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Urban and architectural heritage, as well as the impact of American world expos on city planning and development on example of Philadelphia, Buffalo, Saint Louis and Cleveland. Part I. Initial studies — supplement

Izabela Sykta

Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddziału Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Krakowie | 2020 | vol. XLVIII | 315-348 | DOI: 10.24425/tkuia.2020.135421

Keywords world’s expos American fairs city development Philadelphia Buffalo Saint Louis Cleveland

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Abstract

The significance of American expos in the history of world’s fairs, as well as in the history of planning, urban design, architecture and landscape architecture, is extraordinary. In the article, which constitutes a supplement to the first part of a report on the carrying out of the research project entitled “Urban and architectural heritage, as well as the impact of American world expos on city planning and development”, a retrospective outlook on American fairs has been presented on the examples of Philadelphia, Buffalo, Saint Louis and Cleveland, with a particular focus on traces of expos left in the cityscape and their long-term heritage, which affects the development of host-cities.

Authors and Affiliations

Izabela Sykta

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Institute of Landscape Architecture

Author indeks of Chemical and Process Engineering Vol. 41, 2020

Chemical and Process Engineering | 2020 | vol. 41 | No 4

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Contents of Chemical and Process Engineering Vol. 41, 2020

Chemical and Process Engineering | 2020 | vol. 41 | No 4 | 309-310

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Acknowledgments to Reviewers 2020

Chemical and Process Engineering | 2020 | vol. 41 | No 4 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2020.136015

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Kinetic investigations on esterification of maleic anhydride with butanols

Maria Bartoszewicz Maria Kulawska Wiesław Organek

Chemical and Process Engineering | 2020 | vol. 41 | No 4 | 293-306 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2020.136014

Keywords acidic catalysts butyl alcohol dibutyl maleate esterification reaction plasticizer

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Abstract

Kinetic studies of esterification reaction of maleic anhydride with butan-1-ol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol and butan-2-ol were carried out in a semibatch reactor, in the presence of four acidic catalysts: sulfuric acid, phosphotungstic acid, ion exchange resin Dowex 50WX8 and tetrabutyl zirconate. Phosphotungstic acid proved to be the most active catalyst. The temperature range was 383–413 K, the initial molar ratio of alcohol to acid ranged 2.2-5:1. The kinetic parameters were given. The kinetics appeared to be that of the second order with respect both to the acid and to the alcohol. The reaction carried out in the presence of tetrabutyl zirconate was very slow and depended only on acid concentration. The effect of temperature on the reaction rate follows the Arrhenius equation well.

Authors and Affiliations

Maria Bartoszewicz

1

Maria Kulawska

2

Wiesław Organek

2

Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland
Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bałtycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

The effect of vessel scale on gas hold-up in gas-liquid systems

Magdalena Cudak

Chemical and Process Engineering | 2020 | vol. 41 | No 4 | 241-256 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2020.136010

Keywords agitated vessel mixing gas hold-up aqueous sucrose solution

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Abstract

The aim of the research presented in this paper was to determine the effect of vessel scale on gas hold- up in gas-liquid systems. The agitated vessel with internal diameters of T = 0:288 m and T = 0:634 m was filled with a liquid up to the height H = T. For the purpose of measurements, two high-speed impellers were used: Rushton turbine impeller (RT) or A 315 impeller.Within the study, the following parameters were altered: superficial gas velocity, impeller speed, impeller type and concentration of aqueous sucrose solution. In addition, influence of the vessel scale on gas hold-up value was analysed. Experimental results were mathematically described. Equations (5)–(7) do not have equivalents in the literature.

Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Cudak

1

West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, al. Piastów 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland

Maximization of generated electric power in the TEG module at various heat exchange conditions

Artur Poświata Paweł Gierycz

Chemical and Process Engineering | 2020 | vol. 41 | No 4 | 277-291 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2020.136013

Keywords optimization thermoelectric TEG heat transfer electric power

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Abstract

Thermoelectric generators using the Seebeck effect to generate electricity are increasingly used in various areas of human activity, especially in cases where a cheap high-temperature heat source is available. Despite many advantages, TEG generators have one major disadvantage: very low efficiency of heat conversion into electrical power which strongly depends on the applied load resistance. There is a maximum of generated power between the short and the open circuit in which it is zero. That is why optimization of TEG modules is particularly important. In this paper a method of maximization of generated power in a single TEG module is presented for two cases. The first case concerns a problem with fixed heat flux flow into the hot side of the module whereas the second one concerns a problem with fixed heat transfer parameters in hot heat exchanger i.e. supply gas temperature and heat transfer coefficient. A number of optimization results performed for various values of these parameters are presented and discussed.

Authors and Affiliations

Artur Poświata

1

Paweł Gierycz

1

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, ul. Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland

Properties of polyurethane fibrous materials produced by solution blow spinning

Iwona Łopianiak Michał Wojasiński Beata Butruk-Raszeja

Chemical and Process Engineering | 2020 | vol. 41 | No 4 | 267-276 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2020.136012

Keywords nano- and microfibres 3D cell culture solution blow spinning polyurethanes scaffolds

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Abstract

The study aimed to produce nano- and microfibrous materials from polyurethane (ChronoFlex®C75A/ C75D in 1,1,1,3,3,3–hexafluoro–2–propanol) by solution blow spinning. Experiments were carried out in order to determine the impact of solution blow spinning parameters on fibre diameter and quality of produced materials. The following properties of produced fibre scaffolds were investigated: fibre size, porosity and pore size, wettability, and mechanical properties. The results confirmed that produced nano- and microfibrous materials could be potentially used as scaffolds in three-dimensional cell and tissue cultures.

Authors and Affiliations

Iwona Łopianiak

1

Michał Wojasiński

1

Beata Butruk-Raszeja

1

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland

Influence of calcium, magnesium and iron ions on the molecular mass of exoproteins during biogranulation

Beata Kończak Korneliusz Miksch

Chemical and Process Engineering | 2020 | vol. 41 | No 4 | 257-266 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2020.136011

Keywords aerobic granular sludge extracellular protein SDS-PAGE divalent cations multivalent cations

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Abstract

In this study, we performed the qualitative analysis of exoproteins during granule formation in the pres- ence or in the absence of cations. The staining of thin granule cryosections showed that nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides and calcium cations were the dominant components of the granules. Proteins are the structural components associated with calcium ions. We determined changes in the proteomic profile and tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of the slime. The exopolymeric matrix containing the proteins was extracted using the Dowex resin method. Proteomic profile was analysed by SDS-PAGE method (sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) using Coomassie blue staining in the samples of the aerobic granule matrix formed in the presence of multivalent cations and compared with that of the aerobic granules cultivated without cations. The results indicate that the granule matrix is predominantly composed of large and complex proteins that are tightly bound within the granular structure. The tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances (TB-EPS) may play a role in improved mechanical stability of aerobic granules. In the supernatant fraction of the sludge, only a small amount of free proteins in the medium molecular mass range was detected. The protein with high molecular mass ( 116 kDa) produced in the reactors with added Ca2+. Ca2+ had a considerable regulatory influence on production of extracellular proteins during aerobic granulation.

Authors and Affiliations

Beata Kończak

1

Korneliusz Miksch

2

Department ofWater Protection, Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Biotechnology Department, ul. Akademicka 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

The quality of the landscape architecture as a result of contemporary development trends and societal activism. = Jakość architektury krajobrazu jako wynik współczesnych trendów rozwoju i aktywizmu społecznego

Jonas Jakaitis

Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddziału Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Krakowie | 2020 | vol. XLVIII | 351-363 | DOI: 10.24425/tkuia.2020.135422

Keywords historical greenery interaction of anthropogenic and natural components landscape architecture park art

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Abstract

The focus point of this article is the territory of historical greenery (THG) of landscape architecture (LA) as a result of interaction between material environment design as applied art and society. As an object of applied art and anthropogenic activity, LA, as well as its research is an important area for natural, anthropogenic, social and economic sustainability. The study of THG problems today is based on the innate human right to live in a harmonious space of both aesthetic material and natural environment. Aesthetic quality criteria are important for understanding the systemic relationships between nature and human interaction embodied in LA as an applied art form. Therefore, the anthropogenic objects of LA and the spaces formed by them in the urban environment require studies of the material and natural environment and the anthropogenic functioning as a whole. Based on heuristic, qualitative and quantitative research methods and case studies, the article discusses the problems of interaction between present anthropogenic and natural processes, as well as the possible influence of such interactions on scenarios of LA development and future management of the territory of historical greenery.

Authors and Affiliations

Jonas Jakaitis

1

Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Faculty of Architecture

Why collaboration with men is dominating in science? Gender homophily among 25,000 academic scientists

Marek Kwiek Wojciech Roszka

Nauka | 2021 | No 1 | 39-78 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2021.136304

Keywords research collaboration coauthorships sociology of science publication patterns academic career probabilistic record linkage Polish academic science

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Abstract

We examined the male-female collaboration practices of all internationally visible Polish university professors (N = 25,463) based on their Scopus-indexed publications from 2009–2018 (158,743 journal articles). We merged a national registry of 99,935 scientists with the Scopus publication database, using probabilistic and deterministic record linkage. Our database (“The Polish Science Observatory”) included all professors with at least a doctoral degree employed in 85 researchinvolved universities. We determined an “individual publication portfolio” for every professor. The gender homophily principle (publishing predominantly with scientists of the same sex) was found to apply to male scientists — but not to females. The majority of male scientists collaborate solely with males; most female scientists, in contrast, do not collaborate with females at all. Gender homophily in research-intensive institutions proved stronger for males than for females. Finally, we used a multi-dimensional fractional logit regression model to estimate the impact of gender and other individual-level and institutional-level independent variables on gender homophily in research collaboration.

Authors and Affiliations

Marek Kwiek

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wojciech Roszka

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Centrum Studiów nad Polityką Publiczną, Katedra UNESCO Badań Instytucjonalnych i Polityki Szkolnictwa Wyższego UAM w Poznaniu
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu

Between science and pseudosciences. From panpsychism to psychoanalysis

Zbigniew Drozdowicz

Nauka | 2021 | No 1 | 19-37 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2021.136303

Keywords science parascience pseudoscience panpsychism parapsychology psychoanalysis

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Abstract

In these remarks I make the attempt to draw a picture of the tradition, as well the modern forms of panpsychism, parapsychology and psychoanalysis. What connects these notions is situating those notions either outside the disciplines or at least on the edge of them. The problem is not just the fact that they did experienced various transformations and some of them did get closer to the criteria of being scientific. And on other occasions they distanced themselves from those criteria. Another issue is the fact that these criteria also changed what was considered scientific in one period, in another was perceived as pseudoscience, quasiscience or even parascientific. It had and still has to this day an important influence on what is often higher regarded in social terms. ie. pseudo- and quasiscientific theories rather than real science.

Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Drozdowicz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Instytut Kulturoznawstwa, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza

Is there any benefit from the student evaluation of teaching survey?

Tomasz Grzegorek

Nauka | 2021 | No 1 | 103-118 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2021.136306

Keywords Student Evaluation of Teaching SET student survey teaching effectiveness education quality monitoring

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Abstract

The idea of students giving official grades to teachers is new in the centuries-old history of education. Today, the technical side of its implementation is usually discussed, while the purposefulness and usefulness are rarely in focus. The article provides a justification for the view that the student survey is a poor measuring instrument and it is used contrary to its intended use. First, it is unclear what exactly it measures, but it does so imprecisely as there are many known factors that are potentially sources of bias. Second, only to a small extent is the survey actually used to improve the quality of teaching. A separate argument was also given for the opinion that student evaluation of classes not only brings little benefit, but also causes some harm.

Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Grzegorek

1

Katedra Psychologii Ogólnej, Instytut Psychologii, Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie

Managing water – challenges for Poland

Zbigniew Kundzewicz (red.) Janusz Zaleski (red.) Elżbieta Nachlik (red.) Anna Januchta-Szostak (red.)

Nauka | 2021 | No 1 | 79-102 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2021.136305

Keywords water management Poland hazards water in urban areas water in rural areas education

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Abstract

The scope of water management is to meet water demand by supplying water to the population and to the national economy; to provide water to the users in such sectors as agriculture, energy, navigation, tourism and recreation, as well as the environment; and to warrant water safety (including protection against floods and droughts). Health and well-being of the Polish population depends on the quality of the environment, therein access to water in adequate quantity and quality. The country struggles with management of low water resources whose quality is still inadequate. The present paper, co-authored by numerous Polish experts, leaders in research and in practice, presents a critical view on the water management in Poland. Among the specific topical areas covered by this paper are: water needs, policies and legislation, as well as governance. The authors specify recommendations for a range of necessary, and urgent, actions to be taken by decision makers and politicians, who are responsible for formulation of appropriate principles and their implementation. Development of adequate legal framework at various spatial levels (EU, national, regional, local, as well as at the river basin scale) is of essential importance for warranting people’s well-being. It is necessary to establish control aimed at keeping the subtle balance between the governance, legal acts, and adequate financing.

Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Kundzewicz (red.)

1

Janusz Zaleski (red.)

Elżbieta Nachlik (red.)

Anna Januchta-Szostak (red.)

Instytut Środowiska Rolniczego i Leśnego PAN w Poznaniu

Opinion on the proposal of the 9th December 2020 to amend The Law on Higher Education and Science (“the academic freedom” package)

Komitet Etyki w Nauce Polskiej Akademii Nauk

Nauka | 2021 | No 1 | 15-17 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2021.136302

Keywords academic freedom freedom of expression research ethics public debate

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Abstract

In response to a legislative initiative of the Minister of Education and Science to regulate academic freedom, the Committee of Ethics in Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences states that the initiative does not identify a problem with freedom of expression of worldview, religious or philosophical convictions but produces it. The initiative does not distinguish between the methodological demands of science that apply to individuals as researchers and the freedom of expression enjoyed by citizens. It encourages legitimization of non-scientific and anti-scientific claims within academic debate. In consequence, implementation of the proposed regulation will have a negative impact on the quality of scientific research and public debate in Poland.

Authors and Affiliations

Komitet Etyki w Nauce Polskiej Akademii Nauk

Statement no. 7 by the COVID-19 Advisory Team to the President of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Vaccination is the only rational solution which will help us defeat the pandemic

Zespół ds. COVID-19 przy Prezesie PAN

Nauka | 2021 | No 1 | 7-13 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2021.136301

Keywords COVID-19 vaccinations vaccines pandemic science advice

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Abstract

COVID-19 has been devastating the health of millions of people around the globe and causing untold damage to the economy for many months. Teams of researchers have been working tirelessly on developing an effective vaccine since the outbreak of the pandemic, and we are on the threshold of a breakthrough. However, a large proportion of our society has been expressing concerns about the vaccine. In this statement, we discuss the possible risks and explain why vaccination is the only rational choice which will help us emerge from the pandemic, save the lives and health of countless people and limit the damage already inflicted on the economy.

Authors and Affiliations

Zespół ds. COVID-19 przy Prezesie PAN

Piotr Francuz (1960–2020) – pro memoria

Jerzy M. Brzeziński Piotr K. Oleś

Nauka | 2021 | No 1 | 165-171 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2021.136312

Keywords Piotr Francuz psychology neuroscience perception cognition

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Abstract

Professor Piotr Francuz conducted innovative experimental research in cognitive psychology and neuroscience. He was the author of numerous publications on perception and information processing, audiovisual communication, imagination and perception of beauty, and psychology methodology. The paper presents the Professor's scientific profile and his research, teaching, and organizational achievements. Professor passed away on November 14, 2020.

Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy M. Brzeziński

1

Piotr K. Oleś

2

Wydział Psychologii i Kognitywistyki UAM
Instytut Psychologii KUL

Critical comment on the paper „Five years of difficult experiences with the Act of the protection of animals used for scientific or educational purposes dated of January 15, 2015”

Tomasz Pietrzykowski Hanna Kalamarz-Kubiak

Nauka | 2021 | No 1 | 159-164 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2021.136311

Keywords animal experimentation ethics law Directive EU/63/2010

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Abstract

The authors criticize the claims relating to the functioning of the National Committee on Ethical Review of Animal Research made in the paper „Five years of difficult experiences with the Act of the protection of animals used for scientific or educational purposes dated of January 15, 2015” published in „Nauka” (3/2020) relating to the functioning of the National Ethics Committee on Animal Experimentation. The comment proves many statements of that paper blatantly false given either statistical data or legal regulations. It includes the duties of the National Ethics Committee, right of non-governmental organizations to participate in administrative proceedings, conflict of interest, and the approach of the National Ethics Committee to appeals from the decisions made by local committees. The authors prove that the paper’s suggestions of the alleged misconduct by the National Ethics Committee on Animal Experimentation are ill-founded and result from the poorly understood legal situation as well as lack of reference to relevant empirical data.

Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Pietrzykowski

1 2

Hanna Kalamarz-Kubiak

3 2

Uniwersytet Śląski
Krajowa Komisja Etyczna do spraw Doświadczeń na Zwierzętach (KKE)
Instytut Oceanologii PAN

Wacław Szybalski (1921–2020)

Ewa Łojkowska

Nauka | 2021 | No 1 | 173-180 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2021.136313

Keywords Wacław Szybalski Polish scientist and philanthropist Lwów Gdańsk Madison

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Abstract

Wacław Tadeusz Szybalski (1921–2020) was born in the city of Lwów. Gradueted from School of Chemistry of Technical University of Lwów (Politechnika Lwowska). In 1945 he obtained diploma of chemical engineering from Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice and PhD in 1949 from Gdańsk University of Technology. He left Poland in 1949, first for Denmark and later USA. From 1951–1955 Wacław Szybalski joined the famous Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY, as a Staff Member. From 1960 to 2003 he has position of Professor of Oncology at the McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA. Prof. Wacław Szybalski published over 260 scientific papers, covering many areas of biology, including bacterial genetics, mechanisms of drug resistance and radiosensitization, mutagenesis, multi-drug therapy, molecular biology of bacteriophages, particularly phage lambda, genetic engineering, gene therapy, synthetic biology and DNA biochemistry/sequencing. Prof. Wacław Szybalski retired in 2003, and held the rank of Emeritus Professor of Oncology and of Genetics since then. During all years in USA Wacław Szybalski relations with Poland, especially Gdańsk remained very strong. He was a Mentor of several Polish postdocs. Prof. Wacław Szybalski received many science awards over the years, was a Foreign Member of the Polish Academy of Sciences and Polish Academy of Art and Sciences. In 2011, he received the highest honor awarded in Poland, becoming a Knight of the Order of Polonia Restituta, First Class, presented by President of Poland Bronisław Komorowski. He has also received five honorary doctorates from leading universities in Poland.

Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Łojkowska

1 2

Międzyuczelniany Wydział Biotechnologii Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego i GUMed
Fundacja Profesora Wacława Szybalskiego

Reflection on the report “Towards a sustainable future: transformative change and post-COVID-19 priorities” of the EASAC’s Environment Programme

Joanna Rutkowska

Nauka | 2021 | No 1 | 125-127 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2021.136308

Keywords climate change sustainable development effects of Covid-19 pandemic

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Abstract

Report of the EASAC’s Environment Programme is an interdisciplinary publication on how to stop the current climatic and ecological crisis. It also raises the question of whether and how the necessary transformation is affected by the current pandemic. I start this refection article by shortly presenting some of the causes and consequences of CO2 rise in the atmosphere. I then summarise the reports diagnosis on the state of civilization and the potential impact of pandemic on our planet. Finally, I suggest further readings on the issue.

Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Rutkowska

1 2

Komitet Biologii Środowiskowej i Ewolucyjnej PAN
Instytut Nauk o Środowisku, Wydział Biologii, Uniwersytet Jagielloński

Towards a sustainable future: transformative change and post-COVID-19 priorities

Rajmund Michalski

Nauka | 2021 | No 1 | 119-124 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2021.136307

Keywords EASAC Green Deal transformative economy

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Abstract

Demand for energy and resources has been growing as a result of population growth and increased consumption to the point where all the scientific evidence shows we are bumping up against fundamental planetary boundaries on which our civilizations depend. In new EASAC report trends that lead calls for “transformative” change, with a focus on some of the systemic and structural failures that are driving our current unsustainable development has been discussed.

Authors and Affiliations

Rajmund Michalski

1

Instytut Podstaw Inżynierii Środowiska PAN w Zabrzu

Biographical sketch of Jerzy Ignacy Skowroński

Krystian Leonard Chrzan

Nauka | 2021 | No 1 | 149-157 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2021.136310

Keywords Jerzy Ignacy Skowroński electrical engineering high voltage insulation

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Abstract

The life of Jerzy Ignacy Skowronski, Professor of High Voltages, Dean of the Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering and the first Dean of the Electrical Faculty of the Wrocław University of Science and Technology, member of the real Polish Academy of Sciences and President of the Wrocław Scientific Society, founder of the Wrocław Scientific School of Electrical Materials, was described. Documents contained in the Archives of the Wrocław University of Science and Technology, works published by Jerzy I. Skowronski, previously published publications on his scientific merits written by his former Ph.D. students and information from his grandson Jan Paweł Skowronski were used. The author's intention was to show unknown facts from the life of the Professor and his works unknown until now.

Authors and Affiliations

Krystian Leonard Chrzan

1

Politechnika Wrocławska

Women who were the first Polish pharmacists

Dorota Pietrzkiewicz

Nauka | 2021 | No 1 | 129-147 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2021.136309

Keywords history of pharmacy women who were the first Polish pharmacists Konstancja Studzińska Filipina Studzińska Stanisława Dowgiałłówna Janina Kosmowska Jadwiga Sikorska Antonina Leśniewska

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Abstract

The article discusses the efforts of Polish women to be admitted to pharmaceutical studies and to obtain the right to practice as a pharmacist. Based on the published memoirs of one of the first three students of the Pharmaceutical Department of the Jagiellonian University Jadwiga Klemensiewiczowa nee Sikorski ( Przebojem ku wiedzy) and the world's first owner of a female pharmacy Antonina Leśniewska ( Po neprotorennoj doroge) the struggle of pharmacy pioneers in the fight for equality and professional emancipation was presented. There was also mention of a precedent on a global scale, i.e. obtaining a master's degree in pharmacy by the sisters Konstancja and Florentyna Studziński who were the first women in Europe to do so before the gates of the Galician university were opened to women. Stanisława Dowgiałłówna and Janina Kosmowska were also among the first Polish pharmacists, who practiced this profession.

Authors and Affiliations

Dorota Pietrzkiewicz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wydział Dziennikarstwa, Informacji i Bibliologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego

For an ethic of architecture

J. Krzysztof Lenartowicz

Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddziału Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Krakowie | 2020 | vol. XLVIII | 3-33 | DOI: 10.24425/tkuia.2020.135403

Keywords architecture beauty appropriateness (decorum) order aesthetics ethics

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Abstract

The state of the built environment makes one inclined to ponder how ethics affects the space that is designed and its aesthetic quality. As a consequence, there arise questions concerning the provisions of ethical codes of professional conduct that architects must adhere to on the one hand, while on the other, the practical guidelines for architectural design and planning. In a period when matters of durability (firmitas) and utility (utilitas) have been largely dominated by other branches of design, including the matters of ecology, beauty (venustas) has come to be considered as the most essential constituent attribute of architecture. Selected interpretations of Beauty and its relationship with Good (Vitruvius, 1954; Tatarkiewicz, 1962, 1982) have been presented, including in light of the latest findings of neurobiology and neuroaesthetics (Zeki, 2011, 2019; Qiuling et al., 2018; Ishizu, Tsukiura, Cabeza, 2011). The term appropriateness (Krakowski, 1989) is herein accepted, understood as a notion of intentional, socially conditioned beauty and considered proper to describe the aesthetic standard of the built environment under design. This paper is an attempt at finding practical methods of ensuring aesthetic quality (beauty) in newly designed and redesigned spatial situations. It identifies the field of professional law (the ethical code of conduct for architects), wherein aesthetic matters are largely ignored on the one hand, while on the other it points to the necessity to teach and implement a design process that is tender (Tokarczuk, 2019) and mindful (Dominiczak, 2016) dialogue in a specific understanding of encounters with the Other (the Second), whether it’s an architect, a user or a structure. It notes the proposal of creative aesthetics (Sławińska, 1973) as a potentially possible integral branch of design. Contrary to the professional ethics of architects, which pertains to individuals who practice design and are ethically responsible for their professional conduct (design), the ethic of architecture refers to aesthetic relationships that emerge in architectural situations (Dominiczak, 2016). In this understanding, built structures are personified and seen as entities with their own identities (if the designer wills it) that engage in dialogue with Other entities (Levinas, 1998), which both create and define a given space.

Authors and Affiliations

J. Krzysztof Lenartowicz

1

Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Building and Architecture, Independent Architectural Laboratory

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