine was shortened by about 600 m, the length of the ventilation system was reduced, systematic observations and pressure read-outs in dams 3 and 4 were systematically eliminated in dams 3 and 4. In this way the costs were lowered and safety of the mine improved.
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Bibliography

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[2] K . d’Obyrn, K. Brudnik, Results of hydrogeological monitoring in ‘Wieliczka’ Salt Mine after closing water inflow in transverse working Mina, level IV (Wyniki monitoringu hydrogeologicznego w Kopalni Soli „Wieliczka” po zamknięciu dopływu wody w poprzeczni Mina na poz. IV). Mining Review (Przegląd Górniczy) 6, 90-96 (2011).
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[5] A . Garlicki, A. Gonet, S. Stryczek, Reinforcement of saline rock mass on the example of the salt mine Wieliczka. Proc. of the 2001 ISRM Intern. Symposium Frontiers of Rock Mechanics and Sustainable Development in the 21st Centry Beijing, China., A.A. Balkema Publishers, 581-583 (2001).
[6] A . Garlicki, Z. Wilk, Geological and hydrogeological background of water breakdown at level IV in ‘Wieliczka’ Salt Mine (Geologiczne i hydrogeologiczne tło awarii wodnej na poziomie IV kopalni soli Wieliczka). Geological Review (Przegląd Geologiczny) 41, 3, 183-192 (1993).
[7] A . Gonet, S. Stryczek et al., Patent PL 170267 of 29.11.1996. Method of filling empty voids in the rock mass (Sposób wypełniania pustych przestrzeni górotworu).
[8] A . Gonet, S. Stryczek, A. Garlicki, W. Brylicki, Protection of Salt Mines against Water Inflow Threat on the Example of Wieliczka Salt Mine. 8th World Symposium Hague, Elsevier 1, 363-368 (2000).
[9] S. Stryczek et al., Patent PL 171213 of 28.03.1997. Mixture for filling and sealing empty spaces in the rock mass (Mieszanina do wypełniania i uszczelniania pustych przestrzeni górotworu).
[10] S. Stryczek, A. Gonet, Selection of slurries for reinforcing saline rock mass (Dobór zaczynów do wzmacniania górotworu solnego). Conference proceedings ‘Restoring usability value to mining areas. Old mines – new perspectives’ (Materiały konferencyjne pt. Przywracanie wartości użytkowych terenom górniczym. Stare kopalnie – nowe perspektywy), PAN -IGSMiE, Kraków, 327-335 (2001).
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Gonet
1
ORCID: ORCID
Stanisław Antoni Stryczek
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Drilling, Oil and Gas, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

Simulation of the Evacuation of People in a Road Tunnel in the Event of Fire – Case Study

Natalia Schmidt-Polończyk Zbigniew Burtan Piotr Liszka
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 1 | 13-28 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2021.136689
Keywords safety simulation evacuation road tunnels
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Abstract

This paper provides an analysis of the evacuation process in a road tunnel in the event of a fire, using the example of the tunnel under the Luboń Mały mountain currently being constructed on Expressway S7’s Lubień – Rabka-Zdrój section. As fires are the largest and most dangerous events occurring in road tunnels, it is important to predict the evacuation process as early as at the design stage. The study described here used numerical modelling to simulate evacuation, which made it possible to determine the required safe evacuation time of all tunnel users in a fire. On the basis of the parameters of the tunnel under Luboń Mały, numerical studies were performed for four different fire scenarios, three of which assumed various fire locations with the currently designed two traffic lanes. The fourth variant accounted for the planned extension of the roadway to include three traffic lanes. Eventually, four numerical models were developed involving various fire ignition locations and numbers of potential tunnel users. The values of initial-boundary conditions used in the simulation, such as movement speed during evacuation, shoulder breadth and pre-movement time, were specified on the basis of experimental data for an evacuation performed in smoke conditions in the Emilia tunnel in Laliki. The results lead to the conclusion that if the time of reaching critical conditions in the tunnel is not shorter than 5 minutes 40 seconds for the current design state and 5 minutes 47 seconds for three lanes, the distribution of evacuation exits in the tunnel under Luboń Mały will ensure safe evacuation.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Natalia Schmidt-Polończyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zbigniew Burtan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Liszka
1
  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

The Synergy of Fatigue, Corrosion and Abrasive Wear Processes in Operation of Mining Round Link Chains

Eryk Remiorz Stanisław Mikuła
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 1 | 29-42 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2021.136690
Keywords round link chain fatigue cracks corrosion abrasive wear
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Abstract

The mutual influence of fatigue processes, abrasive wear and corrosion of chain links on the functional properties of mining round link chains has been presented in this paper. Selected results of experimental investigations in the field of synergic impact of these destructive processes on the operational durability of mining chains have also been presented. The emphasis was given to the necessity of a comprehensive consideration of destructive processes that occur in various conditions of use of round link chains applied in mining machines.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Eryk Remiorz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Stanisław Mikuła
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mining, Safety Engineering and Industrial Automation, Department of Mining Mechanization and Robotisation, 2 Akademicka Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Dynamic Ejection Process of a Rock Burst Under a Static Load

Weiyu Zheng
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 1 | 43-56 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2021.136691
Keywords rock burst high-speed camera kinetic energy stress field crack propagation
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Abstract

As the duration of a rock burst is very short and the roadway is seriously damaged after the disaster, it is difficult to observe its characteristics. In order to obtain the dynamic characteristics of a rock burst, a modified uniaxial compression experiment, combined with a high-speed camera system is carried out and the process of a rock burst caused by a static load is simulated. Some significant results are obtained: 1) The velocity of ejected particles is between 2 m/s and 4 m/s. 2) The ratio of elastic energy to plastic energy is about five. 3) The duration from integrity to failure is between 20 ms and 40 ms. Furthermore, by analyzing the stress field in the sample with a numerical method and crack propagation model, the following conclusions can be made: 1) The kinetic energy of the ejected particles comes from the elastic energy released by itself. 2) The ratio of kinetic energy to elastic energy is between 6% and 15%. This can help understand the source and transfer of energy in a rock burst quantitatively.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Weiyu Zheng
1 2
  1. China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China
  2. State Key Laboratory of Coal Mining and Clean Utilization, China

Experimental Verification of the State of Stress in Load Bearing Cables in a Hoisting Installation Due to Random Misalignments and Irregularities of the Guide Strings

Stanisław Wolny
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 1 | 57-68 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2021.136692
Keywords dynamics mining hoist installation randomness
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Abstract

In order for the ultimate state methods to be applied in dimensioning of the load-bearing elements in a conveyance, it is required that their design loads during their normal duty cycle and under the emergency braking conditions should be first established. Recently, efforts have been made to determine the interaction forces between the shaft steelwork and the conveyance under the normal operating condition [1,2]. Thus far, this aspect has been mostly neglected in design engineering. Measurement results summarised in this paper and confronted with the theoretical data [3] indicate that the major determinant of fatigue endurance of conveyances is the force acting horizontally and associated with the conveyance being hoisted in relation to the vertical force due to the weight of the conveyance and payload.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Wolny
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

Modeling of Methane and Air Velocity Behavior in an Auxiliary Ventilated Coal Heading

Gülnaz Daloğlu Mustafa Önder Teresa Parra
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 1 | 69-84
Keywords coal mine methane computational fluid dynamics (CFD) correlation analysis ANOVA
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Abstract

It is commonly known that the cause of serious accidents in underground coal mining is methane. Thus, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) becomes a useful tool to simulate methane dispersion and to evaluate the performance of the ventilation system in order to prevent mine accidents related to methane. In this study, numerical and experimental studies of the methane concentration and air velocity behaviour were carried out. The experiment was conducted in an auxiliary ventilated coal heading in Turkish Hard Coal Enterprises (TTK), which is the most predominant coal producer in Turkey. The simulations were modeled using Fluent-Ansys v.12. Significant correlations were found when experimental values and modeling results were compared with statistical analysis. The CFD modeling of the methane and air velocity in the headings especially uses in auxiliary ventilation systems of places where it is hard to measure or when the measurements made are inadequate.
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Authors and Affiliations

Gülnaz Daloğlu
1
Mustafa Önder
1
Teresa Parra
2
  1. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Müh. Mim. Fak. Maden Mühendi sliği Bölümü, 26480 Eskişehir, Turkey
  2. University of Valladolid, Department of Energy and Fluid Mechanics, Valladolid, Spain

Caulking of Goafs Formed by Cave-in Mining and its Impact on Surface Subsidence in Hard Coal Mines

Andrzej Kowalski Jan Białek Tadeusz Rutkowski
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 1 | 85-100 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2021.136694
Keywords mining caulking of goafs surface subsidence exploitation coefficient
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Abstract

The impact of caulking of goafs after mining exploitation of a hard coal seam with caving is expressed as the change in value of a a exploitation coefficient which, as defined, is the quotient of the maximum reduction in the surface height of a complete or incomplete trough to the thickness of the exploited seam. The basis for determining the value of the exploitation coefficient was geological and mining data combined with the results of the measurement of subsidence on the surface – measuring line 1222-1301 – of the Ruda mine. There, mining was carried out between 2005 and 2019, with a transverse longwall system and the caulking of goafs. The research team used two methods to determine the impact of the caulking applied in the goafs on the value of the exploitation coefficient. In the first method the goafs are filled evenly along the whole longwall, and in the second method unevenly and on a quarterly basis. The determination of the values of the exploitation coefficients for selected measuring points was preceded by the determination of the parameters of the Knothe-Budryk theory, which was further developed by J. Białek. The obtained dependencies are linear and the values of the correlation coefficients fall between –0.684 and –0.702, which should be considered satisfactory in terms of experimental data. It is possible to reduce the value of the exploitation coefficient by caulking the goafs by about 18%, when filling the goafs to 0.26% of the height of the active longwall.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Kowalski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jan Białek
2
ORCID: ORCID
Tadeusz Rutkowski
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Central Mining Institute, 1 Gwarków Sq., 40-166 Katowice, Poland
  2. Silesian University of Technology, 2A Akademicka Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  3. PGG S.A. KWK Ruda, Ruda Śląska, Poland

Internal Mechanism of Asymmetric Deformation and Failure Characteristics of the Roof for Longwall Mining of a Steeply Dipping Coal Seam

Shenghu Luo Tong Wang Yongping Wu Jingyu Huangfu Huatao Zhao
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 1 | 101-124
Keywords steeply dipping seam gangue slip filling deformation failure main roof angle effect
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Abstract

Stability control of the roof is the key to safe and efficient mining of the longwall working face for a steeply dipping coal seam. In this study, a comprehensive analysis was performed on the roof destruction, migration, and filling characteristics of a steeply dipping longwall working face in an actual coalmine. Elastic foundation theory was used to construct a roof mechanics model; the effect of the coal seam inclination angle on the asymmetric deformation and failure of the roof under the constraint of an unbalanced gangue filling was considered. According to the model, increasing the coal seam angle, thickness of the immediate roof, and length of the working face as well as decreasing the thickness of the coal seam can increase the length of the contact area formed by the caving gangue in the lower area of the slope. Changes to the length of the contact area affect the forces and boundary conditions of the main roof. Increasing the coal seam angle reduces the deformation of the main roof, and the position of peak deflection migrates from the middle of the working face to the upper middle. Meanwhile, the position of the peak rotation angle migrates from the lower area of the working face to the upper area. The peak bending moment decreases continuously, and its position migrates from the headgate T-junction to the tailgate T-junction and then the middle of the working face. Field test results verified the rationality of the mechanics model. These findings reveal the effect of the inclination coal seam angle on roof deformation and failure and provide theoretical guidance for engineering practice.
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Authors and Affiliations

Shenghu Luo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tong Wang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Yongping Wu
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jingyu Huangfu
2
ORCID: ORCID
Huatao Zhao
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Department of Mechanics, China
  2. Xi’an University of Science and Technology, School of Energy Engineering, China
  3. Shandong Mining Machinery Group Co., Ltd. China

Impacts of Downtimes Mitigation Related to Face Drilling Rigs in Mining Development Cycles

Sebastian Arenas Bermúdez Cristian Gerardo Zapata Otalora Jorge Martin Molina Escobar
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 1 | 125-132 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2021.136696
Keywords Availability Utilisation Downtimes Jumbo productivity
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Abstract

Underground mining development is directly related to face drilling rig performance. Reducing operating costs and improving productivity are current and crucial topics for mining projects around the world within the development phase. Unlike past approaches, this article is based on variations of equipment availability and utilisation, and their impact on development plans success and costs decrease. To assess the influence of these parameters, daily field data were collected to identify major downtimes in normal cycles and apply adequate corrective measures to mitigate them. Additionally, this article presents the reader with a graphic illustration of the correlation between utilisation and development, including historical data. This paper was developed from October 2017 to March 2018. The result of this study seeks to identify when projects generate profits by comparing four situations with constant productivity, but variables such as the possession rate, maintenance fee, production and utilisation. Finally, it is demonstrated that success in mining projects, related to equipment, is proportional to the utilisation of the fleet, with the correct management of productivities.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sebastian Arenas Bermúdez
1
ORCID: ORCID
Cristian Gerardo Zapata Otalora
1
Jorge Martin Molina Escobar
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Mines Faculty, Colombia

About Some Problems Related to Determination of the E.G. Biot Coefficient for Rocks

Andrzej Nowakowski Janusz Nurkowski
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 1 | 133-150 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2021.136697
Keywords poroelasticity Biot medium Biot coefficient effective compressibility modulus rock skeleton compressibility modulus
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Abstract

Use of the poroelasticity theory by Biot in the description of rock behaviour requires the value of the e.g. Biot coefficient α to be determined. The α coefficient is a function of two moduli of compressibility: the modulus of compressibility of the rock skeleton Ks and the effective modulus of compressibility K. These moduli are determined directly on the basis of rock compressibility curves obtained during compression of a rock sample using hydrostatic pressure. There is also a concept suggesting that these compressibility moduli might be determined on the basis of results of the uniaxial compression test using the fact that, in the case of an elastic, homogeneous and isotropic material, the modulus of compressibility of a material is a function of its Young modulus and its Poisson ratio. This work compares the results obtained from determination of the Biot coefficient by means of results of compressibility test and uniaxial compression test. It was shown that the uniaxial compression test results are generally unsuitable to determine the value of the coefficient α. An analysis of values of the determined moduli of compressibility shows that whereas the values of effective moduli of compressibility obtained using both ways may be considered as satisfactorily comparable, values of the relevant rock skeleton moduli of compressibility differ significantly.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Nowakowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Janusz Nurkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Strata Mechanics Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Science, 27 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland

Production and formation modelling of CaCO3 in multiphase reactions – A review

Paweł Gierycz Artur Poświata
Chemical and Process Engineering | 2021 | vol. 42 | No 1 | 15-34 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2021.137336
Keywords CaCO3 production CaCO3 formation modelling continues reactors bubble column reactor thin film reactor
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Abstract

The paper presents different approaches to the proper and accurate production and modelling (multi- phase reaction) of CaCO3 formation in the most popular, different types of reactors, i.e. continuous reactor (STR – stirred tank reactors, MSMPR – mixed suspension, mixed product removal; tube reactor), a bubble column reactor and a thin film reactor.
Many different methods of calcium carbonate production and their effect on the various characteristics of the product have been presented and discussed. One of the most important, from the point of view of practical applications, is the morphology and size of the produced particles as well as their agglomerates and size distribution. The size of the obtained CaCO3 particles and their agglomerates can vary from nanometers to micrometers. It depends on many factors but the most important are the conditions calcium carbonate precipitation and then stored.
The experimental research was strongly aided by theoretical considerations on the correct description of the process of calcium carbonate precipitation. More than once, the correct modelling of a specific process contributed to the explanation of the phenomena observed during the experiment (i.e. formation of polyforms, intermediate products, etc.).
Moreover, different methods and approaches to the accurate description of crystallization processes as well as main CFD problems has been widely reviewed. It can be used as a basic material to formulation and implementation of new, accurate models describing not only multiphase crystallization processes s taking place in different chemical reactors.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Gierycz
1
Artur Poświata
1
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, ul. Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland

Methane and hydrogen production from potato wastes and wheat straw under dark fermentation

Gaweł Sołowski Izabela Konkol Marwa Shalaby Adam Cenian
Chemical and Process Engineering | 2021 | vol. 42 | No 1 | 3-13 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2021.137335
Keywords dark fermentation hydrogen production wheat straw boiled potato wastes micro-aeration inoculum stressing
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Abstract

Batch dark fermentation of wheat straw and boiled potato wastes at volatile suspended solids (VSS) 5 g VSS/L are examined and compared. Investigations on dark fermentation of potatowastes and wheat straw were carried out at different pH and OFR (oxygen flow rate) values and inoculum pretreatment. The obtained hydrogen yield from waste potato was 70 mL/g VSS, while for hydrolysed wheat straw it amounted to 80 mL/g VSS. The optimum conditions for potato dark fermentation are acidic pH 6.0 and OFR 1.0 mL/h, while for the wheat straw, optimal conditions are pH 6.4 and OFR 4.6 mL/h. The comparison revealed a significant difference in hydrogen production due to the type of substrate, inoculum stressing and DF conditions applied.
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Authors and Affiliations

Gaweł Sołowski
1
Izabela Konkol
1
Marwa Shalaby
2
Adam Cenian
1
  1. Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery Polish Academy of Sciences, Physical Aspects of Ecoenergy Department, 14 Fiszera St., 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
  2. National Research Center in Cairo, Department of Chemical Engineering and Pilot Plant, El Bijouth St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt 12622

The catalyst-free polytransesterification for obtaining linear PGS optimized with use of 22 factorial design

Michał Wrzecionek Joanna Howis Paulina H. Marek Paweł Ruśkowski Agnieszka Gadomska-Gajadhur
Chemical and Process Engineering | 2021 | vol. 42 | No 1 | 43-52 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2021.137338
Keywords poly(glycerol sebacate) polycondensation optimization
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Abstract

Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) is a polyester that is particularly useful for tissue engineering appli- cations. Many researchers have focused on the application and characterization of materials made from PGS. Synthesis is often superficially described, and the prepolymer is not characterized before crosslinking. Considering the different functionality of each monomer (glycerine – 3, sebacic acid – 2), materials with a branched structure can be obtained before the crosslinking process. Branched struc- tures are not desirable for elastomers. In this work, method to obtain linear PGS resins is presented. Moreover, synthesis was optimized with the use of the Design of Experiments method for minimizing the degree of branching and maximizing the molecular weight. The process was described via mathe- matical models, which allows to the association of process parameters with product properties. In this work ca. 1kDa and less than 10% branched PGS resin was produced. This resin could be used to make very flexible elastomers because branching is minimized.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Wrzecionek
1
Joanna Howis
1
Paulina H. Marek
1 2
Paweł Ruśkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Agnieszka Gadomska-Gajadhur
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
  2. University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland

Kinetic investigations of heterogeneous reactor processes – Optimization of experiments

Adrian Szałek Mirosław Szukiewicz Elżbieta Chmiel-Szukiewicz
Chemical and Process Engineering | 2021 | vol. 42 | No 1 | 35-41 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2021.137337
Keywords kinetic equation hydrogenation of propene designing of experiments
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Abstract

A series of steps taken to determine a kinetic equation that describes hydrogenation of propene on nickel catalyst is presented in this study. Mixed factorial design approach, belongs to designing of experiments methods was used to plane experiments. The investigations showed that the method applied makes possible determination of the kinetic equation in a relatively fast and cheap manner since only a few measurement points is required. The equation obtained was verified experimentally and statistically. Both tests showed satisfactory precision of anticipated values of the process rate.
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Authors and Affiliations

Adrian Szałek
1
Mirosław Szukiewicz
1
Elżbieta Chmiel-Szukiewicz
1
  1. Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, al. Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland

Modeling and simulation of an ideal plug flow reactor for synthesis of ethyl oleate using homogeneous acid catalyst

Suondos K.A. Barno Sarmad A. Rashid Ammar S. Abbas
Chemical and Process Engineering | 2021 | vol. 42 | No 1 | 53-68 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2021.137339
Keywords kinetics simulation ethyl oleate product distribution back-mixing
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Abstract

The production of ethyl oleate, by homogenous acid esterification of oleic acid with ethanol, have discussed experimentally and via computational simulation in a plug flow reactor. An innovative simulation model has developed to predict the esterification reaction performance in an ideal plug flow reactor. The amount of H2SO4 acid catalyst, the initial molar ratio of alcohol to oleic acid, ethanol concentration, reaction temperature, and esterification time have examined their effects on ethyl oleate production and the conversion of oleic acid. Then the simulation extended to examine the esterification reaction kinetics and determine the reaction rate coefficients. The simulation results demonstrate that the increasing of H2SO4 acid, initial molar ratio of ethanol to oleic acid, ethanol concentration, and reaction temperature improved the productivity of the ethyl oleate and reduced the reactor space-time. The kinetics results illustrated that the reaction sensitivity to the temperature unchanging by using higher ethanol concentration and alcohol to oleic acid initial ratio. Lastly, the experimental yields at different conditions were slightly higher from those simulating with average values of 93.62 and 92.29%, respectively, indicating that the phenomenon of back-mixing cannot be ignored in esterification reactors, especially with a relatively high retention time within the reactor.
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Authors and Affiliations

Suondos K.A. Barno
1
Sarmad A. Rashid
2
Ammar S. Abbas
2
  1. Presidency of the University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
  2. Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

Incorporation of the sphenoid sinuses’ septum / septa in the carotid canal — evaluation before the FESS

Joanna Jaworek-Troć Michał Zarzecki Dariusz Lusina Tomasz Gładysz Paweł Depukat Agata Mazurek Wojciech Twardokęs Anna Curlej- Wądrzyk Joe Iwanaga Ewa Walocha Robert Chrzan Andrzej Urbanik
Folia Medica Cracoviensia | 2020 | Vol. 60 | No 4 | 65-78 | DOI: 10.24425/fmc.2020.136205
Keywords sphenoid sinuses main septum additional septum carotid canal FESS
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Abstract

The purpose of the research was to define the frequency prevalence of the incorporation of sphenoid sinuses’ septum / septa in the carotid canal of the adult population.
M a t e r i a l s and M e t h o d s: 296 computed tomography (CT) scans of the patients (147 females, 149 males), who did not present any pathology in the sphenoid sinuses, were evaluated in this retrospective analysis. Spiral CT scanner — Siemens Somatom Sensation 16 — was used to glean the medical images. Standard procedure applied in the option Siemens CARE Dose 4D. No contrast medium was administered. Multiplans reconstruction (MPR) tool was used in order to obtain frontal and sagittal planes from the transverse planes previously received.
R e s u l t s: Bilateral incorporation of the main septum (MS) in the carotid canal was not present in any of the patients, whereas unilateral incorporation was noticed in 21.96% of the patients (17.68% females, 26.17% males). On the right side it occurred in 11.82% of cases (10.88% females, 12.75% males), and on the left side in 10.14% of cases (6.8% females, 13.42% males). Bilateral incorporation of the additional septum (AS) was found in 8.45% of the patients (4.08% females, 12.75% males), whereas unilateral incorporation was noted in 28.37% of the patients. It was seen on the right side in 11.82% of cases (12.93% females, 10.74% males), and on the left side in 16.55% cases (15.65% females, 17.45% males). The most common variant was the incorporation of only one of the septa (either the MS or the AS) in the wall of the carotid canal unilaterally. Such situation took place in 30.07% of the patients (29.25% females, 30.87% males).
Incorporation of two septa on the same side was noticed in 4.39% of cases (4.08% females, 4.7% males), and incorporation of three septa in 0.34% of cases (0.7% males).
C o n c l u s i o n s: The anatomy of the paranasal sinuses is varied to a great extent, hence performing a CT scan is crucial before the scheduled surgery, as it may lessen the unforeseeable surgical complications, that may result from the high prevalence of variants in the sinuses.


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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Jaworek-Troć
1 2
Michał Zarzecki
1
Dariusz Lusina
1
Tomasz Gładysz
3
Paweł Depukat
1
Agata Mazurek
1
Wojciech Twardokęs
4
Anna Curlej- Wądrzyk
5
Joe Iwanaga
6
Ewa Walocha
7
Robert Chrzan
2
Andrzej Urbanik
2
  1. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Department of Radiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  3. Department of Dental Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  4. Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
  5. Department of Integrated Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  6. Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University, New Orleans, USA
  7. Department of Clinical Nursing, Institute of Nursing and Obstetrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland

The role of oxidative stress in the cooperation of parthenolide and etoposide in HL-60 cells

Monika A. Papież Oliwia Siodłak Wirginia Krzyściak
Folia Medica Cracoviensia | 2020 | Vol. 60 | No 4 | 5-17 | DOI: 10.24425/fmc.2020.136200
Keywords parthenolide etoposide acute myeloid leukemia GSH oxidative stress flow cytometry
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Abstract

B a c k g r o u n d: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide on the cytotoxic and pro-oxidative effects of etoposide in HL-60 cells.
M e t h o d s: Cytotoxic effects were determined by incubation of HL-60 cells with various concentrations of examined compounds and combinations thereof, which were then stained with propidium iodide and analyzed using a flow cytometer. To determine the role of oxidative stress in the action of the compounds, co-incubation with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and parthenolide and/or etoposide was used and the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) was detected.
R e s u l t s: Parthenolide significantly enhanced the cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects of etoposide. However, in most cases of the combinations of parthenolide and etoposide, their effect was antagonistic, as confirmed by an analysis using the CalcuSyn program. The examined compounds significantly reduced the level of GSH in HL-60 cells. Combination of etoposide at a concentration of 1.2 μM and parthenolide also significantly reduced GSH level. However, in the case of a combination of etoposide at a concentration of 2.5 μM with parthenolide, a significant increase in the level of GSH was obtained compared to compounds acting alone. This last observation seems to confirm the antagonism between the compounds tested.
C o n c l u s i o n s: Parthenolide did not limit the cytotoxic effect of etoposide in HL-60 cells even in the case of antagonistic interaction. If parthenolide does increase GSH levels in combination with etoposide in the normal hematopoietic cells, it could protect them against the pro-oxidative effects of this anti-cancer drug.
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26. Kim Y.R., Eom J.I., Kim S.J., Jeung H.K., Cheong J.W., Kim J.S., Min Y.H.: Myeloperoxidase expression as a potential determinant of parthenolide-induced apoptosis in leukemia bulk and leukemia stem cells. JPET. 2010; 335: 389–400.
27. Vlasova I.I., Feng W., Goff J.P., Giorgianni A., Do D., Gollin S.M., Lewis D.W., Kagan V.E., Yalowich J.C.: Myeloperoxidase-dependent oxidation of etoposide in human myeloid progenitor CD34+ cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2011; 79: 448–479.
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29. Teufelhofer O., Weiss R.M., Parzefall W., Schulte-Hermann R., Micksche M., Berger W., Elbling L.: Promyelocytic HL60 cells express NADPH oxidase and are exellent targets in a rapid spectrophotometric microplate assay for extracellular superoxide. Toxicol Sci. 2003; 76: 376–383.
30. Skalska J., Brookes P.S., Nadtochiy S.M., Hilchey S.P., Jordan C.T., Guzman M.L., Maggirwar S.B., Briehl M.M., Bernstein S.H.: Modulation of cell surface protein free thiols: a potential novel mechanism of action of the sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide. PLoS One. 2009; 2: e8115.
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Authors and Affiliations

Monika A. Papież
1
Oliwia Siodłak
1
Wirginia Krzyściak
2
  1. Department of Cytobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Department of Medical Diagnostic, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland

Contribution of 3D printing technology for craniofacial surgery

Janusz Skrzat
Folia Medica Cracoviensia | 2020 | Vol. 60 | No 4 | 31-40 | DOI: 10.24425/fmc.2020.136202
Keywords 3D printing mesh model craniofacial surgery computed tomography
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Abstract

This article summarizes technical aspects of preparing printable 3D anatomical models created from radiological data (CT, MRI) and discusses their usefulness in surgery of the human skull. Interdisciplinary approach to the capabilities of the 3D printers, and the materials used for manufacturing 3D objects oriented on replicating anatomical structures has created new possibilities for simulating and planning surgical procedures in clinical practice settings.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Skrzat
1
  1. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland

Changes in the clinical characteristics of women with gestational diabetes mellitus — a retrospective decade-long single center analysis

Magdalena Wilk Katarzyna Cyganek Bartłomiej Matejko Sabina Krzyżowska Izabela Lasoń Barbara Katra Joanna Zięba-Parkitny Przemysław Witek Maciej T. Małecki
Folia Medica Cracoviensia | 2020 | Vol. 60 | No 4 | 19-29 | DOI: 10.24425/fmc.2020.136201
Keywords diabetes diabetes mellitus gestational diabetes mellitus GDM hyperglycemia
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Abstract

A i m s: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an emerging worldwide problem. Changes in clinical characteristics of women affected by GDM in a long-term perspective are still not properly investigated. We aimed to examine such changes over a decade in a retrospective single-center analysis.
M e t h o d s: The medical documentation from Department of Metabolic Diseases, Krakow, Poland was analyzed. We included 633 women consecutively diagnosed with GDM in one of three time intervals: 2007–2008 (N = 157), 2012–2013 (N = 272), 2016–2017 (N = 234). Statistical analyses were performed.
R e s u l t s: Comparison of the three groups identified differences in the mean age of women at the GDM diagnosis (30.7 ± 5.0 years vs. 31.2 ± 4.7 vs. 32.5 ± 4.7, respectively, starting from the earliest 2007–2008 group), pregnancy week at GDM diagnosis (28.0 ± 5.3 wks. vs. 25.9 ± 4.9 vs. 23.4 ± 6.8), the proportion of women diagnosed before the 24th week of pregnancy (12.8% vs. 16.5% vs. 31.3%), and gestational weight gain (12.4 ± 5.0 kg vs. 10.4 ± 5.2 vs. 10.0 ± 5.7); (p = 0.001 or less for all comparisons). We also found differences for glucose values on fasting and at 2 hours with the highest (0 min) and lowest level (120 min) in the 2016–2017, respectively. Finally, a borderline difference for the weight, but not for BMI, was found (64.1 ± 14.1 kg vs. 66.2 ± 13.1 vs. 67.8 ± 15.6; p = 0.04). Differences were also identified in the post hoc analysis between cohorts.
C o n c l u s i o n: This retrospective analysis illustrates changes in characteristics of women with GDM occurring over the period of decade in Poland. They likely result from both epidemiological trends and modifications of the WHO criteria for the GDM diagnosis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Wilk
1 2
Katarzyna Cyganek
1 2
Bartłomiej Matejko
1 2
Sabina Krzyżowska
1 2
Izabela Lasoń
1 2
Barbara Katra
1 2
Joanna Zięba-Parkitny
2
Przemysław Witek
1 2
Maciej T. Małecki
1 2
  1. Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. University Hospital, Kraków, Poland

Assessment of conformity between clinical (radiological) and histopathological diagnoses of chronic inflammatory periapical lesions treated with apicoectomy

Paweł Myciński Katarzyna Dobroś Tomasz Kaczmarzyk Joanna Zarzecka
Folia Medica Cracoviensia | 2020 | Vol. 60 | No 4 | 103-111 | DOI: 10.24425/fmc.2020.136208
Keywords periapical lesions clinical examination histopathological examination radicular cyst
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Abstract

O b j e c t i v e s: Periapical inflammation is one of the most common pathologies within the jaws, leading to the destruction of periodontal ligaments, bone resorption and the formation of periapical granulomas or radicular cysts. The final diagnosis can be made only on the basis of histopathological examination. The aim of the study was to assess the conformity between clinical and histopathological diagnosis of inflammatory periapical lesions treated with apicoectomy.
M a t e r i a l s a n d M e t h o d s: The case histories of 52 patients subjected to surgical treatment at the Clinic of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics between 2008 and 2018 were analyzed. Demographic data (age, gender), clinical (radiological) diagnosis, and data on the presence of sinus tracts and causal tooth were obtained from patients’ records. R e s u l t s: In the light of clinical and radiological examination, 32 (61.5%) periapical granulomas, 18 (34.6%) radicular cysts and 2 (3.9%) periapical scars were diagnosed, whereas the result of histopathological examination revealed granuloma in 34 (65.4%) cases and in 18 (34.6%) — radicular cyst. For clinical diagnosis of granuloma, the result coincided with the result of the histopathological examination in 28 cases, and in the case of cysts in 14. The analysis showed a significant relationship between the clinical and histopathological diagnoses (p <0.05).
C o n c l u s i o n s: The study emphasizes the importance of histopathological assessment for the proper diagnosis of periapical lesions.
C l i n i c a l R e l e v a n c e: The article emphasizes the high importance of histopathological examination for the correct diagnosis of chronic inflammatory periapical lesions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Myciński
1
Katarzyna Dobroś
1
Tomasz Kaczmarzyk
2
Joanna Zarzecka
1
  1. Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Department of Oral Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland

Novel antidiabetic drugs in diabetic kidney disease accompanying type 2 diabetes — a minireview

Ewa Wieczorek-Surdacka Andrzej Surdacki Jolanta Świerszcz Bernadeta Chyrchel
Folia Medica Cracoviensia | 2020 | Vol. 60 | No 4 | 97-101 | DOI: 10.24425/fmc.2020.136207
Keywords sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists renoprotection diabetic kidney disease type 2 diabetes cardiovascular outcome trials clinical practice guidelines
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Abstract

Intensive hypoglycemic treatment is the strongest preventive strategy against the development of microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), including diabetic nephropathy. However, some antidiabetic drugs, i.e. sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RA) have an additional renoprotective effect beyond glucose control by itself. Similar, both SGLT-2i and GLP1-RA have been demonstrated to decrease the risk of adverse cardiovascular (CV) events in CV outcome trials. Nevertheless, there are relevant differences in CV and renal effects of SGLT-2i and GLP1-RA. First, SGLT2i reduced the incidence and progression of albuminuria and prevented loss of kidney function, while predominant renal benefits of GLP1-RA were driven by albuminuria outcomes. Second, the risk of heart failure (HF) hospitalizations decreased on SGLT2i but not on GLP1-RA, which gives priority to SGLT2i in T2DM and HF, especially with depressed EF. Third, either GLP1-RA (reducing predominantly atherosclerosis-dependent events) or SGLT-2i, should be used in T2DM and established atherosclerotic CV disease (ASCVD) or other indicators of high CV risk. In this review, we have briefly compared clinical practice guidelines of the American Diabetes Association (2020 and 2021 versions), Polish Diabetes Association (2020) and the European Society of Cardiology/European Association for the Study of Diabetes (2019), with a focus on the choice between SGLT-2i and GLP1-RA in patients with diabetic kidney disease.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Wieczorek-Surdacka
1
Andrzej Surdacki
2
Jolanta Świerszcz
3
Bernadeta Chyrchel
4
  1. Chair and Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Second Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  3. Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  4. Second Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland

Modification of teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic at the Department of Medical Education of Jagiellonian University Medical College

Agnieszka Skrzypek Ian Perera Marta Szeliga Grzegorz Cebula
Folia Medica Cracoviensia | 2020 | Vol. 60 | No 4 | 113-121 | DOI: 10.24425/fmc.2020.136209
Keywords medical didactics medical education distance learning education during the COVID-19 pandemic Department of Medical Education, Jagiellonian University Medical College
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Abstract

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic contributed to the implementation of changes in the methodology of conducting many courses at medical universities. Achieving learning outcomes was associated with self-discipline and an increased portion of students’ independent work. The aim of the study is to analyze the adaptation of teaching methods to the requirements of the COVID-19 pandemic at the Department of Medical Education of Jagiellonian University Medical College. The university authorities, instructors and students made every effort not to neglect their education. The Microsoft Teams platform allowed for the efficient organization of remote classes. Lectures, activities based on dialogue, brainstorming and role- -playing were conducted via the Internet. Presentations and short films were made available to students. The safety of individuals participating in classes was guaranteed by password access and an invitation sent prior to an online meeting. Remote learning allowed for the synthesis and deepening of students’ knowledge, improvement of communication skills and development of clinical thinking as future doctors. The disadvantages of online education was the inability to improve practical skills, especially on phantoms, under the direct supervision of a trained instructor.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Skrzypek
1
Ian Perera
1
Marta Szeliga
1
Grzegorz Cebula
1
  1. Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland

Contents

Folia Medica Cracoviensia | 2020 | Vol. 60 | No 4
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Tsunami event identified in a sedimentary record of the Gaza Strip, Palestine

Khalid Fathi Ubeid
Studia Quaternaria | 2021 | vol. 38 | No 1 | 43-51 | DOI: 10.24425/sq.2021.136823
Keywords tsunami sedimentology pottery shard rip-up clast Gaza Strip
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Abstract

The outcrop of the tsunami deposits, about 6 m thick, is located in the archaeological site Tel Askan in the Al Zhraa locality, southwest of the Gaza City. These deposits are unconformably underlain by sand dunes and sharply overlain by a palaeosol. They are pale gray sands mixed with volcanic ash and fine-grained deposits, and are intercalated with peat, few centimetres thick. The sand-sized grains are well rounded and well sorted, and consist mainly of quartz and subordinate of feldspar. Both macro- and microfossils were observed from tsunami deposits. Additionally, rip-up clasts and pottery shards were observed, indicating higher-flow regime. The potteries in tsunami deposits provide evidence for tsunami inundation at distance of about 1 km from the present shoreline.
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Authors and Affiliations

Khalid Fathi Ubeid
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University-Gaza, P.O. Box 1277, Gaza Strip, Palestine

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