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Synthesis of Mg-based alloys with rare-earth element addition by means of mechanical alloying

Sabina Lesz Bartłomiej Hrapkowicz Klaudiusz Gołombek Małgorzata Karolus Patrycja Janiak
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 5 | e137586 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137586
Keywords mechanical alloying magnesium rare-earth element ytterbium
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Abstract

Magnesium-based alloys are widely used in the construction, automotive, aviation and medical industries. There are many parameters that can be modified during their synthesis in order to obtain an alloy with the desired microstructure and advantageous properties. Modifications to the chemical composition and parameters of the synthesis process are of key importance. In this work, an Mg-based alloy with a rare-earth element addition was synthesized by means of mechanical alloying (MA). The aim of this work was to study the effect of milling times on the Mg-based alloy with a rare-earth addition on its structure and microhardness. A powder mixture of pure elements was milled in a SPEX 8000D high energy shaker ball mill under an argon atmosphere using a stainless steel container and balls. The sample was mechanically alloyed at the following milling times: 3, 5, 8 and 13 h, with 0.5 h interruptions. The microstructure and hardness of samples were investigated. The Mg-based powder alloy was examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and using a Vickers microhardness test. The results showed that microhardness of the sample milled for 13 h was higher than that of those with milling time of 3, 5 and 8 h.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sabina Lesz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bartłomiej Hrapkowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Klaudiusz Gołombek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Karolus
2
ORCID: ORCID
Patrycja Janiak
1
  1. Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18A, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
  2. Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland

Technology for porous ammonium nitrate production: modeling of drying machines’ operating modes

Nadiia Artyukhova Jan Krmela Artem Artyukhov Vladimíra Krmelová Mária Gavendová Alžbeta Bakošová
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137585 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137585
Keywords porous ammonium nitrate drying machine operating modes software
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Abstract

The article deals with the technological principles regarding the final drying process of the porous ammonium nitrate (PAN) granules in multistage gravitational shelf dryers. The data on the dryer’s optimal technological operating modes are obtained. PAN samples are studied; the regularity of the porous structure change in the granule depending on the dryer’s hydrodynamic and thermodynamic conditions is established. Experimental data obtained during the research will be used to create a methodology for the engineering calculation of gravitational shelf dryers. Moreover, the data on the optimal operating conditions of the drying machines at the final drying stage will be used to improve the technology to form porous granules from agricultural ammonium nitrate.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nadiia Artyukhova
1
Jan Krmela
2
ORCID: ORCID
Artem Artyukhov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Vladimíra Krmelová
3
Mária Gavendová
3
Alžbeta Bakošová
2
  1. Sumy State University, Oleg Balatskyi Academic and Research Institute of Finance, Economics and Management, Department of Marketing, Rymskogo-Korsakova st. 2, 40007, Sumy, Ukraine
  2. Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, Faculty of Industrial Technologies in Púchov, Department of Numerical Methods and Computational Modeling, Ivana Krasku 491/30, 020 01 Púchov, Slovakia
  3. Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, Faculty of Industrial Technologies in Púchov, Department of Material Technologies and Environment, Ivana Krasku 491/30, 020 01 Púchov, Slovakia

Mechanical alloying of Mg-Zn-Ca-Er alloy

Bartłomiej Hrapkowicz Sabina Lesz Marek Kremzer Małgorzata Karolus Wojciech Pakieła
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 5 | e137587 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137587
Keywords magnesium mechanical alloying erbium rare earth elements
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Abstract

Magnesium-based materials constitute promising alternatives for medical applications, due to their characteristics, such as good mechanical and biological properties. This opens many possibilities for biodegradable materials to be used as less-invasive options for treatment. Degradation is prompted by their chemical composition and microstructure. Both those aspects can be finely adjusted by means of proper manufacturing processes, such as mechanical alloying (MA). Furthermore, MA allows for alloying elements that would normally be really hard to mix due to their very different properties. Magnesium usually needs various alloying elements, which can further increase its characteristics. Alloying magnesium with rare earth elements is considered to greatly improve the aforementioned properties. Due to that fact, erbium was used as one of the alloying elements, alongside zinc and calcium, to obtain an Mg₆₄Zn₃₀Ca₄Er₁ alloy via mechanical alloying. The alloy was milled in the SPEX 8000 Dual Mixer/Mill high energy mill under an argon atmosphere for 8, 13, and 20 hours. It was assessed using X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy and granulometric analysis as well as by studying its hardness. The hardness values reached 232, 250, and 302 HV, respectively, which is closely related to their particle size. Average particle sizes were 15, 16, and 17 μm, respectively
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Authors and Affiliations

Bartłomiej Hrapkowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sabina Lesz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Kremzer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Karolus
2
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Pakieła
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland

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