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Abstract

The work focused on forecasting changes in lake water level. The study employed the Triple Diagram Method (TDM) using geostatistical tools. TDM estimates the value by information from an earlier two periods of observation, refers as lags. The best results were obtained for data with an average a 1-week lag. At the significance level of 1σ, a the forecast error of ±2 cm was obtained. Using separate data for warm and cold months did not improve the efficiency of TDM. At the same time, analysis of observations from warm and cold months explained trends visible in the distribution of year-round data. The methodology, built on case study and proposed evaluation criteria, may function as a universal solution. The proposed methodology can be used to effectively manage water-level fluctuations both in postglacial lakes and in any case of water-level fluctuation.
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Bibliography

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BUYUKYILDIZ M., TEZEL G., YILMAZ V. 2014. Estimation of the change in lake water level by artificial intelligence methods. Water Resources Management. Vol. 28(13) p. 4747–4763. DOI 10.1007/s11269-014-0773-1.

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SANIKHANI H., KISI O., KIAFAR H., GHAVIDEL S. 2015. Comparison of different data-driven approaches for modeling lake level fluctua-tions: The case of Manyas and Tuz Lakes (Turkey). Water Resources Management. Vol. 29(5) p. 1557–1574. DOI 10.1007/s11269-014-0894-6.
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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Piasecki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech T. Witkowski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, ul. Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
  2. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mine Surveying and Environmental Engineering, Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

The Controlled Atmosphere Brazing (CAB) process together with NOCOLOKr flux is associated with the occurrence of potassium fluoroaluminate residue inside the cooler. Excess of this flux residue is known to cause gelation of the coolant, which deteriorates the efficiency of the cooler. The flux residue amount is most often measured via Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), in accordance with DIN ISO 9964-3. This is a time-consuming measurement that requires the use of specialized equipment and costly solvents. The following article presents two innovative methods for flux residue measurement after CAB process. They include Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Reflected Light Microscopy (RLM) with Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) module. The accuracy of these methods has been compared to the reference AAS method to evaluate their potential as alternative, less expensive, and quicker measurement methods for determining the quantity of flux residue.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sławomir NADOLNY
Adam Hamrol
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Rogalewicz
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Piasecki
ORCID: ORCID

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