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Abstract


Austenitic chromium-nickel cast steel is used for the production of machine parts and components operating under corrosive conditions combined with abrasive wear. One of the most popular grades is the GX2CrNi18-9 grade, which is used in many industries, and mainly in the chemical, food and mining industries for tanks, feeders, screws and pumps.
To improve the abrasion resistance of chromium-nickel cast steel, primary titanium carbides were produced in the metallurgical process by increasing the carbon content and adding titanium, which after alloy solidification yielded the test castings with the microstructure consisting of an austenitic matrix and primary carbides evenly distributed in this matrix.
The measured hardness of the samples in both as-cast conditions and after solution heat treatment was from 300 to 330HV0.02 and was higher by about 40-70 units compared to the reference GX2CrNi18-9 cast steel, which had the hardness of 258HV0.02.
The abrasive wear resistance of the tested chromium-nickel cast steel, measured in the Miller test, increased by at least 20% (with the content of 1.3 wt% Ti). Increasing the Ti content in the samples to 5.3 and 6.9 wt% reduced the wear 2.5 times compared to the common GX2CrNi18-9 cast steel.
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Bibliography

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[2] Calliari, L., Brunelli, K., Dabala, M., & Ramous, E. (2009). Measuring secondary phases in duplex stainless steel. The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society. JOM. 61, 80-83.
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[10] PN-EN 10088-1/2005(U).
[11] Tęcza, G. & Zapała, R. (2018). Changes in impact strength and abrasive wear resistance of cast high manganese steel due to the formation of primary titanium carbides. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(1), 119-122.
[12] Głownia, J., Kalandyk, B. & Camargo, M. (2002). Wear resistance of high Cr-Ni alloys in iron ore slurry conditions. Inżynieria Materiałowa (Material Engineering). 5, 694-697.
[13] Tęcza, G. (2019). Selected wear resistant cast steels with Ti, Nb, V, W and Mo carbides. Katowice-Gliwice: Wydawnictwo Komisja Odlewnictwa PAN. (in Polish).
[14] Kalandyk, B., Starowicz, M., Kawalec, M. & Zapała, R. (2013). Influence of the cooling rate on the corrosion resistance of duplex cast steel. Metalurgija. 52(1), 75-78.
[15] Charchalis, A., Dyl, T., Rydz, D., Stradomski, G. (2018). The effect of burnishing process on the change of the duplex cast steel surface properties. Inżynieria Materiałowa. 6(226), 223-227.
[16] Dyja, D., Stradomski, Z., Kolan, C. & Stradomski, G. (2012). Eutectoid Decomposition of δ-Ferrite in Ferritic-Austenitic Duplex Cast Steel - Structural and Morphological Study. Materials Science Forum. 706-709, 2314-2319.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Tęcza
ORCID: ORCID

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Abstract

Cast martensitic alloy steel is used for the production of parts and components of machines operating under conditions of abrasive wear. One of the most popular grades is cast steel GX70CrMnSiNiMo2 steel, which is used in many industries, but primarily in the mining and material processing sectors for rings and balls operating in the grinding sets of coal mills. To improve the abrasion resistance of cast alloy tool steel, primary titanium carbides were produced in the metallurgical process by increasing the carbon content to 1.78 wt.% and adding 5.00 wt.% of titanium to test castings. After alloy solidification, the result was the formation of a microstructure consisting of a martensitic matrix with areas of residual austenite and primary titanium carbides evenly distributed in this matrix.
The measured as-cast hardness of the samples was 660HV and it increased to as much as 800HV after heat treatment.
The abrasion resistance of the sample hardened in a 15% polymer solution increased at least three times compared to the reference sample after quenching and tempering.
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Bibliography

[1] Głownia, J. (2002). Alloy steel castings-applications. Kraków: Fotobit. (in Polish).
[2] Dobrzański, L.A. (2006). Engineering materials and material design. Warszawa: WNT. (in Polish).
[3] Metals Handbook, (1990). 10-th Ed., vol. 1. ASM International.
[4] Głownia, J., Tęcza, G., Sobula, S., Kalandyk, B., Dzieja, A. (2007). Determination of the content and effect of residual austenite on the properties of cast L70H2GNM steel. Research done for Metalodlew S.A., unpublished. (in Polish).
[5] Głownia, J. (2017). Metallurgy and technology of steel castings. Sharjah: Bentham Science Publishers, cop.
[6] Mirzaee, M., Momeni, A., Keshmiri, H. & Razavinejad, R. (2014). Effect of titanium and niobium on modifying the microstructure of cast K100 tool steel. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 45, 2304-2314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-014-0150-8.
[7] Grabnar, K., Burja, J., Balaško, T., Nagode, A. & Medved, J. (2022). The influence of Nb, Ta and Ti modification on hot-work tool-steel grain growth during austenitization. Materiali in tehnologije. 56(3), 331-338. https://doi.org/10.17222/mit.2022.486.
[8] Srivastava, A.K. & Das, K. (2009). Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of in Situ TiC and (Ti,W)C-Reinforced High Manganese Austenitic Steel Matrix Composites. Materials Science & Engineering A. 516, 1–6.
[9] Das, K., Bandyopadhyay, T.K. & Das, S. (2002). A review on the various synthesis routes of TiC reinforced ferrous based composites. Jurnal of Materials Science. 516(1-2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.04.041.
[10] Olejnik, E., Janas, A., Kolbus, A. & Sikora, G. (2011). The composition of reaction substrates for TiC carbides synthesis and its influence on the thickness of iron casting composite layer. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 11(spec.2), 165-168. ISSN (1897-3310).
[11] Olejnik, E., Tokarski, T., Sikora, G., Sobula, S., Maziarz, W., Szymański, Ł. & Grabowska, B. (2019). The effect of Fe addition on fragmentation phenomena, macrostructure, microstructure, and hardness of TiC-Fe local reinforcements fabricated in situ in steel casting. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 50, 975-986. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-4992-6.
[12] Sobula, S., Olejnik, E. & Tokarski, T. (2017). Wear resistance of TiC reinforced cast steel matrix composite. Archives of foundry engineering. 17(1), 143-146. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0026.
[13] Montealegre, M., Castro, G., Arias, J., Fernández-Vicente, A., Vázquez, J. (2008). Tool steel laser surface modification with TiC. In 3rd Pacific International Conference on Application of Lasers and Optics 2008, (pp. 890-894). Torneiros, Spain.
[14] Balanou, M., Karmiris-Obratański, P.P., Emmanouil-Lazaros., G.N., Markopoulos, A. (2021). Surface modification of tool steel by using EDM green powder metallurgy electrodes. In IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering, 14-15 December 2021 (pp. 012014). Athens, Greece.
[15] Szymański, Ł., Olejnik, E., Tokarski, T., Kurtyka, P., Drożyński, D. & Żymankowska-Kumon, S. (2018). Reactive casting coatings for obtaining in situ composite layers based on Fe alloys. Surface and Coatings Technology. 350, 346-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.06.085.
[16] Szymański, Ł., Olejnik, E., Sobczak, J.J., Szala, M., Kurtyka, P., Tokarski, T. & Janas, A. (2022). Dry sliding, slurry abrasion and cavitation erosion of composite layers reinforced by TiC fabricated in situ in cast steel and gray cast iron. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 308, 117688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2022.117688.
[17] Valdes, V.H., Guerra, F.V., Bedolla Jacuinde, A. & Pacheco-Cedeño, J. (2023). Development and characterization of a cast steel reinforced with primary carbides for high strength and severe wear applications. MRS Advances. 8, 1139-1143. DOI: 10.1557/s43580-023-00699-8.
[18] Tęcza, G. & Zapała, R. (2018). Changes in impact strength and abrasive wear resistance of cast high manganese steel due to the formation of primary titanium carbides. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(1), 119-122. DOI: 10.24425/118823.
[19] Tęcza, G. & Garbacz-Klempka A. (2016). Microstructure of cast high-manganese steel containing titanium. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(4), 163-168. ISSN (1897-3310).
[20] Tęcza, G. (2021). Changes in abrasive wear resistance during Miller test of Cr-Ni cast steel with Ti carbides formed in the alloy matrix. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(4), 110-115. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.139758.,
[21] Kalandyk, B. & Zapała, R. (2013). Effect of high-manganese cast steel strain hardening on the abrasion wear resistance in a mixture of SiC and water. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 13(4), 63-66. ISSN (1897-3310).
[22] Kasinska, J. & Kalandyk, B.(2017). Effects of rare earth metal addition on wear resistance of chromium-molybdenum cast steel. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(3), 63-68. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0092.
[23] Sobula, S. & Kraiński, S. (2021). Effect of SiZr modification on the microstructure and properties of high manganese cast steel. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(4), 82-86. Doi: 10.24425/afe.2021.138683.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Tęcza
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

The results of tests and examinations of the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast steel used for large-size slag ladles are presented. Castings of this type (especially large-size ladles with a capacity of up to 16 m3) operate under very demanding conditions resulting from the repeated cycles of filling and emptying the ladle with liquid slag at a temperature exceeding even 1600°C. The changes in operating temperature cause faster degradation and wear of slag ladle castings, mainly due to thermal fatigue.
The tests carried out on samples taken from different parts/areas of the ladle (flange, bottom and half-height) showed significant differences in the microstructure of the flange and bottom part as compared to the microstructure obtained at half-height of the ladle wall. The flange and bottom were characterized by a ferritic-pearlitic microstructure, while the microstructure at the ladle half-height consisted of a ferritic matrix, cementite and graphite precipitates. Changes in microstructure affected the mechanical properties. Based on the test results it was found that both the flange and the bottom of the ladle had higher mechanical properties, i.e. UTS, YS, hardness, and impact energy than the centre of the ladle wall. Fractography showed the mixed character of fractures with the predominance of brittle fracture. Microporosity and clusters of non-metallic inclusions were also found in the fractures of samples characterized by low properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Kalandyk
ORCID: ORCID
R. Zapała
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Sobula
1
ORCID: ORCID
Grzegorz Tęcza
ORCID: ORCID
K. Piotrowski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Cast Alloys and Composite Engineering, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, 23 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Krakodlew S.A., 1 Ujastek Str., 30-969 Krakow, Poland

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