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The usage of the reduced pressure in the processes of smelting and refining of metal alloys allow to remove not only the gases dissolved in the metal bath, but also the impurities having a higher vapour pressure than the matrix metal. Blister copper produced in flash furnace contains many impurities such as lead, bismuth and arsenic. Some of them must be removed from molten metals, because of their deleterious effects on copper electrical properties. When the smelting process is carried out in the induction vacuum furnaces, the abovementioned phenomenon is being intensified, one or another mixing of bath and increase in the surface area of mass exchange (liquid metal surface). The latter results from the formation of a meniscus being an effect of the electromagnetic field influence on the liquid metal. In the work, the results of refining blister copper in terms of removing lead from it, are presented. The experiments were carried out in the induction crucible vacuum furnace at temperatures of 1473 and 1523 K, and operating pressures in a range of 8 - 533 Pa.

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Albert Smalcerz

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Leszek Blacha

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Aluminium Loss During Ti-Al-X Alloy Smelting Using the VIM Technology

Albert Smalcerz Leszek Blacha J. Łabaj

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 1 | 11-17 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.136072

Keywords Melting of Ti-Al alloys Induction vacuum furnace Evaporation of metals

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Abstract

Titanium alloys belonging to the group of modern metallic materials used in many industries, including the aerospace industries. Induction crucible vacuum furnaces and induction furnaces with cold crucible are most commonly used for their smelting. When operating these devices, one can deal with an adverse phenomenon of decrease in the content of alloy elements that are characterized by higher equilibrium vapour pressure than the matrix metal or titanium, in the metal bath. In the paper, results of the study on aluminium evaporation from the Ti-Al-Nb, Ti-Al-V and Ti-Al alloys (max 6.2 % wt.) during smelting in a vacuum induction melting (VIM) furnace are presented. The experiments were performed at 10 to 1000 Pa for 1973 K and 2023 K. A significant degree of aluminium loss has been demonstrated during the analysed process. The values of relative aluminium loss for all the alloys ranged from 4 % to 25 %. Lowering the pressure in the melting system from 1000 Pa to 10 Pa resulted in increased values of aluminium evaporation flux from 4.82⋅10-5 to 0.000327 g⋅cm-2⋅s-1 for 1973 K and from 9.28⋅10-5 to 0.000344 g⋅cm-2⋅s-1 for 2023 K. The analysis of the results obtained took into account the value of the actual surface of the liquid metal. In the case of melting metals in an induction furnace, this surface depends on the value of power emitted in the charge. At greater power, we observe a significant increase in the bath surface due to the formation of a meniscus.

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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Albert Smalcerz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Leszek Blacha

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Łabaj

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy, ul. Krasińskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland

Electromagnetic processing of molten copper alloys in the induction furnace with cold crucible

Albert Smalcerz Leszek Blacha Jerzy Barglik Ivo Dolezel Tadeusz Wieczorek

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2024 | vol. 73 | No 1 | 51-62 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2024.148856

Keywords furnace with cold crucible induction melting Meniscus purification of copper vacuum refining

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Abstract

Electromagnetic processing of molten copper is provided in a special kind of electrical furnace called an induction furnace with a cold crucible (IFCC), making it possible to successfully remove impurities from the workpiece. In order to analyze the process in a sufficient way not only electromagnetic, thermal and flow but also metallurgical and mass transfer phenomena in the coupled formulation should be taken into consideration. The paper points to an analysis of the kinetic process of lead evaporation from molten copper. It was shown that mass transport in the gas phase determines the rate of the analyzed evaporation process. The possibility of removal of lead from molten copper is analyzed and described.

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Authors and Affiliations

Albert Smalcerz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Leszek Blacha

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jerzy Barglik

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ivo Dolezel

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Tadeusz Wieczorek

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Silesian University of Technology Krasinskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of West Bohemia Univerzitní 26, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic

Elimination of Zinc from Aluminum During Remelting in an Vacuum Induction Furnace

Albert Smalcerz Leszek Blacha B. Węcki D.G. Desisa J. Łabaj M. Jodkowski

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 3 | 11-18 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140231

Keywords Mass transfer coefficient Zinc evaporation Vacuum induction furnace Meniscus

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Abstract

In this paper, the results of the study on aluminium evaporation from the Al-Zn alloys (4.2% weight) during remelting in a vacuum induction furnace (VIM) are presented. The evaporation of components of liquid metal alloys is complex due to its heterogeneous nature. Apart from chemical affinity, its speed is determined by the phenomena of mass transport, both in the liquid and gas phase. The experiments were performed at 10-1000 Pa for 953 K - 1103 K. A significant degree of zinc loss has been demonstrated during the analysed process. The relative values of zinc loss ranged from 4 to 92%. Lowering the pressure in the melting system from 1000 Pa to 10 Pa caused an increase in the value of density of the zinc evaporating stream from 3.82⋅10-5 to 0.000564 g⋅cm-2⋅s-1 at 953 K and 3.32⋅10-5 to 0.000421 g⋅cm-2⋅s-1 for 1103 K. Based on the results of the conducted experiments. it was found that evaporation of zinc was largely controlled by mass transfer in the gas phase and only for pressure 10 Pa this process was controlled by combination of both liquid and gas phase mass transfer.

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Bibliography

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[28] Blacha, L. Przylucki, R. Golak, S. & Oleksiak B. (2011). Influence of the geometry of the arrangement inductor - crucible to the velocity of the transport of mass in the liquid metallic phase mixed inductive. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. 11, 171-179 DOI: 10.1016/S1644-9665(12)60181-2
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Authors and Affiliations

Albert Smalcerz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Leszek Blacha

e-mail:

ORCID:

B. Węcki

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

D.G. Desisa

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Łabaj

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Jodkowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Testing and Certification "ZETOM", Poland
Department of Industrial, Informatics Silesian University of Technology, Joint Doctorate School, Poland
Faculty of Materials Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Poland

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Removal of Lead From Blister Copper by Melting in the Induction Vacuum Furnace

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Aluminium Loss During Ti-Al-X Alloy Smelting Using the VIM Technology

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Electromagnetic processing of molten copper alloys in the induction furnace with cold crucible

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Elimination of Zinc from Aluminum During Remelting in an Vacuum Induction Furnace

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