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Abstract

This paper presents a comparative study on the anatomy of the Antarctic hairgrass (Deschampsia antarctica É. Desv.) from natural populations of two distant maritime Antarctic regions: the Argentine Islands (Antarctic Peninsula region) and the Point Thomas oasis (King George Island, South Shetland Islands). Comparison of D. antarctica plants from natural populations of Argentine Islands region and plants originated from seeds of these populations cultivated in vitro also was made. Additionally anatomical features of Deschampsia antarctica were compared with ones for D. caespitosa. The results of our study do not provide enough evidence to assert more pronounced xerophytic anatomical features in D. antarctica plants from more harsh conditions of Argentine Islands region. Such features (both qualitative and quantitative) of D. antarctica mainly depend on local conditions, and not on the latitudinal or climatic gradient. In both regions it is possible to find individuals that represent different ecotypes which are adopted to open arid or more humid habitats. It has been shown that Antarctic hairgrass plants germinated from seeds and cultivated in vitro retain the qualitative anatomy features that are typical to plants from the initial natural populations. This is especially noticeable in the case of plants from Berthelot Island (BE1 study plots), which might indicate a genetic fixation and a manifested differentiation similar to DNA haplotypes or chromosomal forms. However, quantitative characteristics, in particular the epidermis parameters, are subject to changes due to the transfer to more favourable conditions. Also qualitative and quantitative difference of D. antarctica in contrast with D. caespitosa have been described. These differences could be useful for identifying these two species. Additionally the quantitative differences (such as the area of the epidermal cells and the number and size of stomata on the adaxial surface) of Alaskan D. caespitosa grown from seeds were detected in contrast to the naturally grown plants of the same species from Ushuaia.

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Authors and Affiliations

Nataliia Nuzhyna
ORCID: ORCID
Ivan Parnikoza
ORCID: ORCID
Oksana Poronnik
ORCID: ORCID
Iryna Kozeretska
Viktor Kunakh
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

This review presents the results of multi-year efforts for the development and integral investigation of the collection of Deschampsia antarctica É. Desv. plants originated from the maritime Antarctic. To create the collection, we have optimized the procedures and conditions for germination of seeds and generation of aseptic plants in vitro together with their subsequent clonal propagation, long-term in vitro culture, and acclimatization of plants to pot culture, and finally produced fertile plants able to set viable seeds. The collection of plants cultivated in vitro and in pots is consisted of clones of 22 different genotypes originated from eight island populations from the Argentine Islands – Kyiv Peninsula region. Some of these clones have been successfully cultured for more than ten years and were found to be genetically stable over this period. The collection was shown to be heterogeneous in a number of variables. The morphological and anatomical characteristics of the plants, as well as the data of karyological, molecular cytogenetic, molecular genetics, and biochemical analysis are presented. The created collection of D. antarctica plants can provide a valuable plant material with well-studied characteristics grown under controlled conditions to perform experimental research on the mechanisms for plant adaptation and resistance to various abiotic factors of Antarctic environment. Furthermore, development of the collection and its comprehensive characterization form the basis for further biotechnological developments focused on the use of this Antarctic plant as a source of biologically active substances, which can potentially be used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Viktor Kunakh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maryana Twardovska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Igor Andreev
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nadia Drobyk
2
Daria Navrotska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nataliia Nuzhyna
3
ORCID: ORCID
Oksana Poronnik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Iryna Konvalyuk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ganna Myryuta
1
ORCID: ORCID
Roman Ivannikov
4
ORCID: ORCID
Ivan Parnikoza
1 5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Cell Population Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Acad. Zabolotnogo Str., 03143, Kyiv, Ukraine
  2. Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, М. Kryvonosa str., 2, Ternopil, 46027, Ukraine
  3. Educational and Scientific Centre “Institute of Biology and Medicine” Kyiv Taras Shevchenko National University, 1 Symona Petlyury str., Kyiv, 01032, Ukraine
  4. M.M. Gryshko National Botanic Garden of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 1 Timiryazevska str., 01014, Kyiv, Ukraine
  5. State Institution National Antarctic Scientific Center, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, 16 Shevchenko Ave., 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine

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